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Coorg State

Coorg State, officially the State of Coorg, was a Part C state under central administration in the Republic of India, established on 26 January 1950 from the territory of the former Coorg Province and abolished on 1 November 1956.^[1]^[2] Covering approximately 4,102 square kilometers in the Western Ghats of southwestern India, with Madikeri (formerly Mercara) as its capital, the state was predominantly inhabited by the Kodava people, an ethnic group renowned for their martial heritage and contributions to coffee production.^[3] The state's brief existence followed the integration of the British-administered Coorg Province into the Dominion of India on 15 August 1947, transitioning to a constitutional state with the adoption of the Indian Constitution.^[4] Initially governed by a Chief Commissioner appointed by the President, Coorg held its first legislative elections in 1952, leading to the formation of a ministry headed by Chief Minister C.M. Poonacha, who advocated for development in agriculture and infrastructure amid the region's rugged terrain and plantation economy.^[5] Its dissolution under the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, merged Coorg into the enlarged Mysore State (later renamed Karnataka) as part of India's linguistic reorganization of states, despite vocal opposition from local leaders emphasizing the Kodavas' distinct cultural and linguistic identity separate from Kannada-speaking areas.^[2]^[6] This merger, approved by a majority in the state assembly but contested by groups like the Kodava National Council, extinguished Coorg's autonomy and fueled persistent demands for greater regional self-governance or even separate statehood, highlighting tensions between national integration policies and ethnic minorities' aspirations for preservation of traditions such as unique land tenure systems and exemption from compulsory military service.^[7]^[8]

Historical Background

Origins as a Princely State and British Annexation

The Kingdom of Coorg, also known as Kodagu, emerged as an independent princely state in the early 17th century under the Haleri dynasty, an offshoot of the Keladi Nayakas from Ikkeri. The dynasty's founder, Veera Raja (r. circa 1600–1636), a Lingayat prince, consolidated power by defeating local chieftains and establishing rule from Haleri, marking the transition from fragmented tribal governance to centralized monarchy following the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire.^[9]^[10] Successive rulers, including Appaji Raja and Muddu Raja (r. 1633–1687), expanded the territory and shifted the capital to Mercara (modern Madikeri) around 1687, fostering a martial Kodava culture centered on rice agriculture, coffee plantations introduced later, and resistance against external threats like Mysore and Marathas.^[11] The Haleri kings maintained sovereignty through alliances and warfare, notably aiding the British against Tipu Sultan during the Anglo-Mysore Wars, which granted Coorg subsidiary status under the East India Company by 1799 without direct control.^[12] This period solidified Coorg's distinct identity, with the Kodava people—primarily land-owning warriors—providing military levies while preserving autonomy under rulers like Linga Raja (r. 1782–1808).^[13] Under Chikka Veera Rajendra (r. 1808–1834), the last Haleri raja, internal misrule escalated, including arbitrary executions, heavy taxation, and the 1833 kidnapping and presumed murder of his dewan, Karanakera Menon, a Brahmin official from Malabar, which provoked appeals from Coorg elites to the British for intervention.^[14] British forces, citing the raja's tyranny and petitions from oppressed subjects, invaded in February 1834 via three fronts, leading to his surrender on April 10, 1834, after minimal resistance.^[15] The annexation, justified by the East India Company as fulfilling the "express wish of the people" to escape despotism rather than mere conquest, integrated Coorg as a non-regulation province under direct British administration, with the raja exiled to Vellore and later Madras, receiving a pension.^[16] This ended over two centuries of Haleri rule, transitioning Coorg from princely autonomy to colonial governance while preserving local customs under a superintendent.^[15]

Post-Independence Formation as a State

Following India's independence on 15 August 1947, the Coorg Province, which had been under direct British administration since its annexation in 1834, was seamlessly incorporated into the Dominion of India as one of its provinces.^[17] This integration occurred without the need for accession instruments typical of princely states, given Coorg's status as a British-administered territory rather than an independent princely domain at the time of partition.^[17] The transition to statehood formalized with the commencement of the Constitution of India on 26 January 1950, under which Coorg was designated a Part C state within the Union, subject to central government oversight.^[17] Part C states, including Coorg, were administered by appointed Chief Commissioners reporting to the central authority, reflecting the interim administrative framework for smaller or strategically sensitive territories pending further reorganization.^[17] C.T. Mudaliar served as Chief Commissioner from 1949 to 1950, followed by Kanwar Daya Singh until 1956.^[17] This configuration allowed Coorg a degree of administrative autonomy while ensuring alignment with national policies, amid local sentiments among the Kodava population favoring retention of distinct identity, though no significant separatist movements disrupted the initial formation.^[18] The state's territory encompassed approximately 1,593 square miles, primarily the hilly Kodagu region, and its establishment as a Part C entity marked the culmination of Coorg's evolution from provincial status to a constituent unit of the Republic of India.^[18]

