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CIR

The Center for Individual Rights (CIR) is a nonprofit public interest law firm founded in 1989 and headquartered in Washington, D.C., dedicated to litigating landmark cases that enforce constitutional limits on government power and defend individual liberties such as free speech and due process.^[1]^[2] CIR represents clients pro bono in federal courts, including the Supreme Court, targeting violations of First Amendment rights, racial classifications in public policy, compelled speech, and overreach by institutions like unions, schools, and hospitals.^[3]^[4] Its litigation strategy emphasizes first-principles challenges to policies that prioritize group identities over individual merit, such as race-based admissions and hiring, which CIR argues undermine equal protection under the law.^[1]^[5] Notable achievements include securing victories against mandatory union fees in Friedrichs v. California Teachers Association, which advanced First Amendment protections against compelled association, and ongoing suits against race-based school funding in Portland Public Schools and DEI-related firings at cultural institutions.^[1]^[6]^[7] While praised by advocates for individual rights for restoring constitutional precedents amid expanding administrative state authority, CIR has drawn criticism from progressive outlets for opposing affirmative action and aspects of civil rights enforcement, though such critiques often reflect institutional biases favoring identity-based remedies over color-blind principles.^[5]^[1]

Finance

Cox–Ingersoll–Ross model

The Cox–Ingersoll–Ross (CIR) model is a continuous-time stochastic process used to describe the evolution of short-term interest rates in mathematical finance. Developed by John C. Cox, Jonathan E. Ingersoll Jr., and Stephen A. Ross, it was introduced in their 1985 paper "A Theory of the Term Structure of Interest Rates," published in Econometrica.^[8] The model builds on equilibrium asset pricing principles, incorporating mean reversion to capture the tendency of interest rates to fluctuate around a long-term equilibrium level while preventing rates from becoming negative under certain parameter conditions.^[9] The dynamics of the instantaneous interest rate r_t under the CIR model follow the stochastic differential equation

dr_t = \kappa (\theta - r_t) \, dt + \sigma \sqrt{r_t} \, dW_t,

where \kappa > 0 is the speed of mean reversion, \theta > 0 is the long-term mean interest rate, \sigma > 0 is the volatility parameter, and W_t is a standard Wiener process representing market risk.^[10] This formulation extends the Vasicek model by replacing constant volatility with a square-root diffusion term \sigma \sqrt{r_t}, which scales volatility with the level of rates and ensures the process remains non-negative when the Feller condition $2\kappa\theta > \sigma^2 holds, as rates cannot cross zero due to the vanishing diffusion at r_t = 0.^[11] The CIR process exhibits several key properties derived from its affine structure, allowing closed-form solutions for moments and transition densities. The unconditional mean of r_t converges to \theta, while the variance stabilizes at \sigma^2 \theta / (2\kappa), reflecting persistent but bounded fluctuations.^[12] Under the risk-neutral measure, bond prices can be computed analytically using affine term structure formulas, where the zero-coupon bond price P(t,T) takes the form P(t,T) = A(\tau) e^{-B(\tau) r_t} with \tau = T - t, and explicit expressions for A and B involving modified Bessel functions.^[13] Empirical estimation often involves maximum likelihood or least-squares methods calibrated to observed yield curves or historical rate data.^[14] In practice, the CIR model is applied in fixed-income securities pricing, including bonds and interest rate derivatives like caps and swaptions, as well as in risk management to simulate interest rate paths for value-at-risk assessments.^[11] Financial institutions employ it to model term structure dynamics and hedge portfolios against rate shifts, though extensions may incorporate jumps or multiple factors to address limitations such as assuming constant parameters and a single risk source.^[15] Despite calibration challenges with real data—where the Feller condition sometimes fails—its tractability and economic grounding make it a benchmark for more complex models.^[16]

Technology

Committed information rate

The committed information rate (CIR) is the guaranteed minimum data transfer rate, measured in bits per second, that a Frame Relay network commits to delivering for a permanent virtual circuit (PVC) under normal line conditions.^[17] This rate ensures sustained bandwidth for logical connections sharing physical paths via statistical multiplexing, with higher CIR values allocated to bandwidth-intensive applications such as video signals.^[18] In Frame Relay implementations, CIR operates alongside the committed burst size (CBS, also denoted Bc), which specifies the maximum volume of data—typically in kilobytes or megabytes—that the network agrees to handle in short bursts exceeding the CIR over a defined measurement interval (Tc, often one second).^[17] For instance, a PVC with a CIR of 3 Mbps and CBS of 50 KB allows continuous transmission at 3 Mbps while accommodating temporary spikes up to the burst limit without immediate penalty.^[17] Excess traffic beyond CIR plus CBS falls under the excess information rate (EIR) or excess burst size (Be), which may be forwarded during low congestion but marked as discard eligible (DE) and dropped if network queues fill.^[17] CIR values are negotiated in service level agreements (SLAs) between customers and providers, starting as low as 8 kbps and scaling in increments of 4 kbps, with the aggregate CIR across PVCs potentially exceeding access line speeds but bounded by physical interface limits.^[17] Frame relay access devices (FRADs) enforce these parameters through traffic policing and shaping, delegating error correction and flow control to endpoint devices rather than the network core.^[18] While originating in 1990s Frame Relay standards for efficient packet switching over leased lines, CIR principles extend to modern quality-of-service (QoS) mechanisms in MPLS and Ethernet networks for minimum bandwidth assurances during contention.^[19]

