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Etna

Etna may refer to a variety of natural features, places, vessels, scientific instruments, software, cultural elements, and commercial products. The most prominent is Mount Etna, Europe's tallest active volcano located in Sicily, Italy. For other uses, see the sections below.

Natural Features

Mount Etna

Mount Etna is Europe's highest and most active volcano, situated on the eastern coast of Sicily in the Metropolitan City of Catania, Italy.^[1] Rising to approximately 3,357 meters (11,014 feet) above sea level, it features a broad basal circumference of about 140 kilometers, covering an area of roughly 1,250 square kilometers.^[2]^[3]^[4] As a prominent stratovolcano, Etna exemplifies ongoing geological processes, with its summit complex including multiple active craters such as the Southeast Crater.^[5] Geologically, Mount Etna formed through subduction-related volcanism, where the African plate is converging with and subducting beneath the Eurasian plate along the complex Ionian subduction zone.^[5] Its eruptive history spans approximately 500,000 years, with documented activity dating back to at least 1500 BCE, making it one of the world's longest-recorded volcanic systems.^[4]^[5] A notable historical event was the 1669 eruption, one of the most destructive in modern times, which produced extensive lava flows that reached the sea and partially destroyed the city of Catania, affecting multiple villages and causing significant loss of life.^[6]^[5] Ongoing activity is closely monitored by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), which tracks seismicity, ground deformation, gas emissions, and eruptions using a network of observatories, webcams, and satellite data.^[4]^[5] Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2013, Mount Etna holds outstanding universal value for its representation of volcanic landforms and geological processes, serving as a natural laboratory for volcanology, geophysics, and ecological studies.^[7] The volcano's fertile volcanic soils, enriched by mineral-rich ash and lava, support diverse agriculture, particularly viticulture, enabling the production of renowned Etna DOC wines from indigenous grapes like Nerello Mascalese grown on its slopes.^[7]^[8] It also drives significant tourism, with infrastructure like cable cars and trails attracting visitors to witness eruptions and explore its unique biodiversity, though the core protected area remains uninhabited.^[7] As of 2025, Mount Etna remains in an active phase that began in November 2022, featuring intermittent Strombolian explosions, lava flows, and ash emissions primarily from the Southeast Crater.^[5] Recent paroxysmal events in 2024 and 2025, including those in August 2025, have produced lava fountains and significant lava flows, with ash plumes rising several kilometers.^[5] These activities have caused no major casualties but have led to temporary aviation disruptions at nearby Catania Airport due to ash fallout affecting flight safety.^[5]

Other Natural Sites

The Etna River flows through the Valdres region in Innlandet county, Norway, contributing to the local hydrology by draining the Etnedal valley and supporting water flow into broader river systems.^[9] It is recognized for its varied terrain, including waterfalls and rapids over a 30-kilometer stretch between Ton and Høljerast, which enhances its ecological role in sediment transport and habitat provision.^[10] The river is a popular site for fishing, attracting anglers due to its clear waters and diverse aquatic life.^[10] Etna Bay, located in the southeastern corner of West Papua province, Indonesia, within Kaimana Regency, forms a fiord-like inlet surrounded by 1,000-meter-high cliffs and winding mangrove rivers that sustain coastal ecosystems.^[11] The bay contributes to regional marine biodiversity, serving as a nesting site for leatherback turtles and part of an area with high coral reef diversity, including surveys documenting 995 reef fish species and 486 coral species across nearby bays like Etna.^[12]^[13] It lies within protected marine zones aimed at preserving this hotspot of tropical shallow-water marine life.^[14] Etna Creek, situated in the Kootenay Land District of British Columbia, Canada, at coordinates 49°16′52″N 115°50′31″W, represents a typical stream in the Rocky Mountain foothills, contributing to local watershed dynamics. These sites, like others named Etna, often evoke etymological connections to themes of fire or heat, reflecting distant inspirations from volcanic origins without active eruptive histories of their own.