Geography and Demographics

Physical Geography and Climate

Coorg State, encompassing the Kodagu region, occupies the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats in southwestern India, with a total area of 4,102 square kilometers.^[3] The terrain is predominantly hilly and rugged, featuring steep escarpments, undulating plateaus, deep valleys, and fast-flowing streams that contribute to its scenic landscape. Elevations range from approximately 50 meters above sea level in the eastern lowlands near Makutta to peaks exceeding 1,500 meters, including Tadiandamol at 1,750 meters and Pushpagiri at 1,715 meters.^[19] ^[3] The district's hydrology is dominated by the Cauvery River, which originates at Talacauvery in the Brahmagiri Range within the state and flows eastward, forming the primary drainage system. Tributaries such as the Harangi, Hemavati, and Lakshmana Tirtha further dissect the landscape, supporting irrigation and contributing to the region's biodiversity. Forests cover much of the area, divided into evergreen types in the higher, wetter western zones and deciduous belts along the eastern fringes, with dense vegetation including teak, rosewood, and bamboo species.^[3] ^[20] The climate is tropical monsoon, moderated by elevation, with high humidity and significant seasonal variation. Annual precipitation averages over 3,000 millimeters, primarily during the southwest monsoon from June to October, fostering lush vegetation but also landslides in steeper areas. Temperatures typically range from 10–20°C in winter (November–February), 20–35°C in summer (March–May), and cooler, misty conditions around 21–24°C during the monsoon, with year-round averages hovering near 15°C in higher elevations.^[21] ^[22]

Population Composition and Kodava Identity

The 1951 census recorded approximately 229,465 residents in Coorg State, reflecting a diverse linguistic composition indicative of ethnic groups. Kodava Takk speakers numbered 66,642, or 29.04% of the total, primarily representing the indigenous Kodava community. Kannada speakers formed the largest group at 80,410 (35.05%), followed by Malayalam speakers at 32,683 (14.24%), Tulu at 21,000 (9.15%), and Tamil at 13,824 (6.02%). Smaller proportions included Urdu (1.66%), Telugu (1.71%), Konkani (1.53%), and Hindi (0.59%) speakers, with the remainder in other languages. Religiously, Hindus comprised 91.6% of the population, Muslims 6.7%, and Christians and others the balance, with Kodavas predominantly Hindu but practicing distinct rituals.^[23] This composition arose from historical migrations, including Malayali and Tuluva settlers in plantations, alongside native Kodavas and Yeravas, though the latter were often classified under scheduled tribes. The Kodavas, also termed Coorgs, constituted the socio-economic and cultural core of Coorg State, centered on landownership, agriculture, and martial traditions. Organized into exogamous, matrilineal clans (okka) tracing descent through females, they emphasized collective family estates (jamma land) inherited patrilineally within the clan. Their identity featured ancestor veneration via theravado platforms in sacred groves (mand), bypassing Brahmin priests or temple-based Hinduism in favor of direct nature and patrilineal spirit worship. Known for rifle-bearing customs symbolizing warrior heritage—evident in British recruitment to regiments like the Madras Regiment—Kodavas maintained a code of hospitality, hunting prowess, and polyandry prohibitions within clans. Their Dravidian language, Kodava Takk, exhibited unique phonological traits and vocabulary blending local substrates with possible ancient migrations, reinforcing ethnic distinctiveness amid surrounding Kannada and Malayalam influences.^[24] Genetic analyses affirm Kodava endogamy and substructure, tracing ancestry to at least three ancient components: early hunter-gatherers, Neolithic farmers, and later pastoralists spanning millennia, with minimal admixture post-formation. This underpins their homogeneous identity despite small numbers, as Kodavas held disproportionate influence in Coorg's governance and economy during the state's brief existence, advocating preservation of autonomy to safeguard cultural practices against linguistic assimilation.^[25]

Government and Administration

Administrative Structure Under Commissioners

Coorg State, established as a Part C state on 26 January 1950, was placed under the direct administrative control of the central government through a Chief Commissioner appointed by the President of India.^[17] This structure mirrored the colonial-era Chief Commissioner's Province model, granting the appointee broad executive authority over governance, including fiscal policy, public order, and infrastructure development, without an elected executive until 1952.^[17] The Chief Commissioner reported to the Ministry of States in New Delhi and operated from Mercara (now Madikeri), the state capital, ensuring centralized oversight in a region of approximately 1,593 square miles with a population of around 249,000 as per the 1951 census.^[26] Kanwar Daya Singh Bedi served as Chief Commissioner from 1950 to 1956, succeeding C.T. Mudaliar who held the post briefly from 1949 to 1950 during the transition from Dominion to Republic status.^[17] Under Bedi's tenure, administration emphasized continuity from British provincial governance, focusing on revenue from coffee plantations and land assessments while addressing post-independence integration challenges such as currency unification and civil service reforms.^[4] The office wielded legislative powers through ordinances when the advisory Legislative Council—comprising nominated and limited elected members since 1924—was not in session, though its role remained consultative rather than decisive.^[27] Local administration was decentralized into three taluks—Madikeri, Somwarpet, and Virajpet—for revenue collection, land records, and magisterial functions, each headed by a tahsildar appointed by the central government and subordinate to the Chief Commissioner.^[28] Key departments under the commissioner's purview included revenue (managing ryotwari settlements predominant in Coorg's agrarian economy), public works (overseeing roads and irrigation amid hilly terrain), and police (maintaining order via a small force centered in Mercara).^[26] This setup prioritized administrative efficiency in a sparsely populated, ethnically distinct area, with minimal elective elements until the 1951-52 general elections introduced a 28-member Legislative Assembly, shifting toward representative governance.^[29]

