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Concord

Concord was a live-service multiplayer first-person developed by Firewalk Studios, a studio formed in 2018 by former employees and acquired by in 2023, and published by Sony for and Windows platforms. Set in a sci-fi universe called the Concord Galaxy, it emphasized 5v5 PvP matches where players controlled "Freegunners"—characters with distinct abilities, backstories, and visual designs—competing in objective-based modes like escort and control points, without single-player content or access. Launched on August 23, 2024, after over six years of development and amid high internal expectations as a flagship title for 's multiplayer ecosystem, Concord achieved peak concurrent players of just 697 and sold fewer than 25,000 units in its first week, far below viability thresholds for a live-service model. halted sales, issued full refunds, and shut down servers on September 6, 2024—less than two weeks post-release—citing inability to meet player expectations despite post-launch adjustments. Critically, it earned a Metacritic aggregate of 62/100 from 46 reviews, with praise for gunplay and character variety overshadowed by complaints of unpolished mechanics, repetitive content, and a late reveal that failed to build anticipation in a hero shooter market dominated by established free-to-play titles like Overwatch 2. User reception was harsher, reflected in IMDb's 2.0/10 average from hundreds of ratings, often highlighting the $39.99 price point and perceived lack of innovation after years in development. The project's estimated $200–400 million cost, drawn from Sony's budgets for new studios, amplified its status as a landmark financial loss, prompting scrutiny of Sony's strategy for high-risk, narrative-heavy live-service games amid broader industry shifts away from such investments.

Conceptual meanings

Agreement and harmony

Concord refers to a of , , or unity among persons, groups, or entities, characterized by mutual understanding and . According to , it encompasses "a of : ," extending beyond mere to imply resolved and agreeable relations. The term derives from Latin , meaning "" or "union," compounded from con- ("together with") and cordis (genitive of cor, "heart"), connoting a heartfelt of wills rather than superficial . This etymological root underscores concord as an organic accord, distinct from enforced uniformity, as evidenced in historical political applications where voluntary pacts fostered amid diverse interests. In classical philosophy, concord manifested as a principle for societal order, exemplified by 's advocacy of concordia ordinum—the "harmony of the orders"—which sought alliance between Rome's senatorial elite and equestrian class to counter factional strife and preserve the Republic's balance. viewed this not as static equality but as pragmatic cooperation rooted in shared incentives, warning that its absence invited discord and collapse, as during the of 63 BCE. Similarly, interstate compacts in early American history illustrate concord's practical form: under the , colonies formed voluntary agreements, such as the 1785 Compact for navigation, resolving boundary disputes through mutual benefit rather than central mandate, laying groundwork for federal union. Genuine concord emerges causally from aligned incentives and reciprocal gains, contrasting with born of unresolved conflicts or imposed harmony, which often breeds resentment. Dictionary defines it as "formal agreement and between countries and people," explicitly opposing as disagreement, a distinction borne out empirically in failed coercive unities versus enduring voluntary ones like the U.S. Constitution's framework, which balanced sovereignty with to achieve ordered without suppressing individual agency. Thus, concord prioritizes driven by natural affinities or rational , as in traditions, over regulatory fiat, ensuring sustainability through incentivized cooperation.

