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Deep Blue

Deep Blue was a specialized supercomputer developed by IBM, renowned as the first machine to defeat a reigning world chess champion, Garry Kasparov, in a six-game match under standard tournament time controls in 1997.^[1] Designed specifically for chess, it combined massive parallel processing power with advanced search algorithms and a vast database of chess knowledge to evaluate positions and predict moves.^[2] Its victory marked a milestone in artificial intelligence and supercomputing, demonstrating the potential of brute-force computation in complex strategic games.^[1] The project's roots trace back to the 1980s at Carnegie Mellon University, where engineers Feng-hsiung Hsu and Murray Campbell developed early prototypes like ChipTest and Deep Thought, which achieved grandmaster-level play but fell short of world championship standards.^[1] In 1989, IBM recruited the team, expanding it with experts including A. Joseph Hoane Jr., Jerry Brody, and C.J. Tan; the system was later rebranded as Deep Blue in 1993 to evoke both depth in analysis and IBM's "Big Blue" nickname.^[1] This built on IBM's long history in computer chess, starting with Alex Bernstein's 1957 program on the IBM 704, the first complete chess software that executed about 42,000 instructions per second using about 70 KB of memory, evaluating roughly 4 positions per second.^[1]^[3] Architecturally, Deep Blue was built on an IBM RS/6000 SP supercomputer platform with 30 processors, each controlling up to 16 custom chess chips for a total of 480 specialized VLSI chips.^[4] These chips, fabricated in 0.6-micron CMOS technology with 1.5 million transistors each, handled move generation, evaluation functions, and search control, enabling the system to evaluate up to 200 million chess positions per second at a sustained rate and peak at around 1 billion.^[4] The design emphasized parallel search algorithms, selective extensions for critical lines, and a complex evaluation function incorporating positional features, king safety, and material balance, supplemented by an opening book of over 4,000 grandmaster games and an endgame database.^[2] This hardware-software integration delivered approximately 11.38 billion floating-point operations per second (GFLOPS), vastly outperforming earlier systems like IBM's 1961 Stretch computer at under 500 FLOPS.^[1] Deep Blue first faced Kasparov in a six-game match in Philadelphia in February 1996, where it won one game—the first victory by a computer over a world champion in serious play—but lost the match 4–2 after Kasparov dominated the later games.^[1] IBM then enhanced the system with additional processors, improved evaluation functions, and expanded databases before a rematch in New York City from May 3 to 11, 1997.^[1] In that contest, Deep Blue secured wins in games 2 and 6, drew the others, and clinched the match 3.5–2.5, with Kasparov later acknowledging, "The computer is far stronger than anybody expected."^[1] The dramatic game 6, featuring Deep Blue's aggressive knight sacrifice, sealed the historic upset.^[5] Following its triumph, Deep Blue was retired and donated to the Smithsonian Institution, symbolizing a pivotal moment in computing history where human intuition met machine precision.^[1] Its success spurred advancements in parallel computing and AI, influencing subsequent IBM projects like Blue Gene supercomputers and Watson, while expanding applications to fields such as drug discovery, financial modeling, and data analysis.^[1] Kasparov reflected on the event as, "For the first time in the history of mankind, I saw something similar to an artificial intellect," highlighting its role in shifting perceptions of machine capabilities in strategic domains.^[1]