Elected Governance from 1952 to 1956

Following India's first general elections, the Coorg Legislative Assembly was constituted through elections held in 1952, marking the introduction of elected governance in the Part C state.^[29] The Indian National Congress secured a majority in the assembly, enabling the formation of a ministry responsible to the elected representatives while the Chief Commissioner retained oversight as per the constitutional framework for centrally administered states.^[30] Cheppudira Muthappa Poonacha, a Congress leader and member of the Constituent Assembly representing Coorg, was appointed Chief Minister, becoming the first and only holder of the position for the state's brief democratic period.^[30]^[31] His council of ministers handled executive functions, including local administration and implementation of central policies adapted to Coorg's context as a hill state with a plantation-based economy.^[32] The Poonacha ministry governed until the state's merger into Mysore on November 1, 1956, under the States Reorganisation Act, without facing a no-confidence motion or significant internal challenges during its tenure.^[30] This era represented Coorg's limited experiment with representative democracy, transitioning from appointed administration to elected rule amid post-independence state-building efforts.^[29]

Key Political Figures and Policies

Cheppudira Muthana Poonacha, a Kodava Congress leader and participant in the independence movement including the Salt Satyagraha, served as the first and only Chief Minister of Coorg State from March 17, 1952, to November 1, 1956.^[30]^[17] Elected from the Berriathnad constituency in the 1952 assembly polls, Poonacha's Indian National Congress secured a majority in the 28-seat legislature, enabling formation of the government shortly after India's first general elections.^[29] His administration marked Coorg's brief experiment with elected territorial governance under the Part C States framework, emphasizing direct engagement via a mobile bureaucracy that traveled to rural areas to address grievances preemptively.^[31] Poonacha's tenure prioritized administrative efficiency and cordial public relations, fostering stability in a state with distinct Kodava cultural and landholding traditions amid national integration pressures.^[31] Key among policies was advocacy for Coorg's merger into the enlarged Mysore State (later Karnataka) under the linguistic reorganization scheme, culminating in a 1956 assembly resolution where 22 of 24 members approved integration despite vocal Kodava demands for separate statehood to preserve ethnic identity and autonomy.^[7] This decision, driven by Congress alignment with central directives, contrasted with opposition from local figures and groups prioritizing Coorg's historical independence, highlighting tensions between federal consolidation and regional self-determination.^[7] Limited by the state's four-year span, other initiatives focused on basic infrastructure and maintaining the pre-existing jamma ryotwari land system, which granted heritable occupancy rights to cultivators without intermediaries, avoiding disruptive reforms seen elsewhere in India.^[32] Poonacha's pro-merger stance, while securing his later roles as Mysore minister and Union Railways head, drew retrospective criticism from merger opponents as a capitulation that eroded Coorg's distinct administrative legacy.^[33]

