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Committed information rate

The committed information rate (CIR) is a guaranteed minimum bandwidth, typically measured in bits per second, that a network service provider commits to deliver for a specific virtual circuit or connection under normal operating conditions, ensuring reliable data transfer without congestion-related disruptions. In telecommunications networks, particularly Frame Relay and similar packet-switched technologies, CIR defines the long-term average rate at which traffic is considered conforming or in-profile, allowing users to plan for consistent performance as part of a service level agreement (SLA). This rate is enforced through traffic metering mechanisms, such as token bucket algorithms, which monitor data flow over defined time intervals to prevent exceeding the committed threshold. CIR works in conjunction with burst parameters to accommodate variable traffic patterns: the committed burst size (Bc or CBS) specifies the maximum amount of data that can temporarily exceed the without penalty, while the excess burst size (Be) allows for additional non-guaranteed bursts that may be discarded or marked for lower priority during congestion. For instance, in networks, multiple logical connections share physical paths via statistical multiplexing, with CIR ensuring higher-priority links (e.g., for video or critical data) receive their allocated bandwidth before others. Traffic exceeding CIR + excess information rate () is typically marked with a discard eligibility () bit or dropped to maintain network stability. Originally prominent in legacy (WAN) technologies like for cost-effective connectivity without dedicated leased lines, CIR remains relevant in modern (QoS) frameworks, including (DiffServ) and Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF) bandwidth profiles, where it underpins SLAs for cloud, enterprise, and satellite communications. By providing a software-configurable and scalable guarantee, CIR enables efficient resource sharing among users while mitigating risks of over-subscription in shared infrastructures.

Overview

Definition

The Committed Information Rate () is the minimum data transfer rate, measured in bits per second, that a guarantees for a or logical connection under normal network conditions. This guaranteed rate forms the basis of the traffic contract in packet-switched networks, ensuring that data transmitted at or below the CIR level is prioritized and delivered without undue delay or loss due to congestion. CIR originated in traffic management mechanisms for packet-switched networks like , which was developed in the early to provide predictable performance in wide-area networking. By defining a committed bandwidth threshold, CIR addressed the limitations of earlier protocols by allowing service providers to offer reliable throughput while enabling efficient sharing of network resources. For instance, a of 64 kbps commits the provider to delivering at least that for the customer's , without discarding packets solely due to , except in cases of major outages. This example illustrates how CIR establishes a for consistent in scenarios such as branch office . As a core element of service level agreements (SLAs) between customers and providers, CIR is explicitly outlined in contracts for packet-switched services like or virtual private networks (VPNs), defining the enforceable performance standards.

Role in network performance

The Committed Information Rate (CIR) enhances network reliability by ensuring a guaranteed minimum during , thereby preventing for essential . In mechanisms like traffic policing, packets within the CIR are classified as conforming and prioritized for transmission, while non-conforming excess may be discarded to avoid overwhelming the network. This approach maintains in shared environments, such as or , where multiple users compete for resources. CIR also mitigates latency and jitter by stabilizing packet delivery times, which is critical for time-sensitive applications like (VoIP) and real-time data transfer. By enforcing a consistent throughput floor, CIR reduces delay variations that could otherwise cause audio distortions or synchronization issues in these services. (QoS) configurations incorporating CIR ensure low-latency paths, supporting seamless performance for interactive communications. From a perspective, CIR facilitates predictable budgeting by providing assured access rates, eliminating the risks associated with variable shared networks and reducing the need for costly overprovisioning. Organizations can plan capacity based on reliable minimums, optimizing costs while sustaining . In variable traffic conditions, CIR upholds baseline performance, with QoS standards demonstrating enhanced throughput stability for committed links. CIR integrates briefly with associated burst sizes to accommodate short spikes without undermining this guarantee.

Technical parameters

Committed information rate value

The (CIR) is specified in contracts as a guaranteed minimum , expressed in bits per second (bps), kilobits per second (kbps), or megabits per second (Mbps). It is typically configured as a of the line rate to balance cost and performance, such as 50% of a T1 line's 1.544 Mbps capacity, resulting in a CIR of 768 kbps. This fractional approach ensures the CIR does not exceed the physical circuit's speed while providing predictable service under normal conditions. Selection of the CIR value depends on customer-specific factors, including anticipated traffic patterns, application demands for consistent , and the provider's overall network capacity. For example, platforms often choose a higher CIR to support reliable, low-latency during variable demand periods, reducing the risk of delays in . Providers assess these elements during contract negotiation to align the CIR with sustainable , avoiding overcommitment that could degrade . Providers measure and enforce CIR compliance through network monitoring tools like Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) for real-time traffic polling and for detailed statistics on utilization and errors. These tools enable ongoing verification of delivery against the contracted CIR. Service Level Agreements (SLAs) typically stipulate performance thresholds, such as maintaining at least 95% uptime at the CIR, with penalties for violations including financial credits or refunds proportional to downtime duration.