Science and Medicine

Cosmetic Ingredient Review

The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) is a nonprofit program established in 1976 to evaluate the safety of ingredients used in cosmetics and personal care products sold in the United States.^[20] It operates as an independent body under the oversight of the Personal Care Products Council (PCPC), the industry's trade association, with initial support from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which encouraged self-regulation amid growing consumer concerns over cosmetic safety following the 1970s revelations about unregulated ingredients.^[21] Unlike pharmaceuticals, cosmetics lack mandatory pre-market FDA approval, positioning CIR as the primary voluntary mechanism for systematic safety assessments, though its findings are advisory and not legally binding.^[22] CIR's Expert Panel comprises seven to nine independent specialists, including dermatologists, toxicologists, and chemists, selected for their expertise and lack of direct industry employment, though panelists may have consulted for manufacturers in the past.^[23] Funded entirely by PCPC dues from cosmetics companies, CIR has reviewed over 4,000 ingredients as of 2024, prioritizing those nominated by industry, FDA, or public petitions based on usage volume and potential risk.^[24] Assessments culminate in reports published in the peer-reviewed International Journal of Toxicology, categorizing ingredients as safe as used, safe with qualifications (e.g., concentration limits), unsafe, or insufficient data, with the latter prompting calls for more research.^[25] The review process emphasizes empirical data from toxicological studies, clinical trials, and exposure modeling, adopting a risk-based approach that considers worst-case usage scenarios without animal testing where possible, aligning with the 2014 FDA Modernization of Cosmetics Regulation Act's push toward alternatives.^[26] Panels deliberate in open, public meetings, incorporating stakeholder comments on tentative reports before finalizing conclusions, which have influenced reformulations, such as restrictions on formaldehyde releasers due to sensitization risks.^[27] However, CIR's industry funding raises questions of inherent bias, as evidenced by critiques from independent watchdogs noting that only about 10% of reviews deem ingredients unsafe, potentially understating hazards compared to stricter European standards under the EU Cosmetics Regulation.^[28] Proponents counter that transparency and peer review mitigate conflicts, with FDA collaboration ensuring alignment with federal priorities.^[20] Criticisms persist regarding CIR's pace and scope; for instance, high-priority ingredients like certain parabens lingered in review queues for years despite endocrine disruption concerns raised in independent studies, fueling accusations of regulatory capture by manufacturers prioritizing market access over precaution.^[29] Advocacy groups, such as Women's Voices for the Earth, have documented cases where CIR panels dismissed genotoxicity data on botanicals without sufficient mechanistic analysis, attributing this to reliance on industry-submitted unpublished studies of variable quality.^[28] In response, CIR has expanded botanicals reviews since 2017, incorporating advanced in vitro assays, but gaps remain, as only 11% of ingredients in U.S. cosmetics have undergone full CIR evaluation per 2018 analyses.^[20] Despite these limitations, CIR's outputs provide a foundational dataset for global regulators, with over 1,000 monographs informing voluntary industry standards and FDA warnings.^[24]

CIR (gene)

The CIR1 gene, officially designated CIRSR (corepressor of RBPJ and splicing regulator), encodes the protein corepressor interacting with RBPJ 1 (CIR1), a multifunctional regulator involved in transcriptional repression and pre-mRNA splicing.^[30] The gene is located on the reverse strand of chromosome 2q31.1, spanning genomic coordinates 174,348,022 to 174,395,712 (GRCh38).^[30] It produces a 450-amino-acid protein with a serine-rich C-terminal domain and high sequence conservation in its N-terminal region across species, including homology to a Caenorhabditis elegans ortholog.^[31] CIR1 primarily acts as a transcriptional corepressor by binding to RBPJ (recombination signal binding protein for immunoglobulin kappa J region, also known as CBF1), a DNA-binding transcription factor central to Notch signaling.^[32] The interaction occurs via CIR1's N-terminal 121 amino acids and RBPJ's residues 233-249, recruiting RBPJ to the Sin3-histone deacetylase (HDAC) complex, which includes HDAC1, HDAC2, and SAP30.^[31] This recruitment facilitates histone deacetylation at target promoters, enforcing repression of Notch-responsive genes in the absence of Notch ligands and preventing aberrant activation.^[32] Mutations in RBPJ's CIR1-binding domain abolish repression, underscoring CIR1's necessity for this process.^[32] CIR1 exhibits intrinsic repression activity, as demonstrated by Gal4-CIR1 fusion proteins reducing reporter gene expression through chromatin modification.^[32] Beyond transcription, CIR1 influences splicing by binding polypyrimidine tract-binding protein-associated splicing factor (PAP-1), thereby modulating alternative splicing outcomes.^[33] The protein localizes to the nucleus and nuclear speckles, consistent with these nuclear functions, though it excludes the nucleolus; it also associates with centrosomes.^[30] CIR1 enables activities such as histone deacetylase binding, protein kinase binding, and transcription corepressor function, acting upstream of RNA polymerase II-mediated negative regulation.^[30] Expression of CIR1 mRNA is ubiquitous across human tissues, with highest levels in bone marrow (RPKM 20.7), testis (RPKM 18.7), heart, skeletal muscle, and pancreas, as determined by Northern blot and RNA-seq analyses.^[30]^[31] The gene was cloned in 1999 via yeast two-hybrid screening of a B-cell cDNA library using CBF1 as bait, with subsequent validation through co-immunoprecipitation, transient transfections, and immunofluorescence confirming its interactions and localization.^[32]^[31] No pathogenic variants or direct disease associations have been firmly established, though its role in Notch repression implicates potential involvement in developmental disorders or cancers involving dysregulated signaling.^[30]

Corotating interaction region

A corotating interaction region (CIR) is a structured compression in the heliospheric solar wind plasma, arising from the collision between slower equatorial solar wind (typically 300–400 km/s) and faster streams (600–800 km/s) emanating from coronal holes.^[34] These interactions produce enhanced plasma density, magnetic field strength, and temperature gradients, with the fast stream overtaking the slow stream to form a persistent boundary that corotates with the Sun's ~27-day rotation period at 1 AU.^[35] CIRs differ from transient stream interaction regions (SIRs) by their recurrent nature, as the solar sources persist over multiple rotations, leading to quasi-periodic heliospheric structures observable out to several AU.^[36] The internal structure of a CIR comprises a leading forward shock (propagating into the slow wind), a trailing reverse shock (marking the fast wind's deceleration), and a tangential discontinuity known as the stream interface, which separates the distinct plasma regimes.^[37] Within this framework, particle acceleration occurs via diffusive shock acceleration at the shocks, injecting suprathermal ions and electrons that can form gradual solar energetic particle events.^[38] Magnetic field lines in CIRs align with the Parker spiral geometry, amplifying field draping over planetary magnetospheres upon encounter.^[39] CIRs significantly influence space weather by driving recurrent geomagnetic storms through magnetospheric compression and induced currents, with storm intensities comparable to those from isolated coronal mass ejections during solar minimum.^[37] They modulate galactic cosmic ray fluxes via enhanced diffusion in compressed fields and accelerate seed particles to MeV energies, contributing to radiation belts and Forbush decreases.^[38] Observations from missions like STEREO and Parker Solar Probe reveal CIR evolution with heliocentric distance, including shock weakening beyond 5 AU and merger events forming global merged interaction regions.^[37] Modeling efforts, such as magnetohydrodynamic simulations, predict CIR propagation and geoeffectiveness, aiding forecasts despite challenges from source variability.^[39]