Economy and Society

Agricultural Economy and Land Reforms

The agricultural economy of Coorg State centered on plantation crops, particularly coffee, which dominated the landscape and export revenues during its existence from 1952 to 1956. Coffee, introduced under British administration in the 19th century, thrived in the region's misty hills and red soil, with cultivation expanding to encompass large estates worked by Kodava owners and seasonal migrant laborers from Kerala and other areas. This sector provided the primary source of income, fostering a cash-based economy amid limited industrialization, while subsidiary crops such as paddy in lowland valleys, black pepper vines intercropped with coffee, cardamom, and citrus fruits supported local consumption and minor trade.^[34]^[35] Land tenure in Coorg was governed predominantly by the Jamma system, a hereditary proprietary right originating from pre-colonial grants by local rulers to Kodava warriors for military obligations, entailing nominal fixed revenue assessments—often half the standard rate—and privileges like immunity from certain taxes. Under this ryotwari-like arrangement, land was held directly by cultivators as family lineages, minimizing absentee landlordism and tenancy disputes that plagued other Indian regions; Jamma holdings typically included paddy plots (wargs) averaging 1.5 acres, supplemented by upland gardens (bane lands) for homesteads and cash crops. This structure reinforced Kodava social organization, tying land to clan identity and martial traditions, and persisted with minimal alteration into the post-independence period.^[36]^[37] Land reforms during Coorg's statehood remained limited, aligning with national post-independence priorities of tenancy regulation rather than wholesale redistribution, given the absence of entrenched intermediaries. The state's administration maintained the Jamma framework to sustain agricultural productivity, with early efforts focusing on fair rent fixation and tenant protections on non-Jamma plantation lands, influenced by broader Indian initiatives like the Grow More Food campaign. These culminated post-merger in the Coorg Tenants Act of 1957 (Mysore Act XIV), which secured heritable rights for tenants, restricted evictions, and addressed improvements on leased holdings, reflecting continuity from state-era policies amid pressures for equitable access in a plantation-dominated system.^[38] The Kodava community, forming the core of Coorg State's society, was structured around patrilineal clans known as okka, each comprising extended joint families residing in ancestral homes called ainmane. These clans traced descent from a common male ancestor, the karanava, and emphasized collective land ownership, agricultural labor, and martial duties among male members, with senior males holding authority over rituals and decisions. Unlike the varna system prevalent elsewhere in India, Kodavas lacked internal caste divisions, positioning themselves as a cohesive group of warrior-landowners who intermarried only within the community but exogamously across okka to avoid incest taboos. This clan-based organization reinforced social cohesion and economic self-sufficiency, with non-Kodava groups—such as Gowda cultivators, Airia artisans, and Brahmin ritual specialists serving outsiders—occupying subordinate roles in a hierarchical setup.^[39]^[40] Cultural practices centered on ancestor veneration and nature worship, bypassing Brahmin mediation and temple-centric Hinduism. Rituals occurred at family shrines (kaimada) and sacred groves (manda), invoking ancestral spirits through offerings of rice, meat, and liquor during karanang kodpo, an annual ceremony to honor forebears and seek their blessings for prosperity. Weapons—swords, bows, or rifles—held sacred status as symbols of martial prowess, ritually cleaned and worshipped during the Kail Poldu festival in October, where participants don traditional attire and perform folk dances. Harvest festivals like Puthari marked the first rice sheaf's offering to ancestors, blending agrarian cycles with spiritual renewal, while women enjoyed elevated roles, managing households, participating in rituals, and wearing distinctive white saris without veils. These customs, rooted in pre-Hindu animism, persisted amid Hindu influences but prioritized empirical kinship ties over doctrinal orthodoxy.^[40]^[41]^[42] In Coorg State (1952–1956), these practices underscored Kodava identity amid linguistic and ethnic diversity, with the 1951 census noting a total population of about 254,000, predominantly Kodavas as landholders alongside minorities like Muslims in trade and Christians from missionary conversions. Social norms discouraged widow remarriage and emphasized hospitality, with disputes resolved through clan elders rather than formal courts, preserving autonomy until administrative integration.^[26]^[39]

Dissolution and Reorganization

The States Reorganisation Act of 1956

The States Reorganisation Act, 1956, was enacted by the Parliament of India on August 31, 1956, to redraw state boundaries primarily along linguistic lines, addressing long-standing demands for administrative efficiency and cultural homogeneity following India's independence. The legislation implemented key recommendations from the States Reorganisation Commission (SRC), appointed in 1953 under Justice Fazl Ali and tasked with evaluating state formations based on language, geography, economy, and administrative viability; the SRC submitted its report on September 30, 1955. For Coorg State, with its population of 229,405 and distinct Kodava-speaking populace, the SRC advocated merger into the enlarged Mysore State (predominantly Kannada-speaking) due to geographical contiguity, shared economic ties in trade and agriculture, and Coorg's limited viability as a standalone entity lacking substantial industrial base or large-scale linguistic distinctiveness warranting separation. This recommendation overrode Coorg's autonomous status since 1947, prioritizing broader Kannada consolidation over preserving its unique ethnic and administrative identity. Section 7 of the Act explicitly delineated Coorg's fate, stating that "the territory comprised in the existing State of Coorg shall form a separate district to be known as Coorg district" within Mysore State, effective November 1, 1956, thereby dissolving Coorg's legislative assembly, ministry, and independent governance structures. The merger transferred Coorg's 1,593 square miles of territory, including its capital at Mercara, into Mysore without provisions for special autonomy or safeguards for Kodava cultural institutions beyond initial administrative continuity as a district. This integration aligned with the Act's overarching framework, which reduced the number of states from 27 to 14 and created six union territories, but it effectively ended Coorg's brief era of statehood established under the Constitution of India in 1950. The Act's passage under Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's government reflected central authority's emphasis on national unity through linguistic states, despite representations from Coorg's elected representatives highlighting risks of cultural dilution; the Coorg Legislative Assembly had debated the merger, with 22 of 24 members ultimately voting in favor amid discussions on economic interdependence with Mysore. Implementation involved transferring assets, personnel, and revenues proportionally, with Coorg's high-revenue coffee plantations contributing to Mysore's agrarian economy post-merger. Official gazette notifications confirmed the boundaries, excluding minor adjustments like the Kollegal taluk's allocation elsewhere, ensuring seamless administrative absorption without immediate territorial disputes.