Deep Blue Chess Computer

Background and Development

The Deep Blue project originated in 1985 at Carnegie Mellon University as the ChipTest project, a doctoral research effort led by Feng-hsiung Hsu to develop specialized chess hardware using custom VLSI chips for parallel search algorithms.^[6] Hsu collaborated with fellow graduate students Murray Campbell, a chess enthusiast and software developer, and Thomas Anantharaman, who contributed to the search enhancements, forming the core team that aimed to accelerate chess position evaluation beyond existing software limits.^[1] By 1987, ChipTest had demonstrated competitive performance, winning the North American Computer Chess Championship.^[7] In 1988, the project evolved into Deep Thought, an upgraded system that achieved grandmaster-level strength with a USCF rating around 2500, making it one of the strongest computer chess programs of the era.^[8] That year, Deep Thought became the first computer to defeat a grandmaster in a regular tournament game, beating Bent Larsen at the Software Toolworks Championship in Long Beach, California, a milestone that highlighted its tactical prowess in a field of human and machine competitors.^[9] Deep Thought went on to win the World Computer Chess Championship in 1989 with a perfect 5-0 score, solidifying its status as a breakthrough in computer chess.^[8] IBM recognized the potential of the technology and hired Hsu, Campbell, and Anantharaman in 1989, acquiring the Deep Thought team and providing substantial funding to scale the project under IBM Research.^[1] The team relocated to IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York, where they continued development with access to advanced computing resources and additional expertise. In 1993, the project was renamed Deep Blue to reflect its emphasis on deep search capabilities and to nod to IBM's nickname "Big Blue," marking a shift toward a more ambitious supercomputer architecture.^[9] Key milestones included a 1994 demonstration of an early Deep Blue prototype, which evaluated 50-100 million chess positions per second using a cluster of custom RS/6000-based nodes, a significant leap that positioned it for grandmaster challenges.^[2] The team expanded to include project leader C.J. Tan, who oversaw hardware integration, and grandmaster Joel Benjamin as a chess consultant to refine opening books and evaluate strategic evaluations.^[1] This collaborative effort focused on iterative improvements in parallel processing and evaluation functions, setting the stage for competitive play without delving into specific algorithmic details.^[6]

Technical Design

Deep Blue's hardware architecture centered on a customized IBM RS/6000 SP supercomputer configured with 30 nodes, each powered by a PowerPC processor (specifically the Power2 Super Chip) and augmented by 16 custom VLSI chess processors, resulting in a total of 480 specialized chess chips across the system.^[4] These second-generation chess chips, fabricated in a 0.6-micron CMOS process with approximately 1.5 million transistors each, were designed to accelerate chess-specific computations, including move generation and position evaluation, operating at cycle times of 40-50 nanoseconds and consuming about 1 watt per chip.^[4] Each chip could evaluate 2 to 2.5 million chess positions per second, enabling the overall system to sustain searches at up to 200 million positions per second during the 1997 configuration, with a peak theoretical capacity approaching 1 billion positions per second under optimal conditions.^[4]^[1] The system's total peak performance reached 11.38 GFLOPS, ranking it as the 259th fastest supercomputer at the time according to the TOP500 list.^[1] Physically, the setup consisted of 30-node clusters distributed across four cabinets, with the entire apparatus weighing approximately 1.4 tons (1,270 kg), necessitating specialized transport and installation.^[10] The software architecture complemented this hardware through a sophisticated chess engine that emphasized selective depth over exhaustive breadth. At its core was a grandmaster-level evaluation function comprising roughly 8,000 distinct patterns or terminal leaf nodes, which assessed board states by summing feature values for elements like material imbalance, pawn structure, king safety, and piece mobility; this function was partially implemented in hardware on the chess chips for rapid computation. The position evaluation score was derived conceptually as:

\text{Score} = \text{Material balance} + \text{Positional factors (pawn structure, king safety)} + \text{Mobility bonuses}

where mobility bonuses were calculated based on the number of legal moves available to each piece, weighted by the piece's value. Search algorithms employed alpha-beta pruning to minimize explored branches in the game tree, augmented by null-move heuristics that simulated opponent responses without full exploration, allowing deeper searches in critical lines—typically up to 12-14 plies in practice. An extensive opening book, hand-curated by chess grandmasters and containing over 4 million positions derived from historical games, guided initial moves to avoid theoretical pitfalls and transition efficiently to the search phase. For endgames, Deep Blue incorporated a comprehensive database supporting perfect play in all positions with five or fewer pieces on the board, ensuring optimal decisions in simplified scenarios.^[11] Key innovations in Deep Blue's design focused on scalability and efficiency without relying on machine learning techniques like neural networks, instead leveraging brute-force parallel search enhanced by hardware specialization. The system implemented a two-level parallel architecture: the RS/6000 SP nodes distributed principal variation searches and move ordering across the 30-node cluster via a high-speed switch, while each node's chess chips handled leaf node evaluations in parallel over the Micro Channel bus.^[4] Dynamic load balancing was achieved through a master-slave model, where the master node (running on one RS/6000 processor) adaptively partitioned the search tree, assigning workloads to slave nodes and chips based on real-time progress to prevent bottlenecks and maximize utilization—even allowing selective software-only searches on underloaded nodes without idling the hardware.^[4] This combination enabled Deep Blue to process up to 200 million positions per second in its 1997 iteration, prioritizing raw computational power and expert-tuned heuristics over probabilistic methods.^[1]^[4]

