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Latency

Latency is the time delay between the initiation of an event and the occurrence of its effect. It is a concept relevant across various fields, including engineering and computing, music and acoustics, and psychology and neuroscience, where it describes intervals for signal propagation, acoustic responses, perceptual processing, or cognitive reactions. In engineering and computing contexts, latency measures the interval required for a signal, data packet, or process to propagate or complete.^[1] In computer science, latency most often refers to the delay in transmitting data across a network or between system components, expressed in milliseconds (ms), and it fundamentally impacts the performance and responsiveness of digital systems.^[2]^[3] Key types of latency in computing include network latency, which is the time for data to travel from source to destination, encompassing propagation delay due to physical distance and transmission medium; processing latency, arising from computational overhead in CPUs or GPUs; and storage latency, the delay in accessing data from disks or memory.^[1]^[3] Network latency, for instance, is influenced by factors such as the number of router hops, packet size, and congestion, with fiber-optic cables exhibiting approximately 4.9 microseconds per kilometer due to the speed of light in the medium.^[1]^[3] Latency is measured using tools like the ping command for round-trip time (RTT), which quantifies the duration for a small data packet to travel to a destination and return, or Time to First Byte (TTFB) for web applications.^[2]^[3] High latency degrades user experience in real-time applications such as online gaming, video streaming, financial trading, and autonomous vehicles, where delays exceeding 30 ms can become perceptible in sensitive contexts like audio and become disruptive at higher levels (e.g., 50-100 ms in gaming).^[1]^[2]^[4] To mitigate it, techniques like edge computing, content delivery networks (CDNs), and optimized protocols reduce propagation and queuing delays, enabling low-latency environments essential for Internet of Things (IoT) and high-performance computing.^[3]^[2]

General Concepts

Definition and Etymology

Latency refers to the time interval between the initiation of an event, such as a stimulus or input, and the occurrence of the corresponding response or output in a system.^[5] This delay is often synonymous with "delay" in technical contexts, encompassing the period during which a system processes or transmits information before producing an effect.^[6] The term "latency" derives from the Latin word latens, meaning "hidden" or "lying in wait," reflecting an underlying or concealed state.^[7] It entered English in the early 17th century as "latency," initially denoting a dormant or unobserved condition, with the first recorded use around 1615.^[8] By the late 19th century, around 1882, it evolved in scientific usage to describe the specific delay between a stimulus and response in physical and biological processes.^[9] Latency in systems arises from both inherent and added components. Inherent latency is unavoidable, stemming from fundamental physical limits such as the speed of light, which bounds signal propagation times across distances.^[10] Added latency, in contrast, results from system inefficiencies like processing bottlenecks or resource contention. The total latency L_{\text{total}} can be expressed as the sum of key component delays:

L_{\text{total}} = L_{\text{propagation}} + L_{\text{transmission}} + L_{\text{processing}} + L_{\text{queuing}}

^[11] The concept of latency as quantifiable signal travel time emerged in the 1830s with the development of electrical telegraphy by inventors like Samuel F. B. Morse. By the late 1800s, this understanding extended to telephony, invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876, which enabled near-real-time voice communication.