Merger Process and Assembly Vote

The merger of Coorg State into Mysore State proceeded under the framework of the States Reorganisation Commission (SRC), established by the Government of India on December 29, 1953, to examine linguistic and administrative reorganizations. The SRC's 1955 report specifically recommended integrating Coorg—a Part C state with a population of approximately 229,000 and distinct Kodava-majority identity—as a separate district within the enlarged Mysore State, citing administrative efficiency, economic viability, and linguistic affinities with Kannada-speaking regions over standalone viability.^[43] This recommendation overrode Coorg's post-independence aspirations for central province status or autonomy, prioritizing national consolidation post-1947 princely state integrations.^[43] In the Coorg Legislative Assembly, comprising 28 elected members from the 1952 elections where the Indian National Congress secured 16 seats, the merger resolution was debated extensively amid pro- and anti-merger factions. Chief Minister C. M. Poonacha, a Congress leader, advocated integration with Mysore to align with SRC findings and national policy, arguing it would enhance development without diluting Coorg's district autonomy.^[6] The resolution for merger into "Vishal Mysore" passed on a vote of 22 to 2, with even some members of the opposition Coorg Separatist Party, including five representatives, and anti-merger figure Pandiyanda Belliappa ultimately supporting it, reflecting the assembly's majority consensus despite vocal Kodava nationalist dissent.^[7] Parliament enacted the States Reorganisation Act on August 31, 1956, which legally dissolved Coorg State effective November 1, 1956, transferring its territory—encompassing about 1,593 square miles—as the Coorg district under Mysore's administration, with provisions for transitional legislative adjustments but no plebiscite or further local veto.^[44] The Act's implementation bypassed broader public referenda, relying on the assembly's endorsement and central authority to resolve Part C states' fates, though it fueled subsequent claims of imposition given Coorg's unique historical sovereignty under British paramountcy until 1947.^[44]^[7]

Controversies and Criticisms

Arguments For and Against the Merger

Proponents of the merger emphasized Coorg's limited viability as an independent entity, citing its small area of 4,102 square kilometers and population of about 225,000 in 1956, which constrained revenue and administrative capacity for responsible government.^[45]^[7] Leaders such as Chief Minister C. M. Poonacha argued that integration into the larger Mysore State would enable better resource allocation and development, aligning with the national push for linguistic and administrative reorganization under the States Reorganisation Act of 1956.^[6]^[7] The Coorg Legislative Assembly reflected this support, with 22 of 24 members voting in favor on December 6, 1955, including some from the initially separatist Coorg Separatist Party, underscoring perceived practical benefits over isolation.^[45]^[7] Opponents, primarily from the Kodava (Coorg) community numbering around 100,000, contended that the merger threatened their distinct ethnic identity, martial traditions, and cultural autonomy, which had been preserved through centuries of semi-independence and British paramountcy until 1947.^[45]^[7] Figures like Field Marshal K. M. Cariappa urged the central government to maintain Coorg's statehood, warning of erosion from demographic influxes of non-Kodavas, while the Thakkadi Party's platform in the 1951 elections explicitly favored independence to safeguard local customs and self-rule.^[6] Critics later described the process as a "historical blunder," attributing the assembly's pro-merger vote to political opportunism rather than broad consensus, absent a public referendum, and contrasting it with retained autonomy in larger hill states like Himachal Pradesh.^[7]^[45]