Organizations

Center for Individual Rights

The Center for Individual Rights (CIR) is a nonprofit public interest law firm headquartered in Washington, D.C., dedicated to litigating in defense of constitutional protections for individual liberties, including free speech, due process, equal protection, and property rights.^[2] Founded in April 1989 by attorneys Michael McDonald, a specialist in First Amendment issues, and Michael Greve, who focused on environmental law and fundraising, CIR originated as a project of the Washington Legal Foundation to counter perceived encroachments on personal freedoms by government and institutions.^[1] Its mission centers on securing landmark judicial precedents to reinforce these rights, with a vision of a society where government officials and the public actively uphold them.^[2] From its inception, CIR targeted cases involving speech restrictions and preferential policies, achieving early successes such as invalidating university speech codes in 1991 and prevailing in Lamprecht v. FCC that year, where the U.S. Court of Appeals struck down a Federal Communications Commission gender-based preference for broadcast licenses.^[1] The organization challenged racial preferences in higher education through Hopwood v. Texas in 1993, a federal appeals court ruling that temporarily barred affirmative action in Texas law school admissions pending Supreme Court review.^[1] By 1997, CIR's annual budget had expanded from $220,000 to over $1 million, enabling growth in staff and caseload to encompass broader civil rights and economic liberty disputes.^[1] Leadership transitioned over time, with Terence J. Pell serving as president until his retirement in August 2023; general counsel Michael E. Rosman has overseen key litigation efforts.^[40] CIR has secured multiple U.S. Supreme Court victories establishing precedents against viewpoint discrimination and disparate treatment. In Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia (1995), the Court ruled 5-4 that denying public funding to a student religious publication while subsidizing secular ones violated the First Amendment's free speech clause.^[1] The firm contributed to Gratz v. Bollinger (2003), a 6-3 decision invalidating the University of Michigan's undergraduate affirmative action program for mechanically awarding racial preference points in admissions, deeming it insufficiently individualized under the Equal Protection Clause.^[41] Another landmark was Ricci v. DeStefano (2009), where the Court held 5-4 that New Haven firefighters suffered intentional discrimination when the city discarded promotion exam results to avoid adverse impact on minority candidates, absent a strong basis in evidence for anticipated litigation.^[42] Beyond these, CIR litigated against compelled union fees in Friedrichs v. California Teachers Association (2016), which ended in a 4-4 tie following Justice Scalia's death but influenced subsequent rulings like Janus v. AFSCME restricting agency fees on nonmembers.^[43] Recent efforts include Raseley v. Portland Public Schools, challenging the district's race-based resource allocation formula implemented since 2013, which prioritizes staffing and funding by racial demographics over merit or need.^[44] In Davi v. Roberts, CIR represents a New York hearing officer dismissed in 2010 for a private Facebook post criticizing welfare policy metrics, asserting First Amendment retaliation by public employers.^[45] These cases underscore CIR's strategy of selecting high-impact suits to test constitutional boundaries, often prevailing in federal courts against policies favoring group identities over individual merit.^[2]

The Center for Investigative Reporting

The Center for Investigative Reporting (CIR) is a nonprofit organization established in 1977 as the first dedicated nonprofit investigative journalism entity in the United States. Co-founded by journalists Lowell Bergman, Dan Noyes, and David Weir, it opened offices in Oakland, California, and produced its initial major investigations for publication in magazines such as New Times and Mother Jones in 1978.^[46] In 1979, CIR received a National Magazine Award for its reporting on "The Boomerang Crime," marking early recognition of its work. The organization expanded into book publishing with Circle of Poison in 1981, a study on pesticide exports that was translated into ten languages, and entered television in 1990 with the PBS Frontline documentary "Global Dumping Ground." Under executive director Robert J. Rosenthal, appointed in 2007, CIR launched California Watch in 2009 as the state's largest investigative reporting team, focusing on state-level accountability. By 2013, it consolidated operations with The Bay Citizen and piloted Reveal, a multimedia platform that earned a Peabody Award in 2014.^[46] CIR's mission centers on empowering the public through investigative journalism that holds powerful entities accountable, with emphasis on racial and social injustices, threats to public safety, and challenges to democracy. It operates Reveal from a San Francisco headquarters with reporters nationwide, producing content distributed weekly on over 500 public radio stations to more than 1 million listeners, alongside podcasts and digital formats on social media platforms. Following a 2024 merger with Mother Jones, leadership includes CEO Monika Bauerlein and Editor-in-Chief Clara Jeffrey, with Rosenthal serving as CEO emeritus. CIR maintains the largest investigative reporting team in the U.S., prioritizing multimedia storytelling across print, audio, video, and online channels.^[47]^[48] Funding primarily derives from grants by left-of-center foundations, including the Open Society Foundations, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Tides Foundation, Arnold Ventures, Ford Foundation, and John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, alongside individual donations. In 2022, CIR reported revenue of $10,915,565 and expenses of $11,497,482. Such donor profiles have contributed to characterizations of CIR as left-of-center, with analyses citing story selection favoring progressive perspectives and internal commitments to diversity, equity, and inclusion initiatives, including a 2020 workforce where 37% of employees were non-white.^[48]^[49]^[50] CIR's reporting has included examinations of environmental hazards, government accountability, and institutional failures, such as early work on toxic waste exports and later probes into forensic science flaws leading to wrongful convictions. In 2023, the organization faced internal controversy after laying off its entire Black unionized staff amid pledges to enhance accountability and diversity, prompting accusations from affected reporters of undervaluing non-white contributors and resisting structural reforms. These events highlight tensions in nonprofit journalism outlets reliant on foundation support, where ideological alignments may influence hiring, coverage priorities, and organizational responses to equity critiques.^[51]^[49]

Committee of Interns and Residents

The Committee of Interns and Residents (CIR) is a labor union representing house staff physicians, including interns, residents, and fellows, in the United States. Affiliated with the Service Employees International Union (SEIU), CIR focuses on collective bargaining for improved wages, working conditions, and training environments in teaching hospitals.^[52]^[53] Founded in 1957 by approximately 2,000 interns and residents from New York City's municipal hospitals, CIR emerged amid growing concerns over excessive work hours, inadequate pay, and limited protections for medical trainees.^[54]^[53] The organization initially organized in public institutions but expanded to private hospitals following a 1976 National Labor Relations Board ruling that affirmed house staff as employees eligible for union representation under the National Labor Relations Act.^[55] As the largest housestaff union in the country, CIR represented over 40,000 members as of 2025, spanning states including New York, New Jersey, Florida, California, and Washington, D.C.^[52] Membership has more than doubled since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, driven by heightened awareness of burnout, staffing shortages, and demands for safer workloads amid the crisis.^[56]^[57] In early 2025 alone, CIR secured National Labor Relations Board election victories adding thousands of new members from programs involving 250 or more trainees each.^[56] CIR's activities include negotiating contracts that address duty-hour limits, benefits, and patient safety standards, as well as providing legal support through CIR Legal Services for issues like discrimination and contract disputes.^[52] The union has participated in strikes, notably a four-day action in March 1975 against 21 New York City hospitals, which resulted in concessions on pay and working conditions.^[58] Recent efforts emphasize organizing in non-union programs, particularly in California, where membership has doubled since 2020 due to grievances over low pay—often below $70,000 annually for 80-hour weeks—and corporate hospital priorities.^[59]