Types and Classification

Latency can be categorized into several primary types based on the stage of signal or data handling in a system. Propagation latency refers to the time required for a signal to travel a physical distance from sender to receiver, fundamentally limited by the speed of light in vacuum, which is approximately c = 3 \times 10^8 m/s.^[12] Transmission latency is the duration needed to serialize and push all bits of a packet onto the transmission medium, determined by the packet size and the medium's bandwidth.^[13] Processing latency encompasses the computational time taken by network nodes or devices to examine and forward a packet, influenced by hardware capabilities and protocol overhead.^[14] Queuing latency occurs when packets wait in buffers at routers or switches before transmission, arising from network congestion.^[15] These types are further classified by their predictability and structure. Deterministic latency is fixed and predictable, allowing precise scheduling in time-sensitive applications, whereas stochastic latency varies randomly due to factors like traffic jitter, leading to probabilistic delays.^[16] Serial latency accumulates sequentially as each stage completes before the next begins, common in linear processing chains, while parallel latency enables overlapping of delays through pipelining, reducing overall end-to-end time in concurrent systems.^[17] Various factors influence these latency types across systems. Environmental factors include physical distance and the propagation medium, such as fiber optics versus wireless, which affect signal speed.^[13] Systemic factors encompass bandwidth limitations and system load, which exacerbate queuing and transmission delays during high utilization.^[14] Human-induced factors, like deliberate buffering choices for error correction or quality of service, can intentionally introduce queuing latency to optimize performance.^[18] Latency is typically measured in units such as milliseconds (ms) or microseconds (μs), reflecting the scale from human-perceptible delays to high-speed computing operations. Tools like the ping utility provide a practical proxy via round-trip time (RTT), which approximates twice the propagation delay for symmetric paths, as given by the equation:

\text{RTT} = 2 \times \text{propagation delay}

This measurement helps gauge baseline network performance without specialized equipment.^[19]

Engineering Applications

Computing and Processing Latency

In computing, processing latency refers to the duration between receiving an input signal or data and generating the corresponding output in hardware components such as central processing units (CPUs), graphics processing units (GPUs), or algorithmic executions. This delay arises from the inherent time required for instruction execution, data movement, and computation stages within the processor.^[20] For instance, in CPUs, it measures the cycles needed to complete operations like arithmetic or logical instructions, while in GPUs, it encompasses parallel kernel executions for graphics or general-purpose tasks.^[21] Key contributors to processing latency include instruction latency, defined as the number of clock cycles required for an operation to yield usable results, and memory access latency, which varies by hierarchy level. Instruction latency typically ranges from 1 to over 10 cycles depending on the operation; for example, simple integer additions often complete in 1 cycle, while multiplications may take 3 or more cycles on modern x86 processors.^[22] Memory access latencies are significantly higher for deeper levels: L1 cache hits incur about 1-4 cycles (roughly 0.3-1.3 ns at 3 GHz), L2 around 10-20 cycles, and DRAM accesses 100-200 ns (or 300-600 cycles), due to the physical distance and refresh mechanisms in main memory.^[23] These components dominate in scenarios where data dependencies or cache misses stall the pipeline, amplifying overall delays.^[24] In contemporary systems as of 2025, processing latency is particularly critical in artificial intelligence and machine learning inference, where it denotes the time for a neural network's forward pass to process input data and produce predictions. This latency scales with model complexity—larger models like transformers can require milliseconds per inference on standard hardware—but specialized accelerators such as Google's Tensor Processing Units (TPUs) reduce it to microseconds by optimizing matrix multiplications and memory bandwidth.^[25] For example, the Ironwood TPU, released in late 2025, targets sub-millisecond inference for large language models through enhanced systolic array designs.^[25] Edge computing further mitigates these delays by enabling localized processing near data sources, bypassing cloud round-trips and achieving latency reductions of 50-90% in IoT applications compared to centralized servers.^[26] To counteract processing latency, techniques like pipelining and parallelism are employed, allowing overlapping of computation stages and simultaneous data operations. Pipelining divides instructions into sequential stages (e.g., fetch, decode, execute), where the pipeline latency for a single instruction is given by:

L_{\text{pipe}} = \max(\text{stage delays}) + (N - 1) \times t_{\text{clock}}

Here, N is the number of stages, and t_{\text{clock}} is the clock cycle time, determined by the slowest stage plus overhead; this formulation highlights how balanced stages minimize the effective delay per instruction in steady-state execution.^[27] Parallelism, such as Single Instruction, Multiple Data (SIMD) instructions in CPUs or GPUs, processes vectorized data in parallel, reducing effective latency for array operations by factors of 4-16 on architectures like AVX-512. These methods are essential for throughput-oriented workloads, though they require careful management of dependencies to avoid stalls.^[28] Illustrative examples include database query latencies, which differ markedly between Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) and Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) systems. OLTP prioritizes sub-millisecond latencies for short, frequent transactions like credit card validations, often achieving 1-10 ms response times through indexed, normalized schemas.^[29] In contrast, OLAP handles complex analytical queries on large datasets, tolerating latencies of seconds to minutes due to aggregations and scans, as seen in tools like Apache Spark.^[29] In real-time systems such as autonomous vehicles, processing latency directly impacts safety; sensor data fusion and decision-making must complete within 10-100 ms to enable reactive maneuvers, with optimizations like containerized ROS 2 middleware reducing end-to-end delays by up to 50% on edge hardware. Excessive latency here can lead to collision risks, underscoring the need for deterministic, low-variance computation.

Network and Communication Latency

Network latency, also known as communication latency, refers to the delay experienced by data packets as they travel from source to destination across a network. End-to-end latency is the total time for a packet to traverse the network, comprising propagation delay (the time for the signal to physically travel the distance), transmission delay (the time to push the packet onto the link), processing delay (the time for routers or switches to examine and forward the packet), and queuing delay (the time spent waiting in queues due to congestion).^[30] These components accumulate along the path, with propagation and transmission often fixed for a given link, while processing and queuing vary with network load.^[31] Propagation delay is calculated as the distance divided by the signal's velocity in the medium; for fiber optic cables, the effective speed is approximately 200,000 km/s due to the refractive index of about 1.47, resulting in roughly 5 microseconds per kilometer.^[32] Transmission delay is given by the packet size divided by the link bandwidth, such as 1.2 microseconds for a 1500-byte packet on a 10 Gbps link. Network-specific factors like the bandwidth-delay product (BDP), defined as bandwidth multiplied by round-trip time (RTT), quantify the amount of data "in flight" on the link, influencing protocol efficiency; for instance, high-BDP paths like long-haul fiber require larger TCP windows to avoid underutilization.^[34] Jitter, the variation in packet arrival times, and packet loss exacerbate effective latency by causing retransmissions and buffering, particularly in real-time applications where inconsistent delays degrade performance.^[35] Historically, average internet latencies in the 1990s were around 100 ms for typical connections, limited by dial-up modems and early packet-switched networks.^[36] Advancements progressed with the 5G rollout in 2019, achieving sub-1 ms air interface latency for ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) through techniques like edge computing and beamforming.^[37] Looking ahead, 6G projections target under 0.1 ms end-to-end latency by 2030, enabling applications like holographic telepresence via terahertz frequencies and AI-optimized routing.^[38] Latency is measured using tools like traceroute, which maps per-hop delays by sending packets with increasing TTL values, and iperf, which assesses RTT, jitter, and throughput in controlled streams.^[39] In applications, network latency critically impacts Voice over IP (VoIP), where delays under 150 ms are tolerable per ITU standards to maintain natural conversation flow; exceeding this leads to echoing or interruptions.^[40] Cloud gaming similarly suffers from high latency, with inputs delayed over 50 ms causing lag and reduced responsiveness, though optimizations like predictive rendering mitigate effects. Satellite networks like Starlink introduce 20-40 ms additional latency due to low-Earth orbit propagation, yet enable low-latency broadband in remote areas compared to geostationary alternatives.^[41]