1996 Match Against Kasparov

The 1996 match between Deep Blue and world chess champion Garry Kasparov took place from February 10 to 17 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, at the Pennsylvania Convention Center. Sponsored by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) as part of its Chess Challenge during Computing Week '96, the event consisted of six games played under standard tournament time controls: 40 moves in 2 hours, followed by 1 hour for the remainder. Deep Blue, upgraded from its earlier prototype, could evaluate between 100 and 126 million chess positions per second, enabling it to search depths of up to 14 plies in complex positions. The match was broadcast live worldwide, drawing significant media attention and highlighting the growing intersection of computing and chess.^[9]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[6] In preparation, Kasparov employed multiple commercial chess computers and software to analyze potential openings and simulate games, aiming to exploit what he perceived as the machine's limitations in strategic planning. Deep Blue, playing white in Game 1 on February 10, secured a surprising victory after Kasparov resigned on move 37 following the computer's unconventional rook sacrifice (Rxh7), a move later described as "inhuman" for its tactical precision. This marked the first time a computer defeated a reigning world champion under regular time controls. Kasparov, rattled by the loss, won Game 2 decisively, demonstrating his psychological resilience.^[5]^[13]^[6] Games 3 and 4 ended in draws, with both players maneuvering cautiously amid the high stakes. Kasparov then won Games 5 and 6, the latter by forcing Deep Blue into a strategically inferior closed position where its brute-force calculation struggled. The final score was 4–2 in Kasparov's favor (three wins, two draws, one loss), underscoring his overall dominance. Post-match analysis revealed Deep Blue's exceptional tactical acuity in sharp positions but highlighted its vulnerabilities in long-term strategic assessment and endgame nuances. Kasparov praised the machine's progress while expressing unease about its "non-human" decision-making, which he felt disrupted traditional chess intuition.^[5]^[12]^[14]^[1]

1997 Rematch and Victory

The rematch between Deep Blue and world chess champion Garry Kasparov took place from May 3 to 11, 1997, at the Equitable Center in New York City, consisting of six games under standard tournament time controls of 40 moves in two hours followed by 20 moves per hour.^[1] IBM had upgraded Deep Blue significantly since the 1996 match, adding more processing power through its RS/6000 SP supercomputer configuration with 30 nodes, each featuring custom VLSI chess chips capable of evaluating up to 200 million positions per second. Between games, IBM researchers in Yorktown Heights remotely tuned the system's evaluation function and opening book, incorporating advice from grandmasters to refine strategies like king safety assessments and endgame databases.^[15] These enhancements allowed Deep Blue to achieve an average search depth of 14 to 16 plies in the middlegame, with extensions up to 40 plies in critical lines, prioritizing tactical precision over the broader exploration of the prior year.^[15] The match results were: Kasparov won Game 1 as white in a Ruy Lopez opening after 45 moves; Deep Blue won Game 2 as white in another Ruy Lopez variation, with Kasparov resigning after 45 moves in a position later analyzed as potentially drawable; Games 3, 4, and 5 ended in draws after 47, 56, and 60 moves respectively; and in Game 6, Deep Blue as white secured victory when Kasparov forfeited after just 19 moves, yielding a final score of 3.5–2.5 in favor of Deep Blue—the first time a computer had defeated a reigning world champion in a classical match.^[16] The system's performance demonstrated marked improvement in positional play and tactical acuity, particularly in Game 2 where it navigated complex imbalances effectively.^[1] Controversies arose primarily after Game 2, when Kasparov accused IBM of human intervention, claiming Deep Blue's 37th move (Be4, a subtle bishop maneuver disrupting his counterplay) was too creatively human-like for a machine and must have involved off-board coaching, an allegation later investigated and dismissed by independent experts who confirmed no such cheating occurred.^[17] Kasparov's suspicions, fueled by the move's deviation from expected computational patterns, led to his psychological distress, including paranoia about the setup and inadequate preparation, culminating in his forfeiture of Game 6 amid a stunning knight sacrifice by Deep Blue on move 8 that exposed his king's vulnerabilities without a clear path to recovery.^[18] Despite demands for match logs to verify fairness, IBM decommissioned Deep Blue shortly after, refusing further scrutiny and denying a third match, which Kasparov publicly decried as evasive.^[5]