Associated burst sizes

The Committed Burst Size (), also denoted as Bc, represents the maximum amount of data, measured in bits, that a can transmit at the Committed Information Rate () without incurring penalties such as dropping or marking packets. It defines the extent to which short-term traffic bursts are tolerated while maintaining the long-term average rate specified by the CIR. Typically, CBS is calculated as the product of the CIR and a interval T_c, such as CBS = CIR × T_c, where T_c is the committed rate interval. In implementations, T_c is typically 125 milliseconds (0.125 s). This parameter ensures that traffic variability is accommodated without violating the . Complementing the CBS is the Excess Burst Size (EBS), or Be, which specifies the additional volume of data beyond the CBS that the network may accept during periods, though such excess risks being discarded if resources are limited. The total allowable burst is thus the sum of CBS and EBS, enabling a tiered handling of where committed bursts are prioritized over excess ones. EBS provides flexibility for occasional spikes in demand, but it does not carry the same guarantees as CBS, as it depends on available . These burst parameters operate within the algorithm, a foundational mechanism for and policing in quality-of-service implementations. In this model, the functions as the rate at which are replenished into the , while the CBS determines the 's maximum , allowing accumulated to cover bursts up to that size without exceeding the committed rate. The EBS extends this by incorporating a secondary bucket or overflow mechanism, where from underutilized committed spill over to handle excess , ensuring conformance to service commitments through precise metering. This dual-bucket approach, common in standards like those for and MPLS, balances efficiency and fairness by smoothing patterns. For instance, consider a with a 128 kbps and a of 16 kb over a 125-millisecond ; the network guarantees acceptance of bursts up to 16 kb without penalty, as this aligns with the committed rate's capacity (128 kbps × 0.125 s = 16 kb). If an EBS of, say, 8 kb is provisioned, the total burst could reach 24 kb, but any portion exceeding the might be dropped during congestion, illustrating how these sizes manage variability while enforcing boundaries.

Implementation in protocols

Frame Relay usage

In Frame Relay networks, the Committed Information Rate (CIR) is specified on a per-Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC) basis, defining the minimum data rate that the service provider guarantees to deliver under normal operating conditions, averaged over a committed measurement interval. This rate ensures that traffic conforming to the CIR receives priority treatment, while excess traffic—exceeding the CIR but within the access rate of the physical link—is eligible for transmission but subject to discard during congestion. Specifically, frames surpassing the CIR are tagged with the Discard Eligibility (DE) bit set to 1 in the header, allowing network switches to preferentially drop these frames to alleviate network overload and maintain performance for committed traffic. CIR values are configured by the network provider and exchanged with through the Local Management Interface (LMI), a and status signaling that reports PVC operational states and parameters like CIR. To manage congestion dynamically, employs the Forward Explicit Congestion Notification (FECN) and Backward Explicit Congestion Notification (BECN) bits in the frame header: FECN is set by switches in the direction of the congested path to alert downstream devices, while BECN is set in the reverse direction to notify the source device to its transmission , thereby aligning sender behavior with the CIR. CIR enforcement also references committed burst size (Bc) parameters, permitting short bursts above the rate within a defined time interval (Tc) without immediate marking as excess. The standardization of within , as outlined in Recommendation I.233 from October 1991, established the framework for frame relaying bearer services and , enabling the technology's rapid proliferation in the as a scalable, cost-effective replacement for traditional leased lines in wide area networks. For example, on a T1-based access link operating at 1.544 Mbps, a PVC with a 56 kbps could prioritize low-latency voice traffic, ensuring consistent delivery while permitting non-time-sensitive data to burst into available without disrupting the guaranteed rate.