Audio and Control Systems Latency

In audio signal processing systems, latency arises primarily from analog-to-digital (ADC) and digital-to-analog (DAC) conversions, as well as buffer management to prevent underruns during real-time playback. ADC and DAC processes typically introduce delays of approximately 0.75–1 ms at standard sample rates like 48 kHz, due to inherent digital filtering and conversion times.^[42] Buffer-induced latency, however, dominates in practical setups, where audio drivers like ASIO are designed to minimize round-trip delays to under 10 ms by optimizing buffer sizes for low-latency monitoring in live recording environments.^[43] These delays ensure stable data flow but can degrade real-time performance if buffers are oversized, leading to noticeable echoes in monitoring chains. Algorithmic processing further contributes to latency in audio systems, particularly with effects that require computational overhead. For instance, reverb algorithms, which simulate room acoustics through feedback delay networks or convolution, often add 20–100 ms of processing delay depending on the impulse response length and complexity, though optimized implementations aim to reduce this for live use. In control systems, such as those in robotics and automation, feedback loop latency encompasses sensor acquisition, computational delays, and actuator response, modeled as total delay \tau = \tau_{\text{sensor}} + \tau_{\text{computation}} + \tau_{\text{actuator}}. This cumulative delay introduces phase lag in the frequency domain, impacting stability analysis via the Nyquist criterion, where excessive lag shifts the phase margin, potentially causing oscillations or instability in proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers.^[44] For example, in distributed feedback setups for robotic actuators, delays exceeding 15 ms in damping feedback can reduce phase margins and lead to instability at frequencies around 12 Hz.^[45] In modern applications like virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) audio systems, low latency is critical for immersion, with targets below 20 ms to avoid disrupting audiovisual synchrony and user presence. Similarly, haptic feedback systems in teleoperation demand even stricter bounds, often under 5 ms for dynamic interactions to maintain stability and realism without perceptible lag. These engineering challenges highlight the need for hardware-software co-design to mitigate delays in closed-loop signal chains.

Music and Acoustics

Latency in Digital Audio Production

In digital audio production, latency manifests as the time delay between a performer's input—such as striking a key on a MIDI controller or playing a guitar—and the corresponding audio output heard through monitoring in digital audio workstations (DAWs) like Ableton Live or Pro Tools. This round-trip delay arises primarily from analog-to-digital conversion, buffer processing, and digital-to-analog reconversion within the system. For optimal tracking sessions, where musicians record live performances, latency should ideally remain below 5 milliseconds (ms) to maintain a natural feel akin to direct hardware connections, as higher delays can disrupt timing and rhythm.^[46]^[43]^[47] Specific causes of latency in production workflows include plugin processing and multi-track buffering. Audio plugins, particularly computationally intensive ones like convolution reverbs, can introduce delays depending on buffer settings and processing, typically in the range of a few to 20 ms in real-time optimized implementations.^[43]^[48] Multi-track buffering, which allows DAWs to handle multiple simultaneous audio streams, further compounds this by requiring larger data blocks to prevent glitches, often adding 10-20 ms per buffer at standard sample rates like 44.1 kHz. These factors are exacerbated during mixing stages, where chains of effects on tracks demand plugin delay compensation (PDC) to align audio, but they hinder real-time monitoring.^[49]^[47]^[43] Historically, latency became a prominent issue with the shift from analog hardware mixers, which offered negligible delays through direct signal paths, to digital systems in the 1990s. Early MIDI implementations, introduced in 1983 but widely adopted in production during that decade, suffered from latencies around 20 ms primarily due to sequencer processing limitations on contemporary computers and hardware buffering, despite the protocol's serial transmission being nearly instantaneous. This evolution paralleled the rise of the first multitrack DAWs, such as Pro Tools in 1991, where CPU constraints amplified delays compared to tape-based analog recording.^[50]^[51]^[52] To mitigate latency, producers employ low-latency monitoring techniques, such as direct hardware bypass that routes input signals straight to outputs without DAW processing, and zero-latency plugins that use predictive algorithms to approximate effects in real-time without full computation. For instance, direct monitoring in audio interfaces like those from Universal Audio allows performers to hear dry signals with under 2 ms delay, while tools like lookahead-free compressors or simplified reverb models in plugins avoid buffering overhead. These strategies enable seamless recording but require careful system optimization, including low buffer sizes (e.g., 64-128 samples) and dedicated ASIO/Core Audio drivers.^[53]^[54]^[47] Even brief latencies, such as 7-10 ms, can cause disorientation for performers by creating a "sluggish" feel that throws off intonation and groove, particularly for vocalists or instrumentalists relying on immediate feedback. In extreme cases, delays exceeding 20 ms lead to compensatory over-adjustments, reducing performance quality and necessitating post-production edits. This impact underscores latency's role in workflow efficiency during recording and mixing.^[55]^[56]^[57] Post-2020, the rise of cloud-based DAWs and collaborative tools like Splice has introduced additional internet-dependent latency, often 50-100 ms, due to data transmission over networks, further complicating remote production sessions despite benefits in accessibility. As of 2025, advancements in 5G networks and AI-optimized processing have reduced typical latencies in cloud-based collaboration to under 50 ms in optimal conditions, enhancing remote music production.^[58]^[59]^[60]