CIR Group

CIR S.p.A. – Compagnie Industriali Riunite, commonly known as CIR Group, is an Italian holding company founded in 1976 by industrialist Carlo De Benedetti through the acquisition of Concerie Italiane Riunite, initially a tanning firm, which was subsequently transformed into a diversified industrial entity.^[60]^[61] Listed on Euronext Milan in the FTSE Italia Mid Cap index, the company focuses on long-term investments in industrial and service sectors, primarily healthcare and automotive components, following a strategic refocus that divested earlier interests in media, food, and other areas.^[60]^[62] Controlled by Fratelli De Benedetti S.p.A., fully owned by Carlo De Benedetti's sons—Rodolfo, Marco, and Edoardo—the group employs an entrepreneurial approach to managing its portfolio companies.^[60] Key subsidiaries include KOS Group, which operates in healthcare with 13,777 beds across facilities in Italy and Germany specializing in elderly care, functional rehabilitation, and diagnostics, and Sogefi S.p.A., a producer of automotive components with 24 industrial sites in 14 countries.^[60] In 2024, consolidated revenues reached €1,821 million, reflecting a 1.6% increase from 2023, driven by 6.2% growth in healthcare offset by a 1.7% decline in automotive due to market cyclicality; the group employed approximately 15,054 people.^[63]^[60] Governance follows a traditional Italian model, comprising shareholders' meetings, a board of directors for strategic oversight, and a board of statutory auditors for compliance and internal controls, supported by committees on appointments, remuneration, risks, sustainability, and related-party transactions.^[64] Monica Mondardini has served as CEO since 2013, overseeing value creation for shareholders amid sector-specific challenges like automotive supply chain pressures.^[60]^[64] The company's evolution from a leather processor to a focused investor underscores a pattern of opportunistic consolidation and subsequent streamlining, as evidenced by historical acquisitions like Sogefi in 1981 and divestitures to concentrate on resilient sectors.^[62]^[65]

Committee on International Relations (University of Chicago)

The Committee on International Relations (CIR) is a graduate program in the University of Chicago's Division of the Social Sciences, offering a one-year Master of Arts degree focused on international affairs.^[66] Established in 1928, it is recognized as the oldest graduate program of its kind in the United States.^[66] The program's origins trace to a 1926 conference organized at the university on the causes and characteristics of major wars, which evolved into an interdisciplinary initiative emphasizing empirical analysis of global conflicts and interdependencies.^[66] CIR's curriculum integrates core theoretical training with specialized study tracks, requiring students to complete eight graduate-level courses, including mandatory seminars in international relations theory and research methods, alongside elective concentrations such as security and statecraft, world politics and norms, or political economy.^[67] The program culminates in a master's thesis supervised by faculty from across the social sciences, fostering original research grounded in primary data and causal mechanisms rather than unsubstantiated narratives.^[67] Joint degree options include a BA/MA pathway for university undergraduates, allowing qualified students to earn both degrees in five years with accelerated coursework, and an MBA/MA collaboration with the Booth School of Business for integrated business and policy analysis.^[68]^[69] Administered from Pick Hall at 1155 East 60th Street in Chicago, CIR maintains small cohorts—typically admitting around 20-25 students annually—to ensure intensive faculty mentorship and interdisciplinary exposure drawing from departments like political science, economics, and anthropology.^[67] Admissions prioritize applicants with strong quantitative skills and prior exposure to international topics, with no GRE requirement but emphasis on analytical writing samples. The program's emphasis on rigorous, evidence-based inquiry has produced alumni in academia, policy, and diplomacy, though it avoids prescriptive ideological frameworks in favor of methodological pluralism.^[66]

Politics and Government

Citizens' Initiative Review

The Citizens' Initiative Review (CIR) is a deliberative democratic process in which a randomly selected panel of 20 to 24 registered voters, chosen to reflect demographic diversity, convenes to evaluate specific ballot initiatives or referenda.^[70] The panel produces a nonpartisan "Citizens' Statement" summarizing key factual findings, arguments in favor, and arguments against the measure, which is then distributed to all voters via official voter guides.^[70] Developed by the nonprofit organization Healthy Democracy to address voter information gaps in direct democracy, the CIR aims to provide balanced, evidence-based insights amid often polarized campaign messaging.^[70] It was first piloted in Oregon in 2010, reviewing three statewide ballot measures ahead of the November election.^[71] In Oregon, the process operates under the Citizens' Initiative Review Commission, a semi-independent state agency established by statute in 2011 with 11 appointed members tasked with selecting measures for review and overseeing panels.^[72] Panelists are recruited by inviting approximately 10,000 randomly selected voters and stratifying for representativeness across factors such as age, gender, race, partisanship, and geography; participants receive stipends and undergo training in deliberative techniques.^[70] Over four to five days, the panel hears testimony from balanced sets of advocates, experts, and stakeholders, poses questions, and deliberates to identify at least five key research findings based on verified evidence.^[70] The resulting statement, approved by a supermajority of panelists, appears in the state voters' pamphlet mailed to all households and online, reaching millions without additional taxpayer cost beyond panel operations, which totaled about $130,000 per review in early implementations.^[71] CIR has been implemented officially in Oregon since 2012, reviewing up to six measures per general election cycle as selected by the commission based on criteria like complexity, controversy, and voter interest.^[73] Pilots have occurred elsewhere, including Arizona (2012), Massachusetts (2014–2016), and collaborative efforts in California and Colorado through academic and institutional partnerships.^[74] Evaluations indicate measurable impacts on voter decision-making; a 2023 study pooling data from 13 CIRs (2010–2018) across five states surveyed 10,872 registered voters and found that exposure to CIR statements increased accurate responses to 82 factual claims about measures from 44% in controls to 60% in treatment groups, with an odds ratio of 1.45 (p < 0.001), outperforming standard voter guides.^[74] The same analysis detected no significant partisan bias in knowledge gains and noted stronger effects among those trusting deliberative processes (odds ratio 1.22, p < 0.001).^[74] Longitudinal panel surveys from Oregon's 2010 CIR showed increased external political efficacy among aware voters, with 65% of readers reporting greater confidence in evaluating complex measures compared to 45% of non-readers.^[75] Deliberation within panels fosters reasoning types including causal and analogical arguments, though outcomes depend on testimony quality and participant engagement.^[76] Critics, including some legislators, have questioned scalability and costs for broader adoption, but empirical evidence supports CIR's role in enhancing factual understanding without swaying vote shares disproportionately.^[74] As of 2024, Oregon remains the only state with statutory integration, though advocacy continues for expansion to counter misinformation in initiative-heavy elections.^[77]