Populated Places

United States

Etna, California, is a census-designated place in Siskiyou County, located in the scenic Scott Valley region known for its outdoor recreation opportunities, including fishing, hiking, and ranching activities. With a population of 678 as of the 2020 United States Census, it serves as a small rural community that originated during the California Gold Rush in the 1850s, functioning primarily as a supply center for miners in the surrounding areas.^[15] In Indiana, Etna refers to both an unincorporated community in Whitley County's Etna-Troy Township and a separate rural township in Kosciusko County. The Whitley County community, established around 1887, supports a local economy centered on agriculture and is situated near Columbia City, the county seat, within a township population of 1,863 recorded in the 2020 Census; the community itself maintains a modest size of approximately 650 residents.^[16]^[17] Etna Township in Kosciusko County, with a 2020 population of 1,500, exemplifies rural Midwestern life through farming and limited development, contributing to the county's agricultural heritage.^[18][](https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/etnatownshipkoscius kocountyindiana) Etna, Maine, is a town in Penobscot County with a 2020 Census population of 1,227, reflecting its quiet, forested setting settled in the early 1820s by pioneers drawn to the area's timber resources. Its history is intertwined with the logging industry that dominated northern Maine's economy in the 19th century, and it remains home to the Etna Grange, a community hall established as part of the National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, fostering local agricultural and social ties since the late 1800s.^[19] In Ohio, two distinct areas bear the name Etna, both evoking the volcanic imagery in their industrial origins. Etna in Licking County is an unincorporated community and census-designated place near Columbus, with a 2020 population of 1,209 within Etna Township, which had 18,896 residents; this rural locale features expansive farmlands and serves as a suburban fringe to the capital city.^[20] Meanwhile, Etna in Lawrence County is a small, unincorporated riverside area along the Ohio River, historically linked to the county's early 19th-century coal mining boom, including the Etna Furnace established in 1832 for iron production using local coal deposits.^[21] Etna, Pennsylvania, stands as a borough in Allegheny County, incorporated on September 16, 1868, and named for its resemblance to the Sicilian Mount Etna volcano due to the fiery glow of its blast furnaces and steel mills during the industrial era. With a 2020 Census population of 3,329, it transitioned from a hub of heavy manufacturing—featuring operations like the Spang Steel & Iron Company—to a residential suburb of Pittsburgh, preserving landmarks from its 19th-century ironworking prominence.^[22]^[23] Etna, Wyoming, is a census-designated place in Lincoln County near the Idaho border, with a 2020 Census population of 185, supporting a ranching-based economy in the Star Valley region characterized by livestock grazing and open pastures. Many of these U.S. locales adopted the name Etna in the 19th century, inspired by the Sicilian volcano to symbolize industrial "fire" and energy, particularly in manufacturing-heavy areas like Pennsylvania's mills, as noted in early geographic surveys.^[24]

International

Outside the United States, places named Etna are rare and typically derive their name from the famous Sicilian volcano, often through colonial influences, exploration, or cultural homage in the 19th and 20th centuries. As of 2025, verifiable populated locales bearing the name number fewer than 10 globally, with most being small settlements or districts rather than major towns; this scarcity contrasts with the abundance in North America, where immigrant naming patterns proliferated during westward expansion. These international Etna sites emphasize diverse contexts, from ancient Mediterranean history to remote indigenous communities in Southeast Asia.^[5] In Italy, the most historically significant populated place named Etna is the ancient city of Aetna (also spelled Aitna or Inessa), a Siculo-Greek settlement founded around 476 BCE by Hieron I of Syracuse on the southern slopes of Mount Etna, near the modern town of Paternò in Sicily. This polis, initially called Inessa by the indigenous Sicanians, was repopulated with Dorian Greek settlers and served as a strategic outpost amid volcanic terrain, supporting agriculture and trade until its destruction by Dionysius I of Syracuse in 403 BCE during conflicts with Carthage. Archaeological evidence, including remnants of fortifications and pottery, indicates a population of several thousand at its peak, though the site was largely abandoned thereafter, with later Roman-era references noting it as a minor stronghold under Verres' governance in the 1st century BCE. Today, no continuous modern settlement occupies the exact location, but nearby hamlets like those in the Catania province evoke the name through volcanic associations, underscoring Etna's enduring toponymic legacy in Sicilian heritage.^[25]^[26] Far from Europe, Etna Bay (Teluk Etna) in West Papua, Indonesia, represents a contemporary international example of a named populated district. Located in the southeastern corner of Kaimana Regency, this coastal area encompasses several small villages, including Semimi, Nanesa, Iresim, and Yabi, serving as a sub-district (kecamatan) administrative center for indigenous Papuan communities engaged in fishing, mangrove-based livelihoods, and subsistence farming. The region, characterized by fjord-like bays, towering cliffs, and high marine biodiversity, had an estimated population of 3,107 as of the 2020 Indonesian census, with growth tied to limited eco-tourism and conservation efforts for leatherback turtles. Named during Dutch colonial mapping in the early 20th century, possibly after the volcano due to exploratory parallels, Etna Bay remains remote and culturally distinct, with local languages like Semimi spoken by about 1,500 people.^[27]^[28] Other minor international references to Etna as a place name appear in non-populated contexts, such as a farm and hill in South Africa's Free State province, reflecting British colonial naming without established communities, or the Etna River in Norway's Valdres district, a waterway without settlements. These examples highlight how the name, rooted in ancient Greek "Aitnē" meaning "I burn," has sporadically diffused worldwide but rarely anchored new populated centers beyond historical or exploratory nods.^[29]