Linguistic and grammatical concord

Grammatical concord, also known as , denotes the systematic matching of morphological features—such as number, , , and case—between syntactically related elements in a , ensuring structural . In English, this manifests primarily in subject-verb , where the verb's form aligns with the subject's number and , as in "The committee decides on the proposal" (singular subject requiring third-person singular verb) versus "The members decide on the proposal" (plural subjects requiring base form). Pronoun-antecedent concord requires the pronoun to match the antecedent's number and , exemplified by "Each must submit their essay" in contemporary usage, though traditional rules favor singular "his or her" for indefinite singular antecedents to avoid perceived . Adjective-noun concord is vestigial in English, with minimal (e.g., no or case marking), but persists in comparative forms or possessives; fuller systems appear in other like , where adjectives inflect for the noun's , number, and case, as in der große Hund (masculine singular nominative). Core rules emphasize number matching: singular subjects pair with singular verbs (e.g., "She runs"), while plural subjects take plural forms (e.g., "They run"), with exceptions for indefinite pronouns like "everyone," treated as singular. Collective nouns, denoting groups (e.g., "team," "family"), conventionally take singular verbs in to reflect unitary action—"The has reached a "—but corpus analyses reveal variability, with plural verbs more frequent in when emphasizing individual members, as in "The are divided." Subjunctive moods or inverted structures (e.g., "There are books on the table") introduce notional agreement based on semantic plurality rather than strict grammatical form, prioritizing real-world reference over rigid syntax in empirical usage data. Historically, concord traces to Proto-Indo-European, where verbs agreed with subjects in person, number, and sometimes tense-aspect, while adjectives and demonstratives matched nouns in three (masculine, feminine, neuter), eight cases, and number, as reconstructed from comparative evidence in , Latin, and . English inherited a diluted , losing most case and gender markings by due to analytic drift, yet retaining number-based concord verifiable in corpora like the , where adherence to singular-plural rules exceeds 95% in formal registers. underscores that deviations from traditional concord, often descriptively tolerated in informal speech, correlate with reduced parse accuracy in computational models and reader comprehension, supporting prescriptive standards for precision in technical and legal discourse over relativist acceptance of variation.

Geographical places

In Australia

Concord is a residential suburb in the inner west of , , within the local government area, situated approximately 15 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district along the . The area was originally inhabited by people and explored by Europeans in 1788, with a convict stockade established at Longbottom (now the site of Concord Oval) in 1792 and initial land grants issued to free settlers and members in 1793. It remained a sparsely populated, heavily wooded rural backwater through the early , with population recorded at 265 in 1828, before land sales from 1834 spurred gradual development including large estates such as Yaralla House built around 1840. The suburb's name derives from , chosen by Lieutenant-Governor Francis Grose, who had military experience there during the American War of Independence. Industrial growth accelerated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including the Australian Gaslight Company works at nearby in 1886, Arnott's biscuits factory in 1907, and Paints in 1921, alongside transport improvements like steam trams to in 1901, later electrified by 1912. Population expanded significantly to 2,400 by 1898 and 23,213 by 1933, transitioning the area into a mixed residential zone with industrial perimeters and numerous public parks that characterize its leafy, suburban layout today. As of the , Concord had a of 14,551, with a age of 43 years; 48.5% male and 51.5% female. Of residents, 63.9% were born in , followed by (5.8%) and (5.4%); top ancestries included (22.2%), (18.5%), and English (17.5%). English was spoken at home by 59.9%, with (9.2%) and (6.1%) as the next most common languages, reflecting historical post-World War II immigration and recent Asian arrivals. Adjacent Concord West, a distinct to the northwest, shares similar historical roots but operates as a separate entity with its own retail and industrial zones.

In Canada

Concord is an unincorporated suburban industrial district within the City of , , in York Region, approximately 20 kilometres north of . Its boundaries are generally defined by to the south, Highway 400 to the west, and Rutherford Road to the north, encompassing a mix of residential, commercial, and light industrial areas. The community originated as a farming hamlet in the early , established by settler Hiram White, who named it after his birthplace in Concord, . Early pioneers included the White, Oster, and Brillinger families, who developed local businesses and infrastructure; by , Concord had a population of about 600 and appeared on regional maps. It remained predominantly agricultural until the , when the opening of Highway 400 facilitated suburban expansion tied to the metropolitan area's growth, transitioning the area from farmlands to housing developments and industrial zones. Unlike historical Concord sites in the United States associated with colonial events, this Canadian locale lacks such revolutionary ties and instead reflects post-World War II patterns, with increasing alongside regional highways and rail corridors. Recent proposals include the Concord GO Centre, a planned transit hub on the to enhance connectivity amid Vaughan's ongoing development.