Locations

Aviation and transportation codes

CIR is the IATA identifier for Cairo Regional Airport, a public-use general aviation facility in Cairo, Illinois, United States.^[78] The airport, also designated by FAA location identifier CIR and ICAO code KCIR, is owned and operated by Alexander County Airports and supports non-scheduled operations with a single asphalt runway (18/36) measuring 4,001 feet by 75 feet (1,219 m × 23 m).^[79] Situated at approximate coordinates 37°03′50″N 089°13′10″W and an elevation of 321 feet (98 m) above mean sea level, it lacks scheduled commercial passenger service but accommodates private, charter, and recreational flights.^[80] In broader transportation contexts, CIR appears less prominently; for instance, it designates the City of Rochelle Railroad (reporting mark CIR), a short-line freight carrier operating approximately 31 miles of track in northern Illinois, primarily handling industrial commodities since its inception in 2005 under Iowa Pacific Holdings before changing ownership.^[81] However, such usages are specialized and do not constitute standardized codes akin to aviation identifiers, with no widely recognized CIR designations in major road, maritime, or intermodal systems beyond niche applications like container interest registries in global shipping logistics.^[82]

Geographical and resort locations

Pizes de Cir is a compact mountain range within the Dolomites, situated in South Tyrol, Italy, immediately north of the Gardena Pass at coordinates approximately 46.55° N, 11.82° E. Forming part of the Puez-Odle nature park, the range features jagged limestone towers with the highest summit, Gran Cir (also known as Cir V), reaching 2,592 meters above sea level; it is renowned for via ferrata routes and hiking trails offering panoramic views of adjacent valleys.^[83]^[84] Resorts bearing the CIR designation include:

Other Uses

Astronomy

Corotating interaction regions (CIRs) are large-scale heliospheric structures arising from the interaction between fast solar wind streams, typically emanating from coronal holes, and preceding slower solar wind plasma.^[35] These interactions compress the plasma and magnetic fields, forming a stream interface that delineates the boundary between the denser, cooler slow wind and the rarer, hotter fast wind.^[89] Due to the Sun's rotation period of approximately 27 days at mid-latitudes, CIRs persist and corotate with the heliosphere, manifesting as recurrent features observable over multiple solar rotations, particularly prominent during solar minimum phases when coronal holes are stable and long-lived. CIRs drive significant space weather effects, including geomagnetic storms on Earth, through enhanced solar wind dynamic pressure and southward interplanetary magnetic field components at their leading edges.^[90] Observations from spacecraft such as Ulysses have revealed CIR-associated shocks beyond 2 AU, which accelerate electrons and ions to keV energies via diffusive shock acceleration, contributing to recurrent particle events throughout the inner and middle heliosphere.^[91]^[92] Unlike transient coronal mass ejections (CMEs), CIRs produce prolonged, quasi-periodic disturbances, with studies indicating comparable magnetospheric coupling efficiency to CME-driven events, though with distinct ionospheric and auroral signatures due to sustained high-speed stream impacts.^[93] In broader astrophysical contexts, analogous CIR-like structures may influence exoplanetary magnetospheres, where stellar rotation and wind speed shears could generate recurrent high-energy particle fluxes affecting habitability.^[94] Ground-based and in-situ measurements, including from the Parker Solar Probe, have cataloged CIR morphologies, turbulence levels, and discontinuities, confirming their role in heliospheric evolution and solar wind radial expansion.^[95]^[96] These regions underscore the causal linkage between solar magnetic topology and distant heliospheric dynamics, with empirical models emphasizing first-order Fermi acceleration at CIR shocks for particle energization.^[97]

Military and general acronyms

In military doctrine, CIR refers to Critical Information Requirements, defined as specific elements of information regarding the enemy, environment, or friendly forces that commanders prioritize to support timely decision-making during operations. These requirements help identify knowledge gaps that could impact mission success, often integrated into planning processes like the Military Decision-Making Process (MDMP).^[98] CIRs are distinct from but related to broader Commander's Critical Information Requirements (CCIRs), focusing on operational necessities rather than solely commander-specific priorities.^[99] The U.S. Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (JP 1-02) officially defines CIR as continuing intelligence requirement, denoting ongoing needs for intelligence to sustain situational awareness beyond immediate priorities. This usage emphasizes persistent data collection on threats or conditions that evolve over time, supporting long-term mission planning.^[100] In general acronym usage outside specialized military or institutional contexts, CIR commonly stands for Committed Information Rate in telecommunications and networking, representing the minimum guaranteed bandwidth (typically in bits per second) that a service provider commits to delivering for a virtual circuit under normal conditions, such as in Frame Relay or ATM networks. This rate ensures reliable data transfer while allowing bursts above it subject to excess information rate (EIR) limits.^[17] Another frequent general application is Critical Incident Report, a documentation process used in various organizational settings to record and analyze significant events or disruptions for review and response, though not tied to a single domain.^[101] Less commonly, CIR denotes Carrier-to-Interference Ratio in signal processing, measuring the strength of a desired signal relative to interference, critical for assessing communication link quality.^[102]