Impact and Legacy

Deep Blue's victory over Garry Kasparov in 1997 marked a turning point for chess, accelerating the integration of computer-assisted analysis into professional training and preparation. Prior to the match, chess engines were niche tools, but Deep Blue's success popularized their use for evaluating positions, studying openings, and simulating games, leading to widespread adoption of software like Fritz, which had competed against Deep Blue prototypes, and later Rybka, which dominated engine ratings in the 2000s. These tools enabled grandmasters to refine strategies with unprecedented depth, transforming chess study from manual calculation to data-driven insight.^[19]^[20] In response to the defeat, Kasparov championed "advanced chess," a hybrid format where humans collaborate with computers, arguing it enhanced creativity and decision-making beyond pure machine strength. He demonstrated this in 1998 experiments where teams using engines outperformed top grandmasters playing alone, influencing modern "centaur" chess events and underscoring Deep Blue's role in shifting perceptions from machine dominance to symbiotic potential. This advocacy highlighted how Deep Blue not only elevated computer chess but also redefined human-AI interaction in the game.^[21] In artificial intelligence and computer science, Deep Blue represented a milestone in parallel computing and minimax search algorithms, leveraging 480 custom VLSI chips to evaluate 200 million positions per second and demonstrating scalable hardware for complex problem-solving. Its architecture, based on the alpha-beta pruning variant, influenced subsequent supercomputing designs, including IBM's RS/6000 SP systems that powered advancements in fields like molecular simulation. However, its brute-force approach was later contrasted with 2010s neural network methods; DeepMind's AlphaZero, in 2017, achieved superhuman performance through self-play reinforcement learning, defeating traditional engines like Stockfish (a Deep Blue-style program) 28-0 in matches, revealing the limitations of hand-crafted evaluation functions without learned intuition. By the 2020s, engines like Stockfish integrated NNUE (Efficiently Updatable Neural Network) evaluation, blending neural approximations with search to surpass pure brute force while running on consumer hardware, further illustrating Deep Blue's foundational yet resource-intensive legacy.^[1]^[22]^[23]^[24] Culturally, Deep Blue captured global imagination as a symbol of human-machine rivalry, chronicled in Feng-hsiung Hsu's 2002 memoir Behind Deep Blue, which details the project's origins from a Carnegie Mellon student initiative to IBM's multimillion-dollar endeavor. One of its processor racks was donated to the Smithsonian Institution in 1997, preserving a tangible artifact of computing history, while the full system joined the Computer History Museum's collection in 2014, where it features in exhibits on AI milestones. As of 2025, reflections on Deep Blue increasingly intersect with AI ethics debates amid large language models, prompting discussions on transparency, bias, and the societal implications of narrow AI successes evolving into general systems, as seen in analyses of its brute-force paradigm versus today's generative tools. Recent exhibits, such as those at the V&A Museum exploring AI artifacts, position Deep Blue as a pivotal object in the narrative of technological progress and ethical foresight.^[25]^[26]^[27]

Other Uses of Deep Blue

In Film and Media

Deep Blue is the title of a 2003 IMAX nature documentary film directed by Alastair Fothergill and Andy Byatt, serving as a theatrical adaptation of the BBC's 2001 series The Blue Planet.^[28] The film explores the diverse ecosystems and wildlife of the world's oceans, featuring stunning underwater cinematography that captures marine species from penguins to sharks in their natural habitats.^[29] Narrated by Michael Gambon, it emphasizes the beauty and fragility of oceanic environments, drawing on footage filmed over several years by the BBC Natural History Unit.^[30] Premiering at the San Sebastián International Film Festival, the documentary screened in over 20 countries and grossed more than $30 million worldwide. In fictional media, the phrase "Deep Blue" has appeared in sci-fi contexts evoking oceanic depths or advanced technology. Notably, Deep Blue Sea (1999), directed by Renny Harlin, is a science fiction horror film about genetically enhanced sharks escaping an underwater research facility, starring Samuel L. Jackson and Saffron Burrows.^[31] The title alludes to the profound mysteries of the deep sea, blending thriller elements with themes of human hubris in scientific experimentation. Sequels like Deep Blue Sea 2 (2005) and Deep Blue Sea 3 (2020) expand on similar underwater peril narratives. Regarding the IBM chess computer, brief appearances occur in documentaries focused on artificial intelligence milestones. Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine (2003), directed by Vikram Jayanti, examines the 1997 match between Garry Kasparov and Deep Blue, highlighting controversies around the event.^[32] More recently, as of 2025, clips from the historic matches feature in AI-themed streaming series, such as the 2024 miniseries Rematch on Disney+, which dramatizes the Kasparov-Deep Blue confrontation as a psychological thriller.^[33]