In the United States

, gained prominence as the site of the on April 19, 1775, the first military engagements of the , where colonial militia confronted British forces advancing from , marking a pivotal act of defiance against British authority. The town later emerged as a center for American in the 19th century, attracting writers such as , , , and , whose homes and works, including Thoreau's , drew intellectual and cultural significance to the area. sustains much of Concord's , with visitors expending $52.4 million in the town in 2019, supporting local taxes and jobs, while the adjacent alone hosted 1 million visitors in 2023, generating $67.1 million in nearby spending. In , Concord has served as the state capital since 1808, selected for its central location along the , with the State House constructed starting in 1816 as the oldest legislative meeting site in continuous use nationwide. The city's early 19th-century economy relied on granite quarrying, furniture manufacturing, and printing, leveraging local stone for major projects like the U.S. , which contributed to New Hampshire's nickname as the "Granite State." As of 2024, Concord's population stands at 44,674, reflecting steady growth from 30,400 in 1980, with governance centered on state administration and a diversified economy including government services and manufacturing. Concord, California, represents the largest U.S. city by that name, with a 2023 population of approximately 124,000 residents, predominantly in Contra Costa County as a suburban hub east of . Post-World War II expansion transformed it from a small rural area of about 1,400 residents in 1940 into a booming suburb, reaching 36,000 by 1960 through residential subdivisions, shopping centers, and military-related industry like the Naval Weapons Station. Recent state-mandated housing reforms under the Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing initiative have prompted rezoning efforts, including a January 2025 proposal for a 20-acre overlay district at the former site to accommodate up to 1,000 new units, addressing density requirements amid California's housing shortage. Smaller Concords, such as in (population around 110,000 as of recent data, a suburban extension of with a diverse demographic of 51% White non-Hispanic and 22% Black non-Hispanic) and (a rural village of about 1,100 residents), illustrate contrasts in scale: urban-suburban variants offer denser economies and amenities but face congestion and higher costs, while rural ones provide affordability and community cohesion at the expense of limited job opportunities and services.

In other countries

Concord constitutes a residential area within the locality of , , , developed as part of the post-World War II new town initiative to relocate populations from congested industrial regions. The broader area, encompassing Concord, was designated a new town on November 3, 1964, under the New Towns Act, leading to planned housing, infrastructure, and community facilities constructed primarily in the and 1970s. Historically linked to County Durham's industry, Concord features a to local miners unveiled on July 24, 2020, honoring workers from the region's pits, many of which closed amid economic shifts in the late . In the , is a rural locality in the Penal-Debe region of southwestern , proximate to La Romain and characterized by agricultural land use typical of the island's southern plains. Established amid colonial naming conventions that imported English terms denoting or —often reflecting administrative or settler aspirations—the area lacks prominent urban development but supports local communities with ties to cultivation and small-scale farming. A smaller populated place named Concord exists in the Philippines, located in Samar province at coordinates approximately 11°42′N 125°14′E, within a region influenced by Spanish and American colonial histories that occasionally adopted English place names during the U.S. insular period (1898–1946). This locale, likely a barangay or minor settlement, reflects limited documentation but aligns with patterns of nomenclature in former colonies where "Concord" evoked ideals of unity amid diverse ethnic integrations. No major development projects or etymological shifts have been recorded recently for these sites.

Educational institutions

Universities and colleges

, a public institution in , , was founded on February 28, 1872, as the Concord State Normal School to train teachers for the state's public schools. It evolved through name changes, becoming Concord State Teachers College in 1932 and Concord College in 1943, before achieving university status on July 1, 2004, to reflect its expanded and graduate offerings. The university maintains regional accreditation from the , with specialized program accreditations including the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education for , the Council on Social Work Education for , and the Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs for business degrees. The university organizes its academic programs into two colleges: the College of Professional and Liberal Studies, covering areas like , and social sciences, and the College of Science, Mathematics, and Health, encompassing , , and exercise science. It offers over 60 undergraduate majors and several graduate programs, with a historical emphasis on that continues through its teacher preparation initiatives, alongside professional fields like and cybersecurity. Enrollment reached 1,956 students for the 2024-2025 , marking an 8.8% increase from the prior year, with undergraduates comprising about 1,609 in fall 2024; this growth bucks national trends in declining attendance. As a primarily undergraduate institution, prioritizes student outcomes over research volume, with program-specific data showing strong placement rates: over 75% of graduates secure -related or admission to / programs, while attain roles locally, regionally, and nationally. No other standalone universities or colleges bear the exact name "Concord," distinguishing it from variants like Concordia institutions or place-named community colleges such as NHTI in .