Acoustic Propagation and Performance Latency

Acoustic propagation latency arises from the finite speed of sound in air, which introduces delays in the transmission of sound waves between sources and listeners in performance environments. At standard room temperature of 20°C, the speed of sound in dry air is approximately 343 m/s, resulting in a propagation delay of about 2.9 milliseconds per meter of distance traveled.^[61] This physical delay is calculated using the formula for time delay t = \frac{d}{v}, where d is the distance and v is the speed of sound; the speed itself varies with temperature according to the approximation v \approx 331 + 0.6T m/s, with T in degrees Celsius, and is slightly influenced by humidity (increasing by up to 0.3% at high levels).^[62] In live music settings, these delays become perceptually significant when exceeding thresholds like the Haas effect, where echoes delayed by more than 30-40 milliseconds are heard as distinct repetitions rather than blended sound, potentially disrupting spatial coherence. In performance venues, acoustic propagation affects musicians directly through stage monitoring and ensemble synchronization. For instance, in-ear monitoring systems must limit total latency to under 5-10 milliseconds to prevent phasing issues, where delayed audio creates comb-filtering artifacts that alter tone and timing perception.^[63] Venue acoustics further compound this by introducing reverberation time (RT), the duration for sound to decay by 60 dB, which can add perceived temporal smearing; optimal RT in concert halls ranges from 1.2-2.4 seconds for solo instruments, blending direct sound with reflections to enhance immersion without excessive delay.^[64] In ensemble playing, physical separation exacerbates delays—for example, a drummer positioned 5-7 meters from a guitarist may hear the guitar 15-20 milliseconds later due to propagation alone, challenging rhythmic alignment in genres like rock or jazz.^[61] Live sound engineering mitigates these propagation challenges through targeted applications, such as delay towers in large venues, which synchronize sound arrival across distances by introducing electronic delays matching acoustic travel time (e.g., towers placed 50-100 meters from the main stage to align wavefronts within 10-20 milliseconds).^[65] Post-pandemic hybrid performances have highlighted vulnerabilities, where platforms like Zoom introduce 100-200 milliseconds of additional latency, disrupting remote collaboration despite acoustic optimizations in local spaces.^[66]