Transportation

Naval Ships

The earliest naval vessel named Etna was a U.S. brigantine launched on 18 June 1806 by William Moulton at Portland, Maine, and commissioned the following month under Lieutenant J. Jones.^[30] With a displacement of 139 tons, she was armed with a 13-inch mortar and 2 8-pdr guns and conducted patrols and convoy duties in the Gulf of Mexico against smugglers and pirates.^[30] Etna I served until sunk during a hurricane on 19 August 1812, marking an early example of American naval projection against piracy.^[30] During World War II, the Regia Marina operated an incomplete light cruiser named Etna, the lead ship of the Etna class originally ordered in 1938 by the Royal Thai Navy from Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico in Trieste.^[31] With a planned standard displacement of about 5,000 tons and armament including six 152 mm (6-inch) guns in twin turrets, construction was requisitioned by Italy in 1941 amid escalating tensions.^[31] Launched on 28 May 1942 but never fully completed due to wartime resource shortages, she served in a limited capacity for weapons and radar testing in La Spezia, contributing to Italian naval development efforts before being scrapped in the late 1940s.^[31] Her sister ship Vesuvio shared a similar fate, highlighting the Regia Marina's adaptive use of foreign designs during the conflict.^[31] In the post-Cold War era, the Italian Navy's Etna (A 5326), lead ship of the modern Etna-class replenishment oilers, was commissioned on 29 July 1998 after construction by Fincantieri at the Riva Trigoso shipyard.^[32] Displacing 13,400 tons fully loaded and capable of carrying 5,850 tons of diesel fuel along with 1,580 tons of aviation fuel, dry stores, ammunition, and support for up to two helicopters, she provides logistical support for fleet operations, including NATO missions in the Mediterranean and beyond.^[32] Measuring 146.6 meters in length with a top speed of 21 knots, Etna has participated in multinational exercises and deployments, such as Operation Unified Protector in Libya, enhancing interoperability among Allied forces.^[32] As of November 2025, she remains in active service with the Marina Militare and continues to support Italian Navy and NATO operations, including recent deployments in the Mediterranean.^[32]^[33]