Applications in MPLS and other WANs

In Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) networks, the Committed Information Rate (CIR) is integrated into traffic engineering mechanisms to provide guaranteed bandwidth for virtual private networks (VPNs). Specifically, CIR ensures minimum throughput on label-switched paths (LSPs) by reserving resources during path setup, often through the Resource Reservation Protocol with Traffic Engineering extensions (RSVP-TE). This allows network operators to enforce service level agreements (SLAs) for critical applications, such as voice and video, by policing traffic that exceeds the CIR while prioritizing conforming packets based on MPLS Experimental (EXP) bits. For instance, in MPLS VPN deployments, CIR values are configured in QoS policies to shape outbound traffic on provider edge routers, preventing congestion on core LSPs and maintaining predictable performance across the wide area network (WAN). Beyond traditional MPLS, CIR plays a key role in Ethernet-based WAN technologies like , where it enforces SLAs for carrier-grade services. Defined in standards such as RFC 6003, CIR specifies the sustained data rate for Ethernet virtual circuits (EVCs), complemented by committed burst sizes () to handle short-term traffic spikes without . Service providers use CIR to differentiate service tiers, offering guaranteed over shared infrastructure for business connectivity, which supports applications requiring low and high reliability, such as financial transactions. In Software-Defined WAN () environments, CIR enables dynamic adjustments based on real-time application needs; for example, policies can allocate higher CIR to priority traffic like applications during peak hours, optimizing hybrid cloud access while adhering to underlay circuit limits. Modern cloud integrations further extend CIR concepts, with providers like AWS Direct Connect employing equivalent committed bandwidth guarantees for hybrid connections. These dedicated links offer port speeds from 1 Gbps to 100 Gbps with 99.99% availability SLAs, ensuring consistent performance for data transfer between on-premises networks and AWS resources, often paired with partner services that explicitly incorporate for burstable throughput. The post-2000s migration from to MPLS-based architectures significantly boosted CIR adoption in IP-centric WANs, as MPLS consolidated multiple legacy services onto a unified backbone, yielding operational cost reductions of 20-50% through simplified management and lower access charges.

Comparisons and extensions

Relation to peak information rate

The peak information rate (PIR) represents the maximum allowable transmission rate in a contract, exceeding the (CIR) to permit temporary bursts while preventing network overload. For instance, a might specify a CIR of 100 Mbps with a PIR of 200 Mbps, allowing the customer to utilize up to the higher rate opportunistically without guaranteed delivery beyond the CIR. In traffic policing mechanisms, such as the two-rate three-color marker defined in RFC 2698, packets are evaluated against these rates using algorithms. If the incoming rate exceeds the PIR, packets are typically discarded, remarked for lower priority, or shaped to conform; specifically, tokens for the committed burst size () are depleted at the , and once exhausted, any additional tokens for the peak burst size () are depleted at the PIR rate. This ensures that traffic conforming to the is prioritized (marked green), traffic between CIR and PIR is conditionally accepted (marked yellow), and excess traffic is penalized (marked red). Associated burst sizes act as intermediaries to buffer short-term exceedances within these rate limits. This PIR-CIR interplay enables opportunistic bursting during low-congestion periods, optimizing utilization of shared wide-area network links while avoiding overcommitment of provider resources. Unlike the , which constitutes a guaranteed minimum under the (), the PIR serves as a contractual ceiling; exceeding it does not breach the but may result in policed traffic or additional fees depending on the agreement terms.

Differences from best-effort services

Best-effort services in networking provide no guarantees regarding data delivery rates, latency, or , relying instead on routers to forward packets as resources allow during periods of . In the public , this model permits packets to be dropped freely when capacity is exceeded, without any to performance levels or service restoration times. Such an approach suits non-critical applications tolerant of variability but fails for scenarios demanding predictable throughput. In contrast, committed information rate (CIR) services enforce (QoS) through mechanisms like policing and shaping, which monitor traffic against the configured CIR and either drop excess packets or buffer them to prevent bursts from overwhelming the network. Policing discards non-conforming traffic immediately, while shaping smooths it out over time, ensuring that the committed bandwidth is preserved for prioritized flows even under load. This makes CIR ideal for mission-critical applications, such as financial trading, where even brief delays can result in significant losses—high-frequency trading platforms, for instance, require dedicated low-latency networks with CIR guarantees to maintain sub-millisecond response times and avoid that could cost thousands of dollars per second. Economically, CIR-enabled services typically cost 2-5 times more than best-effort options due to the and required for guaranteed , though they include service level agreements (SLAs) with financial credits for non-compliance, such as failure to meet CIR thresholds or availability targets. These SLAs, often aligned with Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF) standards like MEF 74, specify remedies including bill credits proportional to the outage duration or shortfall, providing enterprises with accountability absent in best-effort models. Post-2020, the surge in has accelerated adoption of (SD-WAN) solutions that combine best-effort with CIR-like guarantees for critical paths, enhancing reliability in hybrid environments for secure access and distributed teams while mitigating public variability. This hybrid approach addresses broadband's contention limitations, prioritizing assured bandwidth for applications like video conferencing and that require low during peak usage.

Extensions to modern frameworks

CIR principles have extended beyond traditional WANs into contemporary technologies such as and (NaaS), where they underpin bandwidth profiles for hybrid cloud and . In , CIR commitments can be dynamically applied over multiple underlay connections (e.g., and ), enabling cost-effective scalability while maintaining QoS for enterprise applications as of 2025.

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