Perceived Imposition and Cultural Erosion

The merger of Coorg State into Mysore State under the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, effective November 1, 1956, was viewed by segments of the Kodava community as a centrally imposed decision that disregarded local distinctiveness, despite the Coorg Legislative Assembly's vote of 22 out of 24 members in favor.^[7] Critics, including Kodava leader Pandiyanda Belliappa of the Pratyeka Party, argued for separate statehood based on Coorg's unique non-linguistic identity, martial traditions, and administrative history as a 'C' state since 1950, but the Fazl Ali Commission's linguistic reorganization rationale prevailed without a public plebiscite.^[7]^[31] Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's administration emphasized parliamentary authority over state assemblies for such reorganizations, as articulated in correspondence with opponents, fueling perceptions of top-down fiat overriding Coorg's brief post-independence autonomy under Chief Minister C.M. Poonacha.^[7]^[6] Post-merger, Kodavas perceived accelerated cultural erosion through demographic dilution and administrative marginalization, as Coorg transitioned from a Kodava-dominant polity—where they held political sway despite comprising roughly 10-15% of the population—to a peripheral district in Kannada-majority Mysore (later Karnataka).^[46]^[45] Influxes of migrants from other regions, unchecked after 1956, reduced Kodavas to a minority in their homeland, with their population estimated at around 100,000 in 1956 now facing decline amid urbanization and out-migration, eroding communal bonds tied to land-based traditions like paddy cultivation and ancestor worship (Ainmane system).^[47]^[48] The non-Dravidian Kodava language received no official status, leading to generational shifts toward Kannada and weakening festivals such as Kail Podhu (hunting rites) and Puthari (harvest), while critics like I.M. Muthanna decried the era as a "black chapter" of identity loss and socio-economic neglect.^[49]^[7]^[50] These perceptions underpin ongoing Kodava National Council demands for autonomy, viewing the merger as causal to cultural fragmentation rather than natural integration, with historical campaigns by figures like N.U. Nachappa highlighting Coorg's pre-merger "Switzerland of India" status as emblematic of irreplaceable distinctiveness.^[51]^[31] Despite assembly approval, the absence of broader consultation amplified sentiments of imposition, as non-Kodava assembly majorities—reflecting diverse demographics—aligned with linguistic unification, sidelining Kodava ethno-cultural pleas.^[7] By the 1980s, this crystallized into statehood movements, attributing erosion to policy failures in preserving indigenous governance and halting exogenous demographic pressures.^[52]

Legacy and Contemporary Movements

Integration into Karnataka and Administrative Changes

Following the implementation of the States Reorganisation Act on 1 November 1956, the territory of Coorg State, covering 4,102 square kilometers, was integrated into Mysore State as a single administrative district known initially as Coorg district, with Madikeri designated as the district headquarters.^[2]^[5] The district retained its three taluks—Madikeri, Somvarpet, and Virajpet—as the primary sub-divisions for revenue and local administration, but these were subordinated to the state government's oversight from Bangalore.^[53] The merger dissolved Coorg's independent legislative assembly and chief ministership, which had operated from 1952 to 1956, replacing them with Mysore's centralized bureaucratic structure under a district collector appointed by the state.^[29] This shift centralized fiscal and judicial authority, applying Mysore's uniform land revenue codes and civil services regulations, which supplanted Coorg's prior semi-autonomous commissioner-led system. Article 242 of the Indian Constitution, which had provisionally governed Coorg as a Part C state, was repealed to facilitate this administrative unification.^[54] On 1 November 1973, Mysore State was renamed Karnataka, aligning with linguistic reorganization principles, at which point Coorg district was officially redesignated Kodagu district to reflect its indigenous Kodava nomenclature, though administrative boundaries and taluk structures remained largely unchanged.^[55] Subsequent minor adjustments included the integration of Kodagu into broader state-level planning for infrastructure and development, such as road networks linking it to Mangalore and Mysore, but the district's rural, hill-station character preserved some localized governance through gram panchayats.^[6]

Ongoing Demands for Autonomy and Recognition

The Codava National Council (CNC), a prominent advocacy group for the Kodava community, has intensified calls for geopolitical autonomy for Kodagu since the early 2020s, framing it as essential to preserve indigenous rights amid perceived demographic shifts and administrative neglect within Karnataka.^[56] In November 2024, the CNC reiterated demands for such autonomy during public forums, alongside protections for Kodava land rights and cultural practices, citing ongoing migrations that have altered the region's ethnic composition from a Kodava-majority to a minority status.^[56] ^[47] Legal efforts to advance these demands gained traction in April 2023 when the Karnataka High Court issued notice on a public interest litigation filed by former Union Minister Subramanian Swamy, seeking a commission to evaluate geopolitical autonomy for the Kodava tribe, building on CNC's long-standing petitions to constitutional bodies.^[57] Swamy had previously committed in November 2022 to pursuing an autonomous council for Kodagu within Karnataka, emphasizing political safeguards against what he described as existential threats to Kodava identity.^[58] Parallel movements focus on formal recognition rather than full separation, including a February 2025 padayatra spanning 82 kilometers across Kodagu district, where thousands of Kodavas demanded Scheduled Tribe (ST) status to enable affirmative action in education, employment, and land governance.^[59] The CNC further urged in May 2025 that the upcoming national census include a distinct code and column for Kodavas, arguing it would facilitate targeted policies for community preservation amid claims of cultural dilution.^[60] ^[61] These efforts reflect a pivot from 20th-century statehood aspirations to pragmatic autonomist measures, driven by concerns over resource allocation and identity erosion in a linguistically diverse state.^[47]