Civilian Ships

The Etna was a pioneering iron-hulled steamship constructed in 1855 by Caird & Company in Greenock, Scotland, for the Cunard Line (officially the British and North American Royal Mail Steam Packet Company).^[34] With a gross tonnage of 2,215, dimensions of 305 feet in length and 37.6 feet in beam, and single-screw propulsion, she represented an early advancement in transatlantic passenger and cargo transport, emphasizing durability through iron construction over traditional wooden hulls.^[35] Launched on August 26, 1854, but completed the following year, Etna entered service on North Atlantic routes from Liverpool to New York via Queenstown (now Cobh), Ireland, carrying passengers and mail while contributing to Cunard's mail contract obligations.^[36] She also saw temporary charter as a troop transport during the Crimean War in 1855–1856, highlighting her versatility in civilian and auxiliary roles.^[37] After five years with Cunard, Etna was sold to the Inman Line in 1860, where she continued transatlantic operations, including immigrant voyages documented in passenger manifests from Liverpool in the 1860s.^[38] Rebuilt in 1871 to increase her length to 349.4 feet and gross tonnage to 2,655, she was renamed City of Bristol and shifted to routes serving the American Line by 1876.^[36] Subsequent ownership changes saw her renamed Messico in 1881, Sempione in 1883, and Adria in 1884 under Italian registry, adapting to Mediterranean and broader European trade.^[36] Etna's career underscored the evolution of merchant shipping from wooden sailing vessels to iron steamers, influencing design standards for reliability on long-haul passenger services until her scrapping in Italy in 1896.^[36] In the early 20th century, another civilian Etna operated as a Swedish steam cargo vessel, launched in June 1918 by Eriksberg Mekaniska Verkstad AB in Gothenburg as the Arcturus for Rederi A/B Transatlantic.^[39] Renamed Etna in 1921 and registered under A/B Transmarin of Helsingborg with a gross tonnage of 2,619, she was employed in general merchant trade, including transatlantic and South American routes.^[39] During World War II, on December 14, 1942, Etna was torpedoed and sunk by the German U-boat U-217 (under Korvettenkapitän Kurt Reichenbach-Klinke) in the South Atlantic at position 17° 43'N, 46° 15'W, while carrying 3,400 tons of general cargo and diplomatic mail from New York to Montevideo via Rio de Janeiro and Santos.^[39] The attack occurred without warning; after stopping due to an initial torpedo hit forward, a second stern torpedo struck between the engine room and No. 3 hold, causing her to sink by the stern with a heavy list, though all 27 crew members survived and were later rescued.^[39] Historical maritime records reveal additional civilian vessels named Etna in the 19th century, often smaller sailing ships engaged in regional trade. For instance, an American brigantine Etna, launched on June 18, 1806, by William Moulton in Portland, Maine, served initially in merchant capacities along coastal and transatlantic routes before purchase by the U.S. Navy later that year.^[30] Variants included wooden sailing ships like a three-masted general cargo steamer Etna of 1871, used in European bulk trade, as documented in ship registries.^[40] Lesser-known examples from maritime databases encompass 19th-century whalers and colliers bearing the name, such as coal-carrying brigs in British and American fleets, though specifics remain sparse due to incomplete logs; these vessels typically operated in North Atlantic coal trade or Arctic whaling grounds, contributing to industrial supply chains without notable incidents.^[36] In the Mediterranean, Italian-registered sailing craft named Etna appeared in 1800s trade manifests for intra-regional commerce, including grain and olive oil transport between Sicilian ports and mainland Italy, reflecting local naming conventions inspired by Mount Etna.^[34] Modern civilian applications of the name include auxiliary vessels like dredgers and bulk carriers, such as the Turkish-flagged Etna (IMO 9393618), a 2007-built general cargo ship of 28,448 tons used in international bulk trade.^[41] While Etna-class designations primarily denote naval support ships, civilian adaptations appear in research-oriented auxiliaries, such as Dutch dredging vessel Etna (2017), employed in environmental surveys and port maintenance without military affiliation. These examples illustrate the enduring use of "Etna" in non-combatant maritime nomenclature, drawn from databases like Uboat.net and Clydebuilt Ships up to 2025.^[39]

Science and Technology

Laboratory Devices

The etna is a historical laboratory apparatus designed for heating liquids, consisting of a cup fixed above a saucer-like base in which alcohol is burned to produce a controlled flame.^[42] This simple device, named after Mount Etna volcano due to its cone shape, emerged in the early 19th century, with first known use in 1829, as a portable and accessible heat source for scientific and domestic applications.^[42]^[43] Its design allowed for even heating without direct contact between the flame and the liquid container, making it suitable for small-scale operations. In chemistry laboratories, the etna served as a primary heating tool prior to the invention of the Bunsen burner in the 1850s, where it was employed to warm solutions during experiments such as distillation and evaporation.^[44] Variants were also used in medical settings, such as sick-rooms, to heat water for therapeutic purposes or patient care.^[43] The device's reliance on alcohol fuel provided a clean-burning flame, though it offered limited temperature control compared to later gas-based alternatives. Developed during the 19th century, the etna was subject to patents in Britain and the United States for improvements in spirit lamp designs, reflecting its widespread adoption in scientific practice. By the early 20th century, it largely fell out of use in professional laboratories, supplanted by safer and more efficient options like the Bunsen burner and electric heaters.^[44]