K-12 schools

Multiple public high schools in the United States operate under the name Concord High School, typically serving grades 9-12 within local districts in communities named Concord. For instance, Concord High School in Wilmington, Delaware, is part of the Brandywine School District, which emphasizes career readiness programs alongside standard curricula. In Concord, New Hampshire, Concord High School functions within the Concord School District (SAU #8), supporting approximately 1,200 students with advanced placement courses and extracurriculars focused on STEM fields. Similarly, in Clayton, California, Concord High School belongs to the Mount Diablo Unified School District, where state data indicate a four-year adjusted graduation rate of 92.5% for the 2021-2022 school year. Elementary and middle schools named Concord also exist across U.S. states, often integrated into broader district systems. In , Concord Community Schools include Concord Elementary School (serving pre-K to grade 5) and (grades 6-8), with district-wide elementary proficiency at 28% for reading and 35% for based on state assessments reported by . These metrics reflect standardized testing outcomes prioritizing academic mastery over demographic adjustments. In , Concord Public Schools operate , which earned high ratings from the state Department of Elementary and , including student growth percentiles above state averages in arts and for the 2023-2024 period. Outside the U.S., in Bundoora, , , is a government-funded specialist P-12 institution catering to students with disabilities and additional learning needs, offering tailored vocational training from years 7-12. It holds distinction as 's first special school to achieve eSmart for and well-being practices. No prominent K-12 schools named Concord were identified in through available records.

Arts, entertainment, and media

Literature, music, and performing arts

Ralph Waldo Emerson's "," composed in 1837, serves as a poetic commemoration of the American Revolutionary War's Battle of Concord, emphasizing the resolve of local militiamen against British forces. Originally sung to the tune of "Old Hundredth" at the dedication of the town's , the four-stanza work opens with the enduring phrase "By the rude bridge that arched the flood, / Their flag to April’s breeze unfurled, / Here once the embattled farmers stood / And fired the shot heard round the world," symbolizing the conflict's global reverberations. The hymn's text, rooted in eyewitness accounts and local history, underscores themes of sacrifice and defiance, influencing later American patriotic literature despite Emerson's transcendentalist leanings toward over . In music, Charles Ives's Piano Sonata No. 2: Concord, Mass., 1840–60 stands as a seminal work evoking the transcendentalist milieu of mid-19th-century . Begun around 1909 and substantially completed by 1915, with self-published premiere in 1920 and revisions extending to 1947, the sonata features four movements titled after key figures—, Hawthorne, The Alcotts, and Thoreau—drawing on their writings for structural and thematic inspiration, such as Emerson's essays for the expansive first movement's philosophical breadth. Ives incorporated cluster chords, , and quotations from hymns like "" to mimic the era's experimental spirit, reflecting the town's intellectual ferment amid rural simplicity; the score's optional viola part in the Hawthorne movement adds spectral unease akin to the author's gothic tales. Critically, it pioneered , though initial performances, including John Kirkpatrick's 1939 rendition from memory, highlighted its technical demands and harmonic density, cementing its status as a cornerstone of 20th-century repertoire despite Ives's career overshadowing his compositional output. Performing arts engagements with Concord often manifest through interpretations of these literary and musical sources, such as staged readings of Emerson's during historical reenactments or performances of Ives's emphasizing its narrative evocation of transcendentalist lives. Less canonically, Clare Grundman's 1953 band overture Concord, scored for and premiered by ensembles like the U.S. Marine Band, weaves New England folk tunes including "" to capture revolutionary heritage, receiving acclaim for its accessible programmatic vigor in educational and patriotic settings. These works collectively prioritize Concord's as a nexus of intellectual and revolutionary identity, with Ives's particularly noted for bridging and avant-garde soundscapes.