References

[1]
History - Center for Individual Rights
First Amendment Rights. CIR filed two cases defending First Amendments rights. In Wolk v. Olson, et al., CIR represented Theodore Frank, who was sued for ...
[2]
About CIR - Center for Individual Rights
Our Mission. Establish landmark precedents to strengthen and restore individual rights essential for a free and flourishing society. Our Vision.
[3]
Center for Individual Rights: Home
CIR is a nonprofit, public interest law firm dedicated to the defense of individual liberties. Each legal victory protects the right of individuals to think, ...About CIR · Cases · Career Opportunities · Our Team
[4]
Center for Individual Rights - GuideStar Profile
CIR is a non-profit, public interest law firm that represents deserving individuals whose individual rights have been violated.
[5]
Center for Individual Rights - InfluenceWatch
The Center for Individual Rights (CIR) is a non-partisan public interest law firm that litigates cases in defense of individual liberties.
[6]
https://cir-usa.org/press-releases/portland-father-sues-school-race-based-funding/
[7]
Connecticut Museum Fires Employee for Asking Questions About DEI
Mar 8, 2023 · Hartford's Wadsworth Atheneum Fires a Longtime Employee for Requesting a Definition of 'Systemic Racism' ... The once-distinguished museum lands ...
[8]
[PDF] A Theory of the Term Structure of Interest Rates - John C. Cox
Mar 7, 2005 · A Theory of the Term Structure of Interest Rates. John C. Cox; Jonathan E. Ingersoll, Jr.; Stephen A. Ross. Econometrica, Vol. 53, No. 2 (Mar ...
[9]
[PDF] A Theory of the Term Structure of Interest Rates - NYU Stern
In this section, we briefly review and specialize the general equilibrium model of Cox, Ingersoll, and Ross [6]. The model is a complete intertemporal ...
[10]
[PDF] The Cox-Ingersoll-Ross Model | Quant Next
The Cox-Ingersoll-Ross (CIR) model is a stochastic interest rate model used in finance to describe the evolution of interest rates. The model was introduced ...
[11]
Cox-Ingersoll-Ross Model (CIR): Overview, Formula, and Limitations
The Cox-Ingersoll-Ross model (CIR) is a mathematical formula used to model interest rate movements and is driven by a sole source of market risk.
[12]
[PDF] Exploring the Cox Ingersoll Ross (CIR) Interest Rate Model - EUDL
Sep 19, 2023 · This research comprehensively analyzes the Cox Ingersoll Ross (CIR) interest rate model and explores its application in financial modeling. The ...
[13]
A Theory of the Term Structure of Interest Rates - jstor
The term structure of interest rates measures the relationship among yields on default-free securities that differ only in their term to maturity.
[14]
CIR Model Calibration using Python - Tidy Finance
Apr 3, 2024 · In this concise exposition, I will delineate the process of calibrating the Cox–Ingersoll–Ross model using Python.
[15]
Exploring the Cox Ingersoll Ross (CIR) Interest Rate Model - EUDL
Dec 7, 2023 · This research comprehensively analyzes the Cox Ingersoll Ross (CIR) interest rate model and explores its application in financial modeling.
[16]
[PDF] Cox, Ingersoll and Ross Models of Interest Rates - SOA
Cox, Ingersoll & Ross (CIR) model of interest rates. The findings address the extended CIR model and easiest construction thereof; an effective way of pricing.<|separator|>
[17]
What is committed information rate (CIR) and how does it work?
Jul 16, 2021 · Committed information rate (CIR) is the guaranteed rate at which a Frame Relay network will transfer information under normal line conditions.
[18]
What is Committed Information Rate (CIR)? - Dialogic
A committed information rate (CIR) is a bandwidth (expressed in bits per second) associated with a logical connection in a permanent virtual circuit (PVC).
[19]
Committed information rate - Nokia Documentation Center
The committed information rate (CIR) for a queue performs two distinct functions: Minimum bandwidth guarantees. Queue's CIR setting provides the bandwidth ...Missing: telecommunications | Show results with:telecommunications
[20]
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Program—Expert Safety ...
Oct 12, 2017 · Cosmetic Ingredient Review was established in 1976 by the Personal Care Products Council (PCPC), with the support of the US Food and Drug ...
[21]
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Program-Expert Safety ... - PubMed
Cosmetic Ingredient Review was established in 1976 by the Personal Care Products Council (PCPC), with the support of the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) ...Missing: history founding
[22]
Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety
The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety (CIR) is an independent scientific body that assesses the safety of cosmetic ingredients in the U.S..
[23]
About the Cosmetic Ingredient Review
We review and assess the safety of ingredients in an open, unbiased, and expert ... safety assessments on some of the most complex cosmetics that the Panel ...Missing: methodology | Show results with:methodology
[24]
Cosmetic Ingredient Review |
We review and assess the safety of ingredients in an open, unbiased, and expert manner, and publish the results in the peer-reviewed scientific literature.IngredientsCIR ReportsAboutHow Does CIR Work?CIR Findings
[25]
How Does CIR Work? | Cosmetic Ingredient Review
CIR safety assessments are made available as monographs and are published in the International Journal of Toxicology. Each year, CIR publishes the CIR ...Missing: methodology | Show results with:methodology
[26]
[PDF] ADMIN MOE - Cosmetic Ingredient Review |
Dec 2, 2024 · The Expert Panel adopts a risk-based approach for safety assessment, conservatively evaluating a worst-case scenario for each type of ...
[27]
Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR)
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) was established in 1976 as an independent safety review program for cosmetic ingredients.
[28]
Report: Cosmetic Ingredient Review Fails to Protect the Public ...
Apr 24, 2018 · The CIR is a program of the Personal Care Products Council (PCPC), a trade organization representing manufacturers of the $62 billion cosmetics ...
[29]
Why the CIR is Failing the Public and Failing Manufacturers
Apr 24, 2018 · New report exposes reasons why industry-funded CIR cannot be trusted to protect our health from harmful ingredients in cosmetics, ...Missing: criticisms controversies
[30]
CIRSR corepressor of RBPJ and splicing regulator [ (human)] - NCBI
Enables histone deacetylase binding activity; protein kinase binding activity; and transcription corepressor activity.Missing: CIR | Show results with:CIR
[31]
605228 - COREPRESSOR INTERACTING WITH RBPJ, 1; CIR1
Immunofluorescence analysis showed that CIR is a nuclear protein like CBF1, although CIR did not bind to nucleolus. ▻ Gene Function. Hsieh et al. (1999) ...
[32]
CIR, a corepressor linking the DNA binding factor CBF1 to ... - PNAS
CIR binds to histone deacetylase and to SAP30 and serves as a linker between CBF1 and the histone deacetylase complex.
[33]
CIR, a corepressor of CBF1, binds to PAP-1 and effects ... - PubMed
CIR, a protein originally identified as a CBF1-interacting protein and reported to act as a transcriptional corepressor, was identified as a PAP-1 binding ...
[34]
[PDF] The Formation of CIRs at Stream-Stream Interfaces and Resultant ...
Abstract. Corotating interaction regions (CIRs) are regions of compressed plasma formed at the leading edges of corotating high-speed solar wind streams ...