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[18]
Coorg State - CoorgBook
May 22, 2012 · Coorg State was formed out of the territory of former Coorg Province, which became a part and parcel of Union of India on 15th August, 1947.
[19]
Kodagu topographic map, elevation, terrain
It is a hilly district, the lowest elevation being 50 metres (160 ft) above sea-level near makutta. The highest peak, Tadiandamol, rises to 1,750 metres (5,740 ...
[20]
Physical Geography of Kodagu - kodavaclan
The forests of Kodagu are divided naturally into deciduous and evergreen. The deciduous belt lies within 10 to 12 miles of the eastern boundary while finest ...Missing: Karnataka | Show results with:Karnataka
[21]
Kodagu | Coffee-Growing, Scenic Beauty, Wildlife | Britannica
Oct 4, 2025 · Kodagu, district, southwestern Karnataka state, southwestern India. It is situated at the southern end of the Western Ghats and is rugged and hilly.Missing: physical | Show results with:physical
[22]
Weather and Seasons - The Tamara Coorg
Coorg has beautiful weather year-round. Monsoon is June-Oct, Winter is Nov-Feb (10-20°C), and Summer is March-May (20-35°C).
[23]
[PDF] Languages in Kodagu (A District in Karnataka, India)
May 5, 2020 · ... Kodava speakers from 29.04% to. 14.86%. Kodagu speakers were number two in 1951 but they are number three now. Malayalam speakers were 14.24 ...
[24]
Coorg Province - Wikipedia
Coorg Province was a province of British India from 1834 to 1947 and the Dominion of India from 1947 to 1950. Mercara was the capital of the province.
[25]
KODAVA HERITAGE: WHY 'KODAVAME' (COORG WAY OF LIFE) IS ...
Kodavas are an ancient tribe, who were primarily ancestor and nature worshippers. Like most primitive tribes, they deified their ancestors; they respected the ...
[26]
Unique demographic history and population substructure among the ...
May 5, 2025 · The term Kodava is used for the language, culture and the dominant community inhabiting the region from pre-historic times. Traditionally a ...
[27]
[PDF] coorg· censu·s - Census of India
-Coorg State comprising an area of 1593 sq. miles is a mountainous country,. situated on the summits and the Eastern and Western slopes of the. Western Ghats ...
[28]
About Us History - High Court of Karnataka
COORG. Under the Government of India Act, 1919 Coorg was constituted as the Chief Commissioner\'s Province with a legislative Council consisting of elected ...<|separator|>
[29]
[PDF] administrative divisions 1872-2001 - Census
The Coorg was under British rule during this decade. Administrative. Divisions. Bombay. Presidency. Hyderabad. Madras. Princely State Presidency. Mysore.Missing: structure | Show results with:structure
[30]
When Kodagu had its own Assembly and Chief Minister - The Hindu
Apr 29, 2018 · Coorg Assembly was constituted in 1924 and the only election was held in 1951.
[31]
C. M. Poonacha - Constitution of India
Poonacha's Congress won a majority, and he became Coorg's first, and last, Chief Minister. In 1956, Coorg merged with the State of Mysore.
[32]
Coorg and the reorganisation of States - The Hindu
Oct 20, 2013 · When it was a Part C State, the government in Coorg was a mobile administration going to the people anticipating their needs.
[33]
Chepudira Muthanna Poonacha - Kodagu Heritage - kodavaclan
Chepudira Muthanna Poonacha was the first and the only chief minister of Coorg. He was a freedom fighter and a renowned politician of his time.
[34]
Rise And Fall Of The Coorg State:Belliappa's point of view on the ...
... Coorg State was a betrayal by those at the helm of affairs of the erstwhile Part 'C' State led by Chief Minister C.M. Poonacha . This is further accentuated ...
[35]
https://www.whetstonemagazine.com/journal/making-coffee-in-coorg
[36]
Making Coffee in Coorg - Whetstone Magazine
Sep 14, 2020 · Coorg grows 40 percent of India's coffee, and the local economy relies heavily on it. The majority of the uninhabited land is cultivated coffee ...
[37]
Coffee Cultivation and Jamma Tenure In Colonial Coorg (1834-1900)
The Jamma was the principal system of land holding in Coorg. G. Richter, writing in 1870, says that Jamma tenure originated from the. Sanskrit word. 4.
[38]
Social History of "Jamma" Land Tenure in Kodagu - jstor
became independent, Kodagu (then known as Coorg) was de- clared a Part-c State. However, in 1956 Coorg merged, as a district, with the then Mysore state, on ...
[39]
[PDF] ERSF-06-07-1964_Land_Reform_in_Western_India.pdf - usda-esmis
Cultivating Tenants (Payment of Fair Rent) Act of 1955. D. Coorg: Coorg Land and Revenue Regulation of 1899; Coorg Tenants Act of 1957. E. Hyderabad ...
[40]
[PDF] RELIGION AND SOCIETY AMONG THE COORGS -M.N. SRINIVAS
This chapter continues to explain the social structure of the Coorgs vis- à-vis their inter-caste relations, the primary household (or the okka) and larger ...
[41]
[PDF] Religion And Society Among The Coorgs Of South India - kodavaclan