Film, television, and video games

Concord is a 2024 multiplayer first-person developed by Firewalk Studios and published by . Released on August 23, 2024, for and Windows, it centers on 5v5 PvP matches featuring characters known as Freegunners in a sci-fi setting, emphasizing team-based combat with unique abilities and weapons. The game launched at a $40 price point, diverging from the prevalent model in the genre. Upon release, Concord achieved a peak of 697 concurrent players on Steam, with estimates indicating total sales of around 25,000 units across platforms. Reviews highlighted competent gunplay and character movement but faulted the title for generic gameplay, insufficient launch content, and failure to differentiate from competitors like Overwatch. Additional critiques focused on perceived overemphasis on diverse character representations at the expense of visual appeal and merit-based design, contributing to low player retention amid market saturation in live-service shooters. These factors, combined with poor matchmaking due to low populations, prompted Sony to shut down servers on September 6, 2024, after just two weeks, issuing full refunds and closing Firewalk Studios in October 2024. In television, the anthology series Secret Level (2024) includes the episode "Concord: Tale of the Implacable," an animated adaptation premiering on Amazon Prime Video on December 17, 2024. It portrays the backstory of the Concord game's Freegunners aboard the spaceship Intrepid, facing a deadly armada, and has been noted for highlighting untapped potential in the franchise's lore despite the game's commercial failure.

Transportation and vehicles

Land vehicles

The , a type of developed in the early , originated from designs produced by the in , founded around 1828 by wheelwright Lewis Downing and coach-builder J. Stephens Abbott. These vehicles featured a body mounted on thoroughbraces—straps suspending the wooden frame like a —which allowed a rocking motion to absorb shocks from rough terrain, reducing stress on the structure and improving ride comfort compared to rigid-spring suspensions of earlier wagons. Typically constructed from and with iron reinforcements, a standard nine-passenger model weighed over 2,000 pounds (907 kg) empty and could accommodate six to nine inside plus roof seating, often pulled by teams of six to eight horses. Axles measured about 1¾ inches in diameter with 5/8-by-58-inch tires, and wheel height reached approximately 3 feet 10 inches front and 5 feet rear, enabling speeds averaging 4-5 mph over long distances. Renowned for reliability during American westward expansion, Concord coaches hauled passengers, mail, and express cargo along overland routes like the , covering up to 110 miles in 24 hours despite unpaved roads, dust, mud, and attacks. Their reinforced hardware and thoroughbrace system minimized breakdowns, outlasting lighter "celerity" wagons in demanding conditions, as evidenced by widespread adoption by firms such as , which ordered fleets for trails starting in the . However, by the mid-19th century, railroads rendered them obsolete for primary long-haul transport due to superior speed and capacity, though their durability—often exceeding 100,000 miles of service—highlighted engineering suited to pre-rail frontiers rather than modern infrastructure. Contemporary replicas, built by specialists like Hansen Wheel and Wagon Shop, replicate original specifications for historical , reenactments, and parades, incorporating features such as manual foot brakes and curtains. A 2010 Western replica, for instance, featured a nine-passenger gilded body with roof seating, demonstrating ongoing appreciation for the design's craftsmanship despite no widespread return to practical use. These adaptations preserve the coach's legacy in and heritage events, underscoring its historical role without addressing modern vehicular needs.

Aircraft

No full-scale aircraft have been produced or prototyped under the name "Concord," distinct from the Anglo-French Concorde supersonic transport. Searches of aviation records and manufacturer histories reveal no instances of manned or unmanned bearing this exact designation for operational or experimental use. The term "Concord" occasionally appears in the context of scale models, radio-controlled (RC) replicas, or die-cast collectibles, typically as a variant spelling or shorthand for Concorde-inspired designs rather than original . For example, large RC turbine-powered models, such as a 10-meter span version flown at events like the 2023 Jet World Masters, replicate Concorde's delta-wing configuration but are hobbyist constructions without production lineage. These niche applications highlight the rarity of "Concord" as an aviation moniker outside supersonic passenger jet references, with no empirical performance data or manufacturer specs tied to a unique "Concord" type. Model engineering clubs, like the , focus on general RC rather than specific "Concord"-named prototypes.