[35]
Coronal Holes | NOAA / NWS Space Weather Prediction Center
As the high speed stream interacts with the relatively slower ambient solar wind, a compression region forms, known as a co-rotating interaction region (CIR).
[36]
Predictive Capabilities and Limitations of Stream Interaction Region ...
Apr 16, 2020 · After the source of the SIR corotates once around the solar rotation axis, it is often referred to as a corotating interaction region (CIR).
[37]
Predictive Capabilities of Corotating Interaction Regions Using ...
Jun 23, 2022 · Solar wind stream interaction regions (SIRs) and corotating interaction regions (CIRs) can cause geomagnetic storms and change energetic ...Abstract · Introduction · Data and Analysis · Observations
[38]
Solar wind stream interaction regions throughout the heliosphere - NIH
This paper focuses on the interactions between the fast solar wind from coronal holes and the intervening slower solar wind, leading to the creation of stream ...
[39]
Case study on the evolution of corotating interaction regions for the ...
When HSSs interact with the denser and slower ambient solar wind ahead, they create so-called corotating interaction regions (CIRs; Belcher & Davis 1971 ...
[40]
Terence J. Pell - Center for Individual Rights
Terence Pell retired as CIR's President in August, 2023. Mr. Pell received his Ph.D. from Notre Dame in 1996, his J.D. from Cornell Law School in 1981, ...
[41]
Gratz v. Bollinger; Grutter v. Bollinger - Center for Individual Rights
Oct 14, 1997 · The combined cases of Gratz v. Bollinger and Grutter v. Bollinger failed to end the government's use of racial preferences, it achieved the minor victory.
[42]
Ricci v. DeStefano - Center for Individual Rights
Aug 6, 2012 · The Supreme Court agreed to hear Ricci v. DeStefano, a case that could materially limit the use of hiring and promotion preferences by employers.
[43]
U.S. top court hands win to unions, splits 4-4 without Scalia | Reuters
Mar 29, 2016 · "With the death of Justice Scalia, this outcome was not unexpected," said Terry Pell, president of the Center for Individual Rights. The ...Missing: Terence | Show results with:Terence
[44]
https://cir-usa.org/cases/stopping-race-based-funding-and-restoring-fairness-in-portland-public-schools/
[45]
https://cir-usa.org/cases/davi-v-roberts/
[46]
Our History - Reveal from The Center for Investigative Reporting
1977: Co-founders Lowell Bergman, Dan Noyes and David Weir open offices in downtown Oakland. 1978: CIR's first major investigations appear in magazines.
[47]
About Us - Reveal News
Our mission is to hold the powerful accountable by reporting about everything from racial and social injustices to threats to public safety and democracy.Contact Us · Guide to spotting fake news · Job Opportunities · Impact
[48]
Center for Investigative Reporting (CIR) - InfluenceWatch
The organization has received funding from left-of-center organizations including George Soros's Open Society Foundations, the Gates Foundation, and the Tides ...
[49]
Reveal – Center for Investigative Reporting - Bias and Credibility
The Center for Investigative Reporting is a nonprofit organization that is funded through donations and grants. Large donors are disclosed on the website. Some ...<|separator|>
[50]
https://revealnews.org/reveal-diversity-report-2020/
[51]
After pledging “accountability,” Reveal laid off all Black unionized staff
Jul 24, 2023 · Staffers of color say the investigative journalism nonprofit undervalues non-white reporters and is resistant to changing its ways.
[52]
Committee of Interns and Residents – Empowering our nation's ...
CIR empowers interns, residents and fellows to fight for excellence for our patients, our training, and our healthcare system through organizing, collective ...OrganizeWestchester Medical CenterBronx Care Health SystemCIR Legal Services (CIRLS)Press Releases
[53]
Committee of Interns and Residents (CIR) - InfluenceWatch
The Committee of Interns and Residents (CIR) is a labor union affiliated with the SEIU, which represents resident and intern physicians and promotes several ...
[54]
About CIR - Committee of Interns and Residents
The Committee of Interns and Residents (CIR) is the largest housestaff union ... Our History. CIR was founded by approximately two thousand interns and ...
[55]
White Coats Take a Cue From Blue Collars | MedPage Today
Feb 24, 2025 · These unions eventually formed the Committee of Interns and Residents (CIR) in 1957. A 1976 ruling by the National Labor Relations Board ...
[56]
Interns and Residents Are Unionizing at a Rapid Clip - Jacobin
Feb 24, 2025 · SEIU's Committee of Interns and Residents won six NLRB elections in January 2025 involving 250 or more people. This string of victories has become somewhat ...
[57]
Resident Labor Unions—Learning as We Go | JAMA Network Open
Jul 17, 2024 · As of May 2024, the CIR represents 32 000 trainees, about 20% of the resident workforce. Although not the majority, this number was only 16 000 ...
[58]
[PDF] Intern and Resident Organizations in the United States: 1934-1977
n march 17, 1975, the Committee of Interns and Residents. (CIR)* of New York City waged a 4-day strike against 21 hospitals, eventually winning elimination ...
[59]
Low pay, long hours: Why CA medical residents are unionizing
Apr 8, 2024 · Union membership at medical training programs in California has more than doubled since 2020, according to data from the Committee of Interns ...
[60]
Profile - CIR
CIR S.p.A. – COMPAGNIE INDUSTRIALI RIUNITE is a holding of participations listed on the Italian stock exchange, which mainly operates in healthcare and auto ...
[61]
What is Brief History of Compagnie Industriali Riunite Company?
Sep 23, 2025 · Founded in 1976 by Carlo De Benedetti. · Acquired Concerie Italiane Riunite from the Bocca family. · Strategic pivot from tanning to an industrial ...
[62]
Our history - CIR
1976. The foundation ; 1981. Acquisition of Sogefi ; 1985. Entry into the food sector ; 1986. Sogefi takes control of Rejna ; 1988. Tender offer for Société ...Missing: founded | Show results with:founded
[63]
CIR: results for 2024
Mar 14, 2025 · Consolidated revenues up by 1.6% on 2023, at € 1,821 million, +6.2% in the healthcare sector and -1.7% in the automotive sector.
[64]
Governance system - CIR
CIR S.p.A. – COMPAGNIE INDUSTRIALI RIUNITE is a holding of participations listed on the Italian stock exchange, which mainly operates in healthcare and auto ...
[65]
COMPAGNIE INDUSTRIALI RIUNITE - Cappelli Identity Design
Jun 3, 2022 · CIR – Compagnie Industriali Riunite SpA is an Italian holding, founded in 1976 in Turin by Carlo De Benedetti, which in its history has brought together ...
[66]
About | The University of Chicago Division of the Social Sciences
The Committee on International Relations (CIR) has its origins in a conference on the causes and characteristics of major wars, which was organized in 1926 ...
[67]
Graduate Program - Committee on International Relations
... University of Chicago · Committee on International Relations · University of Chicago. 1155 E. 60th Street, CIR Suite 291. Chicago, IL 60637. United States. 773- ...
[68]
BA/MA Program for UChicago Undergraduates
Three courses in one area of study; Three courses in a second area of study; A faculty-approved MA thesis. The Committee on International Relations allows BA ...
[69]
MBA/Master of Arts in International Relations - Chicago Booth
Chicago Booth partners with the Committee on International Relations (CIR), where students take theoretical and interdisciplinary courses in international ...