In Music

Several musical artists have adopted the name "Deep Blue" or variations thereof, reflecting diverse genres from electronic to jazz. Deep Blue Something, an American alternative rock band formed in 1992 in Denton, Texas, gained prominence with their 1995 hit "Breakfast at Tiffany's" from the album Home. The band, consisting of core members Todd Pipes (vocals/bass), John Kirtland (guitar), and others, continues to release music, including their 2025 album Lunar Phase, which evokes nostalgic alt-pop themes with subtle oceanic and lunar motifs tied to the band's nomenclature.^[34]^[35] Deep Blue, the alias of British producer Sean O'Keeffe, emerged in the early 1990s as a pioneer in drum and bass, initially contributing to the hardcore group 2 Bad Mice before solo work; his seminal 1993 track "The Helicopter Tune" became a genre staple, and later releases like the 2005 album Metropolitain Chic blended electronic elements with urban influences.^[36]^[37] The Deep Blue Organ Trio, a Chicago-based soul jazz ensemble formed in 1992 featuring organist Chris Foreman, guitarist Bobby Broom, and drummer Greg Rockingham, draws from blues and R&B traditions; their discography includes Deep Blue Bruise (2004) and Wonderful! (2011), emphasizing Hammond B3-driven improvisations.^[38]^[39] Notable albums titled Deep Blue or closely related span rock and metal genres. Charlotte Hatherley's The Deep Blue (2007), her second solo effort following stints with Ash, is an indie rock record characterized by introspective lyrics and expansive production, highlighted by singles like "Behave" and praised for its power-punk energy.^[40]^[41] Parkway Drive's Deep Blue (2010), the Australian metalcore band's third studio album, features aggressive riffs and melodic breakdowns across 13 tracks, produced by Joe Barresi and marking a sonic evolution from their earlier works.^[42] Songs incorporating "Deep Blue" often explore themes of melancholy and introspection. George Harrison's "Deep Blue," a psychedelic rock track written in 1970 and released as the B-side to his 1971 charity single "Bangla Desh," conveys emotional depth amid personal and global turmoil, with Harrison's signature slide guitar.^[43] Brian Eno's "Deep Blue Day" (1983), from the ambient album Apollo: Atmospheres and Soundtracks originally composed for a NASA documentary, evokes serene underwater vastness through minimalist synthesizers and subtle percussion, later gaining wider recognition via its use in films.^[44]

In Science and Technology

In oceanography, "Deep Blue AI" designates a suite of artificial intelligence techniques aimed at transforming raw ocean data into actionable scientific knowledge, addressing challenges in analyzing vast datasets from sensors, satellites, and simulations. This framework emphasizes three core components: feature engineering to extract meaningful patterns from multidimensional ocean observations, phenomenon detection to identify dynamic events like currents or eddies, and state estimation to model complex marine systems. Introduced in scholarly literature as a response to the exponential growth in oceanographic data, Deep Blue AI enables more precise predictions of ocean behaviors, such as vertical stratification in intermediate waters up to 1,000 meters deep, by integrating machine learning with traditional hydrodynamic models.^[45]^[46] Building on this foundation, recent initiatives have expanded the "Deep Blue" branding to foster interdisciplinary collaboration in marine research. The Deep Blue Initiative, launched in October 2024, serves as a global collective to accelerate deep-ocean exploration, conservation, and sustainable utilization through shared resources and innovation in observation technologies. By 2025, this effort has influenced national programs, such as Canada's Deep Blue Data project under G7 frameworks, which leverages AI to process real-time ocean monitoring data for insights into climate impacts and biodiversity, including a planned international forum on AI-ocean applications. These developments highlight AI's role in scaling ocean modeling, with tools distinguishing phenomena like microplastics from plankton to support pollution tracking and ecosystem management.^[47]^[48]^[49] In computational infrastructure, "Deep Blue" also names a key digital platform at the University of Michigan, established in 2006 as an open-access repository for preserving and disseminating scholarly outputs, including datasets, theses, and publications. This system supports research data management by assigning digital object identifiers (DOIs) to deposited items, ensuring long-term accessibility and interoperability across academic networks, and has become integral to bioinformatics and environmental science workflows. By facilitating the sharing of large-scale simulation results, Deep Blue enhances reproducibility in fields like molecular biology and climate modeling, without relying on commercial cloud services.^[50]