Psychology and Neuroscience

Perceptual and Sensory Latency

Perceptual and sensory latency encompasses the inherent delays in the human sensory systems' detection, transduction, and initial neural processing of stimuli, which form the foundation for temporal perception across modalities. These latencies arise from physiological mechanisms, including receptor activation, signal transmission along neural pathways, and early cortical integration, and they vary significantly by sensory channel. Understanding these delays is crucial for explaining phenomena such as multisensory integration and the thresholds for perceiving temporal asynchrony. In vision, perceptual latency is influenced by retinal persistence and early cortical processing, where the phi phenomenon—perceived motion from alternating stationary lights—occurs optimally with interstimulus intervals of approximately 50-100 ms, reflecting visual persistence in the cortex.^[67] Auditory processing exhibits shorter latencies, with neural transduction and brainstem responses completing in about 10 ms, enabling high temporal resolution; the just-noticeable interaural time difference for binaural localization cues is typically around 20-40 μs, but perceived delays in echo suppression via the precedence effect become noticeable beyond 20-40 ms for transient sounds.^[68] Tactile sensation shows intermediate latencies, with primary somatosensory cortex activation (e.g., N20 evoked potential) occurring 10-50 ms post-stimulus, allowing detection of vibrations and pressures with fine temporal acuity.^[69] At the neural level, these sensory latencies stem from cumulative delays in signal propagation, including synaptic transmission times of 1-2 ms per synapse in central pathways, which accumulate across multi-synaptic chains from periphery to cortex.^[70] In the primary visual cortex (V1), feedforward processing of foveal stimuli begins around 50-100 ms after onset, marking the initial cortical representation of visual features.^[71] Techniques like electroencephalography (EEG) measure these processes through event-related potentials (ERPs); for instance, the P300 component, reflecting attentional orienting and stimulus evaluation, peaks at approximately 300 ms post-stimulus in young adults during oddball tasks.^[72] Several factors modulate perceptual latency, including age and cross-modal interactions. Aging is associated with prolonged sensory processing, such as a 20-30 ms delay in auditory evoked responses in older adults compared to younger ones, contributing to reduced temporal acuity.^[73] Multisensory illusions like the ventriloquism effect highlight visual dominance, where incongruent visual cues bias perceived auditory spatial and temporal location, effectively reducing the subjective latency of audio events by up to 50-100 ms in integration windows.^[74] In virtual reality (VR) contexts, recent studies indicate that visuo-auditory mismatches exceeding 50 ms exacerbate sensory conflicts, leading to motion sickness through disrupted temporal binding.^[75] These perceptual thresholds inform how sensory delays shape everyday experiences and interactions with technology.

Response and Cognitive Latency

Response latency refers to the time elapsed between the onset of a stimulus and the initiation of a motor response, encompassing sensory detection, cognitive processing, and motor execution. In experimental psychology, simple reaction time (SRT) measures the delay for a single, predictable stimulus, typically ranging from 150-250 milliseconds for visual cues and 100-200 milliseconds for auditory cues in healthy adults.^[76] Choice reaction time (CRT), which involves selecting among multiple response options, is longer, averaging 300-500 milliseconds, as it incorporates additional decision-making demands.^[77] Cognitive aspects of latency are explored through mental chronometry, which dissects reaction times into component stages. The subtractive method, pioneered by Franciscus Donders in 1868, estimates durations by comparing reaction times across tasks differing in processing demands, yielding the equation RT = sensory processing time + decision time + motor response time.^[78] This approach isolates cognitive delays, such as decision stages lasting 50-150 milliseconds in basic tasks. Hick's law further quantifies choice-related delays, stating that reaction time increases linearly with the logarithm of the number of alternatives:

\text{RT} = a + b \log_2(n)

where a is a baseline time, n is the number of choices, and b approximates 150 milliseconds per bit of information.^[79] In clinical applications, elevated response latencies inform therapeutic interventions. Studies on autism spectrum disorder (ASD) reveal prolonged behavioral reaction times exceeding 500 milliseconds—often 700 milliseconds or more—compared to 300-400 milliseconds in neurotypical controls, reflecting challenges in rapid decision-making and motor initiation.^[80] In ergonomics, such as driving, total times for hazard detection and response initiation range from 390-600 ms, with perception times of 220-403 ms depending on age (shorter in younger adults), highlighting the importance of environmental designs that accommodate these delays to prevent accidents.^[81] Various factors modulate response and cognitive latencies. Fatigue can increase reaction times by 20-50%, impairing attentional focus and neural efficiency, as observed in tasks requiring sustained vigilance.^[82] Conversely, caffeine ingestion reduces latencies by approximately 10-20 milliseconds through enhanced arousal and attentional processing, without altering motor components.^[83] Neuroimaging techniques like functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) reveal prefrontal cortex involvement in these modulations, showing delayed activation patterns—up to 100-200 milliseconds longer—in complex decision tasks compared to simple ones, linking regional delays to overall cognitive slowdown.^[84] As of 2025, studies have utilized AI-assisted assessments on smartphones and smartwatches, including reaction time tasks, to detect mild cognitive impairment as an early indicator of dementia risks.^[85]