Watercraft

The has named five ships USS Concord, in honor of the town pivotal to the outset of the . These vessels spanned , , , and replenishment ship classes, serving in exploration, patrol, combat, and logistics roles from the early through the late 20th. The first USS Concord, a three-masted sloop-of-war, was launched on 24 September 1828 at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard and commissioned on 7 May 1830 under Master Commandant Matthew C. Perry. She conducted patrols and diplomatic missions in the Atlantic and Pacific before being lost to grounding off the African coast in the early 1830s. USS Concord (PG-3), the second ship of the name and a Yorktown-class gunboat, was laid down in May 1888 by N. F. Palmer & Co. in Chester, Pennsylvania, launched on 8 March 1890, and commissioned on 31 March 1891. Displacing 1,710 tons with a length of 244 feet, she mounted six 6-inch guns, four 6-pounder rapid-fire guns, and two 3-pounder guns, powered by vertical triple-expansion engines for a top speed of 17.5 knots. Her service included cruises along the U.S. East Coast, West Indies, and South America starting November 1891; Far East deployments for Asiatic Squadron duties; and station ship roles at Guam from 1909 to 1910. Decommissioned multiple times for repairs and reserve, she ended active naval duty in 1925, transferred to the Treasury Department as a quarantine vessel at Astoria, Oregon, until returned and sold for scrap in June 1929. The fourth USS Concord (CL-10), an , was launched on 15 December 1921 by William Cramp & Sons in and commissioned on 3 1923. With a standard displacement of 7,050 tons, length of 555 feet 6 inches, and top speed of 35 knots, her armament comprised twelve 6-inch/53-caliber guns in six twin turrets, two 3-inch/50-caliber anti-aircraft guns, and ten 21-inch torpedo tubes. Interwar assignments involved in the Pacific, escorts to in 1942, and Canal Zone exercises; during , she supported operations in the Aleutians, , Marianas, and , including shore bombardments and anti-submarine patrols. On 12 August 1945, she fired one of the war's final naval salvos during a bombardment off . Decommissioned on 27 1945, she was scrapped in 1947. USS Concord (AFS-5), the fifth iteration and lead , was laid down on 26 March 1966 by Steel and Shipbuilding Co. in , launched on 17 December 1966, and commissioned on 27 November 1968. Designed for with extensive cargo holds for ammunition, food, and supplies, she deployed repeatedly to the Mediterranean, Western Pacific, and , supporting groups and amphibious forces through Vietnam-era operations and beyond. Decommissioned on 15 October 1992 and transferred to the as USNS Concord (T-AFS-5), she continued logistics until stricken in 2009 and sunk as a live-fire target in 2012.

Organizations and businesses

Companies and corporations

Concord (entertainment company) is an independent music rights organization specializing in sound recordings, publishing, and theatrical rights, formed through the 2004 acquisition of Fantasy Records by the original Concord Records label established in 1969. The company has expanded via over $2 billion in investments for acquisitions, positioning it as a major player in music rights with annual revenue approximating $500 million as of 2020. It manages catalogs supporting more than 125,000 artists and songwriters, deriving about 85% of revenue from music assets by 2023. In 2023, Concord secured $550 million in funding to fuel further growth amid competitive catalog consolidations in the industry. Concord Foods, LLC, a food manufacturing and distribution firm founded in 1968 and based in Brockton, Massachusetts, supplies retail products and custom ingredients to supermarkets, foodservice operators, and manufacturers across the United States. The company focuses on processed foods like dehydrated mixes and seasonings, maintaining a national distribution network without publicly disclosed revenue figures, though it competes in a fragmented market emphasizing supply chain efficiency over branded consumer dominance. Concord Technologies, established in 1996 and headquartered in , develops cloud-based software for secure faxing, document workflow, and management, targeting enterprise sectors including healthcare for solutions. With estimated annual between $25 million and $100 million, it has sustained operations through specialization in regulated data exchange, avoiding broader tech market volatility by prioritizing niche compliance needs.

Non-profit organizations and events

The Concord Carlisle Foundation, a 501(c)(3) organization based in Concord, Massachusetts, focuses on identifying community needs and distributing grants to local nonprofits alongside direct aid to individuals facing hardships such as housing instability or medical expenses. Its activities include hosting community engagement events, including seasonal workshops like wreath-making sessions at local farms to foster participation and fundraising. The Concord Land Conservation Trust, established as a private 501(c)(3) entity in , prioritizes the acquisition and stewardship of open spaces to prevent development and maintain ecological integrity, having contributed to the protection of thousands of acres through easements and purchases since its inception. OARS (Organization for the Assabet, Concord, and Rivers), founded in 1986 as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit in , works on river restoration, pollution monitoring, and advocacy for watershed health, organizing volunteer cleanups and educational programs that have removed tons of debris from local waterways over decades. The Garden Club of Concord, a nonprofit in , supports horticultural initiatives through planting projects, educational seminars, and conservation grants aimed at enhancing public landscapes and .