[70]
Citizens' Initiative Review - Healthy Democracy
Citizens' Initiative Review processes bring randomly selected and representative panels of voters together to fairly and thoroughly evaluate ballot measures.
[71]
[PDF] Lessons from the 2010-2014 Oregon Citizens' Initiative Review
The Citizens' Initiative Review (CIR) aims to make voters more informed and reflective during direct democratic elections. Page 3. Direct democracy is rarely ...
[72]
Chapter 0365 - Oregon State Legislature
Sections 2 to 9 of this 2011 Act are added to and made a part of ORS chapter 250. SECTION 2. (1) The Citizens' Initiative Review Commission is established ...<|separator|>
[73]
[PDF] What is the Citizens Initiative Review Commission?
The Citizens Initiative Review (CIR) is a program designed by Healthy Democracy, a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization that informs the voting population ...
[74]
A large-sample test of the Citizens' Initiative Review | PLOS One
Jul 27, 2023 · Evolving US media and political systems, coupled with escalating misinformation campaigns, have left the public divided over objective facts ...<|separator|>
[75]
Emanating Effects: The Impact of the Oregon Citizens' Initiative ...
Jun 6, 2019 · Results from a longitudinal 2010 panel survey show that awareness of the Citizens' Initiative Reviews increases respondents' external efficacy.Missing: effectiveness | Show results with:effectiveness
[76]
A Study of the 2010 Oregon Citizens' Initiative Review
Apr 4, 2022 · We used this analysis to develop a typology of different forms of reasoning expressed in deliberation: inductive, deductive, causal, analogical, expressing ...
[77]
(PDF) The Oregon Citizens' Initiative Review: Long-term impacts in ...
Oct 16, 2024 · PDF | One particular form of deliberative minipublic generates issue analysis and/or recommendations for voters prior to a referendum or ...
[78]
Cairo Regional Airport (CIR) @ OurAirports
May 4, 2023 · Tags. [Add or edit tags]. Name, Cairo Regional Airport. Location, Cairo, Illinois, UNITED STATES. IATA code, CIR. ICAO code, KCIR.
[79]
KCIR - Cairo Regional Airport - AirNav
Complete aeronautical information about Cairo Regional Airport (Cairo, IL, USA), including location, runways, taxiways, navaids, radio frequencies, ...
[80]
Cairo Regional Airport (CIR) Charter Flights | Linear Air
FAA Code, CIR. IATA Code, CIR. ICAO Code, KCIR. State, IL. latitude, 37° 3' 50'' N. Longitude, 89° 13' 10'' W. Runway Length, 4001ft (1219m) ...
[81]
[PDF] Circular No. OT-10 - Railinc
... Railroad Co. of Indiana. CIND. 188. City of Rochelle, Illinois. CIR. 138. Chattahoochee Industrial RR. CIRR. 222. Chicago Junction Railway Company, LLC. CJR.
[82]
Container Interest Register (CIR) - bic-code.org
Oct 16, 2025 · The Container Interest Register (CIR) has been developed to provide a secure, searchable register of container-level interests.
[83]
Complete Guide to the Gran Cir Via Ferrata, Dolomites
Oct 28, 2024 · Gran Cir (2592 meters) is a prominent peak in the Cir Group (Pizes de Cir in Ladin, Gruppo del Cir in Italian, Cirspitzen in German) within ...Missing: geographical | Show results with:geographical
[84]
Cir Group - Val Gardena - Dolomites, Italy
View to Passo Gardena and the Pizes de Cir - the Big and Small Cir in the Cir Group can be reached in a hike of 1 respectively 1.5 hours. Foto: AT, © Peer ...Missing: geographical | Show results with:geographical
[85]
Circa opens! First ever adults-only resort opens in Downtown Las ...
Oct 27, 2020 · Circa Las Vegas, located at the west end of the Fremont Street Experience near Main Street, opens its doors on Wednesday, Oct. 28, at 12:01 am.
[86]
Now Open: Vegas' Circa Resort & Casino Debuts Hotel Tower ...
Dec 28, 2020 · Downtown Las Vegas Casino-Resort Completes Second Phase of Construction and Introduces Tallest Tower North of the Strip.
[87]
The structure - Hotel Cir
Located at 2300 meters on Passo Gardena on the border between Val Gardena and Val Badia, amazing views and a few meters from a ski lift that connects it to the ...
[88]
Hotel Cir, Selva di Val Gardena (updated prices 2025)
Rating 8.9/10 (657) Hotel Cir is set on the Gardena Pass, right near the Sellaronda ski slopes and along the road from Selva Di Valgardena to Corvara.
[89]
Differences between CME‐driven storms and CIR‐driven storms
Jul 26, 2006 · Energetic-particle events are also produced by CIRs (by CIR shocks in the heliosphere beyond ∼2 AU, with the energetic particles traveling back ...
[90]
A Comparison of the CIR‐ and CME‐Induced Geomagnetic Activity ...
Apr 29, 2021 · Recently, it was found that geomagnetic activities produced by the corotating interaction regions (CIRs) caused comparable effects on the ...Missing: acronym | Show results with:acronym
[91]
On electron acceleration at CIR related shock waves
These CIRs are often associated with shock waves, at which electrons are accelerated as observed by the Ulysses spacecraft.
[92]
CIR Associated Energetic Particles in the Inner and Middle ...
Energetic particles associated with Corotating Interaction Regions (CIRs) are observed throughout the inner and middle heliosphere, showing large positive.
[93]
[PDF] Geoeffectiveness of CIR and CME Events - Digital Commons @ Trinity
May 8, 2008 · ABSTRACT. Recent work has shown that solar wind-magnetosphere coupling is more efficient for CIR-driven events than for CME-driven events.
[94]
Corotating Interaction Regions (CIRs): impacts with exoplanets - arXiv
Aug 2, 2025 · For some exoplanets, such as those in Earth or Mars orbits, CIRs can form within the exoplanet's orbit at all stellar rotation rates, depending ...
[95]
A living catalog of stream interaction regions in the Parker Solar ...
After a complete solar rotation, the SIR is classified as a corotating interaction region (CIR). SIRs and CIRs can also be highly geoeffective, triggering ...
[96]
Radial Evolution of a CIR: Observations From a Nearly Radially ...
Jan 14, 2021 · Corotating Interaction Regions (CIRs) form where corotating high-speed streams, originating from coronal holes, overtake slower-speed solar wind ...
[97]
CIR Morphology, Turbulence, Discontinuities, and Energetic Particles
STREAM INTERFACES. Somewhere inside a CIR lies at least one stream interface, separating what was. originally kinetically cool, dense, and slow solar wind ...
[98]
CIR Army Abbreviation Meaning
CIR in Army refers to Critical Information Requirements, which are essential elements of information that commanders need to make informed decisions during ...
[99]
CIR - Critical Information Requirement | AcronymFinder
CIR stands for Critical Information Requirement ... This definition appears frequently and is found in the following Acronym Finder categories: Military and ...
[100]
CIR Acronym Definition - Military Personnel Terms - MilitaryDictionary
CIR. Acronym Source: JP 1-02 (Department of Defense Dictionary of Military ) ? 1.) continuing intelligence requirement. See Also: related CCIR; related CIRM ...
[101]
CIR - Definition by AcronymFinder
What does CIR stand for? ; CIR, Critical Incident Report (various locations) ; CIR, Continuous Infusion Rate (dosing regimen) ; CIR, Capital Investment Request.Missing: astronomy | Show results with:astronomy<|separator|>
[102]
What does CIR stand for? - CIR meaning - Acronyms and Slang
Carrier-to-Interference Ratio · CIR — Circular · CIR — Critical Incident Report · CIR — Central Intelligence Report · CIR — Circuit Reliability.<|separator|>