tried to derive every Coorg custom from the customs of the Védic. Kshatriyas. This tendency is a common one: educated Coorgs regard themselves as Indo-Aryans ...
[42]
Religion - Coorg Tourism
Kodavas are an ancient tribe, who were primarily ancestor and nature worshippers. Like most primitive tribes, they deified their ancestors.
[43]
Culture Highs of Coorg - Distinct Destinations
May 26, 2025 · The Kodavas, an ethnic community hailing from Karnataka's Kodagu / Coorg region are noted for their martial traditions, affinity with nature and ancestor ...Missing: 1950s | Show results with:1950s<|separator|>
[44]
[PDF] REPORT' STATES REORGANISATION COMMISSION
The report covers the problem, rationale, factors, proposals for reorganization, and administrative matters related to states reorganization.
[45]
The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 - Indian Kanoon
(2)The territory comprised in the existing State of Coorg shall form a separate district to be known as Coorg district, and the said Kollegal taluk shall be ...
[46]
MERGER OF COORG STATE WITH KARNATAKA: A REJOINDER ...
Sep 6, 2017 · ... Coorg's. Merger of Coorg was primarily opposed by Kodavas. The population of Kodavas in 1956 would have been around one lakh. India's ...
[47]
CONTRARIAN VIEW: WHAT SHOULD KODAVAS (COORGS) FIGHT ...
The merger of Coorg with the erstwhile Mysore state, at one stroke, not only ended the dominant political role of Kodavas, but saw the beginning of a slow and ...
[48]
Kodavas Have Held On To Kodagu Through Centuries, But ...
Mar 7, 2025 · The Kodavas, sometimes known by the anglicised nomenclature- the 'Coorgis', have been undergoing turmoil and struggle for close to four centuries.Missing: opposition | Show results with:opposition
[49]
Karnataka's Kodavas are fighting extinction—with gun festival and ...
Dec 26, 2024 · A dwindling population, dilution of tradition, and diminishing national presence have fuelled urgency within the Kodava community in Bengaluru ...
[50]
[PDF] Kodagu | District Human Development Report - WordPress.com
Post-independence era Coorg state (before States Reorganization Act, 1956) ... Kodavas feel that the cultural identify of Kodagu is threatened because the ...
[51]
Karnataka's Kodavas on verge of extinction; Financial incentives ...
Nov 9, 2024 · However, the decreasing number of Kodavas residing in Kodagu has led to a gradual erosion of these practices, weakening the communal bonds that ...
[52]
Kodava homeland: Telangana reinforces CNC belief - The Hindu
Aug 1, 2013 · ... 1956. It was amalgamated with the then Mysore State (now Karnataka) amid protests by a strong section of the Kodava people in 1956. “We (CNC) ...
[53]
Rise and Fall of the Coorg State - Coorg Tourism
Rise and Fall of the Coorg State – tries to throw light on the circumstances leading to the unpopular merger of the erstwhile Coorg State (now officially known ...
[54]
About Coorg - Kodagu District co-operative Bank
Coorg was declared as an independent state in the year 1950 by the Indian ... The economy dependent on agriculture, plantations and forestry, Coorg is ...
[55]
Article 242 of Indian Constitution: Coorg - Testbook
Article 242 of Indian Constitution initially addressed Coorg's governance but was repealed post-1956 reorganization under the Constitution (Seventh ...
[56]
Post Independent Karnataka- Political Consolidation, Reports and ...
Nov 1, 2017 · On 1973 November 1, the name Mysore was changed to Karnataka. The state choose the city of Bangalore as its capital and gave Kannada the status ...<|separator|>
[57]
Calls for geopolitical autonomy for Kodagu grow louder
Nov 2, 2024 · After the Kodavas' traditional homeland, known as the State of Coorg, was amalgamated into Mysore (now the State of Karnataka) on November 1, ...Missing: merger imposition erosion
[58]
HC notice on plea to set up commission to examine demand for geo ...
Apr 17, 2023 · Former Union Minister Subramanian Swamy has filed PIL to espouse the cause of Codava National Council, which is demanding for autonomy from past ...
[59]
Kodagu will be an independent council: Subramanian Swamy
Nov 26, 2022 · “I will fight for your (Kodagu) separate existence within Karnataka state but with an autonomous council,” declared former minister and economist Subramanian ...
[60]
After 6-day, 82km padayatra, Kodavas demand ST status
Feb 7, 2025 · Thousands of Kodavas completed an 82km march across Kodagu district Friday and submitted a memorandum to the govt demanding among other things Scheduled Tribe ...Missing: statehood | Show results with:statehood
[61]
Codava council urges separate census code for Kodavas
May 3, 2025 · Meanwhile, in the memorandum, CNC demands and urges the inclusion of a separate code and column as part of the social engineering process ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[62]
Codava Council Demands Separate Column in 2025 Census to ...
May 3, 2025 · The Codava National Council (CNC) has urged the Union Government to ensure a separate “code and column” for the Codava community in the upcoming ...