Other uses

Plants and agriculture

The (Vitis labrusca '') originated as a cultivated variety developed in by Ephraim Wales Bull in , through the selection of superior seedlings from wild V. labrusca vines native to the . Bull propagated over 22,000 seedlings starting from seeds planted around 1843, identifying the Concord vine for its vigorous growth, large clusters of blue-black berries with slip-skins, and high sugar content suitable for processing. This hybrid's thick skins and robust structure enable efficient mechanical harvesting and contribute to its use in , jelly, and production, where the berries yield approximately 190 gallons of per ton compared to 165 gallons from typical wine grapes. In U.S. agriculture, Concord grapes rank as the fourth most-produced variety, with major cultivation concentrated in New York, Washington, and Michigan for juice processing. Yields typically average 6 tons per acre, though they can vary from 4 to 10 tons depending on regional conditions like soil and weather, supporting an industry that generated about $340 million in economic impact and 2,000 jobs as of 2018. Their adaptability to cooler climates and marginal soils enhances economic viability in non-traditional grape regions, where they comprise up to 77% of juice grape acreage in areas like Pennsylvania. Concord vines demonstrate superior cold hardiness and resistance to pests like and diseases such as compared to European varieties, attributes derived from their wild American parentage that minimize pesticide needs and enable survival in USDA hardiness zones down to -20°F. However, the cultivar's pronounced "foxy" flavor—stemming from compounds like —limits its appeal for premium table wines, often relegating it to blended or sweet styles rather than the refined profiles favored from V. vinifera, though this trait bolsters its dominance in non-alcoholic products.

Buildings and infrastructure

The Old North Bridge, commonly referred to as the Concord Bridge, spans the Concord River in , and is renowned as the site of the first armed resistance against forces during the on April 19, 1775, where colonial militia fired the "shot heard round the world." The original bridge, constructed of wood in the mid-18th century to facilitate local travel and trade, featured a simple design typical of colonial-era , with spans approximately 50 feet long and supported by stone abutments. regulars destroyed the structure shortly after the skirmish to hinder colonial retreat, but it was quickly rebuilt by locals using similar and local foundations. A replica of the original bridge was erected in to commemorate the battle's , employing white pine timbers hewn from nearby woods and replicating the 1760s aesthetic with hand-hewn beams and pegged joints for authenticity, spanning 127 feet across three arches. This version, maintained within since 1959, underwent structural reinforcements in the , including underpinnings added in 1956 to address wood decay from weathering and foot traffic, preserving its historical integrity while ensuring public safety. The bridge's design emphasizes functional simplicity over ornamentation, reflecting pragmatic engineering practices, and it remains a pedestrian-only crossing today, with no vehicular load-bearing capacity. Restoration efforts have focused on empirical preservation techniques, such as periodic inspections and timber replacements using period-appropriate materials, as documented in records, countering natural degradation without modern synthetic interventions that could alter its causal historical authenticity. No significant criticisms of infrastructural decay have been tied to this site, given its protected status and ongoing federal maintenance, though broader concerns about wooden bridge vulnerabilities in humid climates underscore the value of such targeted preservations elsewhere.

Miscellaneous

In linguistics, concord refers to the systematic agreement in between words or syntactic elements, such as subject-verb concord requiring matching in person, number, and sometimes gender, as seen in rules governing pronouns and antecedents or adjectives and nouns. This concept underpins grammatical coherence in inflected languages, where violations lead to errors like "the team are winning" in usage favoring singular verbs for collective nouns. In English , a final concord—also termed a ""—constituted a collusive judicial proceeding under , whereby parties staged a before royal justices to produce an ostensibly adversarial judgment confirming , rendering the title indefeasible against future claims; this mechanism proliferated from the 1170s under , with over 300,000 such fines enrolled by the before abolition in 1833. The Princess of Asturias Award for Concord, established in 1980 as part of Spain's premier accolades, honors initiatives advancing harmony, dialogue, and cooperation across nations or societies, with laureates including the in 2012 for stabilizing post-Cold War Europe; the jury convened in on June 3–4, 2025, to select that year's recipient amid ongoing global tensions.

References

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