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Feedback loops in control systems are always associated with time delays due to the finite speed of sensing, signal processing, computation of the control input ...
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[PDF] Stability and Performance Limits of Latency-Prone Distributed ...
Robustness and effects of delay have often been studied in work regarding proportional–integral–derivative (PID) con- troller tuning. A survey of PID ...
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What Is Digital Audio Latency? Everything You Need To Know
Mar 25, 2021 · Roundtrip latency in digital-audio applications is the amount of time it takes for a signal, such as a singing voice or a guitar solo, to get from an analogue ...
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Latency Issues in Digital Recording - Sound Academy
Latency is the delay between sound input and output, measured in milliseconds. It can be caused by audio interface, buffer size, and plugin processing.Latency Issues In Digital... · Causes Of Latency · Strategies To Minimize...
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Understanding Plugin Latency and How It Affects Your Mix
Nov 20, 2024 · Plugin latency is the delay in the output caused by the time it takes a plugin to process the input signal before playback or routing.
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An Audio Timeline - Audio Engineering Society
The first digital delay line, the Lexicon Delta-T 101, is introduced and is widely used in sound reinforcement installations. Ampex introduces 406 mastering ...<|separator|>
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Dec 3, 2012 · This marks 30 years since MIDI's proper public launch - what's for certain is that it has had a huge impact on hi-tech music making.
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How to Achieve 'True' Zero-Latency Monitoring in Your DAW
The usual strategy is to set a low buffer size during recording to minimize latency, and a higher one during playback to optimize system resources. Buffer sizes ...
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Why am I Getting Latency in my DAW Sessions?
Aug 21, 2025 · The primary source of latency when monitoring input signals or playing virtual instruments in the DAW is your host I/O buffer size.
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Latency and Its Effect on Performers - Church Production Magazine
Oct 5, 2022 · At 7ms, latency starts to mess with our ability to play or sing on top of or behind the beat. Sound starts to feel sluggish at 10ms.
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[PDF] The Effects of Latency on Live Sound Monitoring
Some factors that might affect the perceived quality of a given amount of latency include the type of instrument played and the critical listening skills of the.
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What is Latency in Audio? - MasteringBOX
Aug 27, 2025 · Latency plays a pivotal role in how sessions unfold. When creating tracks or performing in a studio, small delays can disrupt the groove.
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How online DAWs are ushering in a new era for music making
Jan 9, 2025 · Cloud-based DAWs automatically save your work as you go, similar to how a Google Doc works, significantly reducing the risk of losing hours ...
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Audio latency in browser-based DAWs - Ulf Hammarqvist - W3C
Nov 19, 2021 · This is Ulf over at Soundtrap from Spotify and I'm going to give a talk around some audio latency aspects of the web standards and the browser states.Missing: Splice post- 2020
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Air - Speed of Sound vs. Temperature - The Engineering ToolBox
Speed of sound in air at standard atmospheric pressure with temperatures ranging -40 to 1000 °C (-40 to 1500 °F) - Imperial and SI Units. ; 20, 1074 ; 30, 1085.
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Calculation of speed of sound in humid air
The calculator computes speed of sound in humid air using Cramer's formula, valid from 0 to 30°C and 75-102 kPa, with a 0.0004 CO2 mole fraction.
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Shure Whiteboard - Digital Wireless Latency Explained
Nov 30, 2016 · For in-ear applications, 5 milliseconds and below is recommended to avoid compromising performance. Very low latency can also cause different ...
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Favorable reverberation time in concert halls revisited for piano and ...
Mar 25, 2022 · The favorable reverberation times RT M (octave band average for 500 and 1000 Hz) for piano and violin solos are from 1.2 to 2.0 s and 1.8 to 2.4 s, ...Missing: latency | Show results with:latency
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A Matter Of Timing: Clarifying Latency And Putting It Into Context