People and Fictional Characters

In DC Comics, Deep Blue is the alias of Deborah "Debbie" Perkins, a metahuman character introduced in the Aquaman series during the 1990s as an aquatic heroine with ties to Atlantean heritage. Born to Atlantean king Atlan and Japanese oceanographer Miya Shimada, she is depicted as Aquaman's half-sister, possessing blue skin, superhuman strength, durability, the ability to breathe underwater, and the power to enlarge and command sea creatures. Created by writer Peter David and artist Jim Calafiore, Deep Blue first appeared in Aquaman vol. 5 #23 (May 1996), where she emerges as a key ally in underwater conflicts, often exploring themes of family reconciliation and oceanic guardianship. Her role has included team-ups with the Justice Society of America and friendships with heroes like Power Girl, featuring in crossovers that highlight her role in broader DC Universe aquatic narratives; as of 2025, she remains a supporting figure without significant new developments in main continuity.^[51]^[52] In the Tokyo Mew Mew manga and anime franchise, Deep Blue serves as the central antagonist, leading an alien race intent on terraforming Earth to restore their dying homeworld. Revealed as the true form of human character Masaya Aoyama, he embodies a enigmatic, otherworldly threat with regenerative abilities and command over chimeric creatures, symbolizing hidden environmental perils and interstellar mystery. Developed by creators Reiko Yoshida (story) and Mia Ikumi (art) for serialization in Nakayoshi magazine from 2000 to 2003, Deep Blue drives the plot's conflict between human defenders and invasive forces from the cosmos. His character arc culminates in themes of sacrifice and redemption, with no major canonical expansions post-2003 adaptations as of 2025.^[53]^[54] Additional minor fictional characters named Deep Blue appear across media, often evoking motifs of profundity, enigma, or submerged realms. No prominent real individuals named Deep Blue in music or other fields have gained widespread recognition distinct from these fictional uses as of 2025, though the name occasionally appears in niche artistic pseudonyms without verifiable high-impact contributions.

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[46]
[PDF] Deep Ocean Forum - Systemiq
“The Deep Blue Initiative” was launched in October 2024 to become a global collective that aims to accelerate deep-ocean research, conservation, and public ...
[47]
Deep Blue Data: Canada's G7 ambitions on AI and Oceans
Sep 9, 2025 · AI has the potential to unlock powerful insights from an ever-increasing flood of ocean data generated by new ocean monitoring equipment ...
[48]
Shaping The Future Of Oceans - Smart Blue Technology Updates
May 10, 2025 · Microplastic Differentiation: 2025's AI tools can distinguish between microplastics and plankton, aiding in pollution response and scientific ...
[49]
University of Michigan's Deep Blue Repositories Available for UM ...
Aug 22, 2023 · Deep Blue is a terrific way to store and disseminate research as each item is assigned a DOI upon deposit. This is particularly helpful for ...
[50]
Deep Blue (Character) - Comic Vine
Feb 14, 2024 · She can function normally underwater, withstand the pressures and temperatures of the deep and is able to see at the bottom of the ocean.
[51]
Deborah Perkins as Deep Blue (Earth-0) - DC Comics
Deborah 'Debbie' Perkins, also known as Deep Blue, was the half-sister of Aquaman and the daughter of Atlan and Tsunami.
[52]
Deep Blue from Tokyo Mew Mew - Anime Characters Database
Deep Blue is a character from Tokyo Mew Mew. They have been indexed as Male Adult with Blue eyes and Black hair that is Hip / Past Hip length.
[53]
Characters in Tokyo Mew Mew - TV Tropes
Adaptational Early Appearance: In the manga, Deep Blue doesn't appear until Aoyama turns into him. · Ambiguous Gender: For most of the anime, Deep Blue's gender ...
[54]
Deep Blue (Prime) - Transformers Wiki
Jun 26, 2020 · Deep Blue acts as such to hide and forget the pain the Great War has caused her. She now fights to bring about a decisive end to the war.