Apr 11, 2022 · ... in ear monitor, should not exceed 5 ms. Digital wireless systems, even well-regarded ones, can introduce a surprising amount of latency. A ...
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Virtual Music Collaboration Tools: The Alteration of Rehearsal and ...
Mar 25, 2022 · Throughout this time, it became evident that latency on programs such as Zoom caused problems for music classes or rehearsals.
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[PDF] Chapter 6 Visual Perception - Steven M. LaValle
theory is that images persist in the visual cortex for around 100ms, which implies that the 10 FPS (Frames Per Second) is the slowest speed that ...
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The neural processing time also differs between the senses, and it is typically slower for visual than it is for auditory stimuli (approximately 50 vs. 10 ms, ...
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Dec 20, 2007 · In the cortex, synaptic latencies display small variations (∼1–2 ms) that are generally considered to be negligible.
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The P300 wave of the human event-related potential - PubMed
A typical peak latency when a young adult subject makes a simple discrimination is 300 ms. In patients with decreased cognitive ability, the P300 is smaller ...
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Age-related processing delay reveals cause of apparent sensory ...
Aug 31, 2017 · Aging is associated with higher susceptibility to distraction, manifested as a decreased ability to filter sensory input45, 46 and to inhibit ...
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Auditory capture of vision: examining temporal ventriloquism
Auditory capture of vision, or temporal ventriloquism, is when sounds alter the perceived timing of visual events, like how sounds can pull lights closer or ...Missing: latency | Show results with:latency
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Latency and Cybersickness: Impact, Causes, and Measures. A Review
Aug 6, 2025 · This review article describes the causes and effects of latency with regard to cybersickness. We report on different existing approaches to measure and report ...Missing: visuo- auditory
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Reaction times to sound, light and touch - Human Homo sapiens
Auditory reaction time is 140-160 msec, visual is 180-200 msec, and touch is 155 msec. Auditory is faster than visual.
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Reaction time - Human Homo sapiens - BNID 110799
Simple reaction times average 0.220 seconds, while recognition reaction times average 0.384 seconds. Simple reaction time is shorter than recognition reaction ...
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[PDF] Mental Chronometry
F.C. Donders, a medical scientist and ophthalmolo- gist working with Wundt, developed an approach in 1868 which is referred to as the subtractive method. The ...
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Simple Reaction Time - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
For the data shown in Figure 9.2, the rate is about 150 ms per bit. Another way of saying this, and another way of expressing the Hick-Hyman law, is to say that ...
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Reaction Time of Children with and without Autistic Spectrum ...
The group with autism had a mean of 703 ms and a standard deviation of 224 compared to the mean reaction time of 336 ms and standard deviation of 43 within the ...Missing: prolonged | Show results with:prolonged
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Study measures how fast humans react to road hazards | MIT News
Aug 7, 2019 · A study by MIT researchers shows human drivers need about 390 to 600 milliseconds to detect road hazards and determine how to react to them, ...
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Increased reaction times and reduced response preparation already ...
Apr 28, 2014 · This study aims to assess reaction time changes while performing a concurrent low-force and high-force motor task in young and middle-aged subjects.
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Effects of caffeine on reaction time are mediated by attentional rather ...
These findings are consistent with caffeine's effect on RTs being a result of its effect on perceptual-attentional processes, rather than motor processes.
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fMRI Evidence for a Dual Process Account of the Speed-Accuracy ...
Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) we show that emphasizing the speed of a perceptual decision at the expense of its accuracy lowers the amount ...
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Smartwatch- and smartphone-based remote assessment of brain ...
Mar 4, 2025 · Passive tracking with wearables has enabled digital measures of changes in sleep, motor function and behavior that might precede the earliest ...