Computing and Software

In computing and software, "Etna" refers to several open-source tools and platforms, often leveraging the name for projects in data analysis, testing, and simulation. One prominent example is the ETNA Time Series Library, a Python framework developed by Tinkoff AI Center and first released in 2021, designed to simplify time series forecasting and analysis through modular components for data transformation, model training, and evaluation.^[45]^[46] This library supports parallel processing for efficient handling of large datasets and is widely adopted in financial and predictive modeling applications, including web-based dashboards for real-time analytics.^[47] Another key tool is Etna, an evaluation platform for property-based testing (PBT) techniques, introduced in 2023 to benchmark and compare testing frameworks across languages like Haskell and Coq, with a Python-based driver for experiment orchestration.^[48] It facilitates automated generation and validation of test cases to detect software defects, emphasizing empirical performance metrics such as bug-finding speed.^[49] This platform addresses challenges in scalable testing by enabling parallel execution of test suites and fixture-like setup for reproducible benchmarks.^[50] In geographic information systems (GIS), Etna-related software modules and tools are used for mapping volcanic terrains, particularly the Mount Etna volcano, integrating satellite data with algorithms for lava flow simulation and terrain analysis. For instance, ArcGIS and QGIS extensions process multispectral imagery from Sentinel-2 satellites to delineate recent lava flows, achieving classification accuracies of 0.73 to 0.88 for area estimates during eruptions in 2017 and 2018.^[51] These tools incorporate custom scripts for hazard modeling, drawing on digital elevation models (DEMs) to simulate flow paths over complex volcanic landscapes.^[52] Artificial intelligence models simulating Etna eruptions have gained traction in volcanology, with machine learning frameworks applied to predict and model activity as of 2025. A notable approach uses k-means clustering on historical eruption data to classify effusive events, as demonstrated in analyses of the past 400 years of lateral eruptions.^[53] Recent studies integrate machine learning with SEVIRI satellite data to detect volcanic clouds in real-time from Etna's lava fountains during 2020–2022.^[54] Emerging applications include the ETNA project for network analysis, an open-source graphical tool that computes topological metrics and simulations for protein-protein interaction networks or general graphs.^[55] Additionally, the ETNA Network blockchain framework provides decentralized tools for secure transaction processing and smart contract execution.^[56] These developments highlight Etna's role in post-2020 computational advancements, particularly in AI-driven simulations and distributed systems.^[57]

Culture and Commerce

Arts and Media

Mount Etna has long served as a potent symbol in literature, embodying themes of divine fury, natural power, and human resilience. In classical texts, the volcano features prominently in Virgil's Aeneid, where it is depicted as the forge of the Cyclops, with Aeneas and his companions witnessing its eruptions amid their journey to Italy, evoking awe and peril.^[58] Similarly, ancient Greek myths, such as Hesiod's Theogony, portray Etna as the prison of the monster Typhon, underscoring its role in narratives of cosmic conflict and elemental forces.^[59] In modern literature, Matthew Arnold's dramatic poem Empedocles on Etna (1852) reimagines the philosopher's suicide on the volcano's slopes, exploring existential isolation against the backdrop of its rumbling majesty.^[60] In music, Etna has inspired compositions that capture its volcanic energy and cultural resonance. The Sicilian jazz-rock band Etna, formed in the 1970s, released their self-titled album in 1975, featuring tracks like "Beneath The Geyser" that evoke the island's seismic folklore through fusion instrumentation rooted in local traditions.^[61] Progressive rock keyboardist Rick Wakeman included "Mount Etna" on his 2014 re-recording of the album Journey to the Centre of the Earth, portraying the volcano's eruptive drama with orchestral swells and narrative flair.^[62] More contemporary tracks, such as Action Bronson's hip-hop song "Mt. Etna" from 2018, reference the volcano metaphorically to convey explosive intensity.^[63] Visual artists of the Romantic era frequently depicted Mount Etna to convey sublime natural forces. American painter Thomas Cole's View of Mount Etna from Taormina (1843) captures the volcano's snow-capped peak rising dramatically over Sicilian ruins, blending landscape with historical depth in oil on canvas.^[64] British artist J.M.W. Turner's mezzotint Catania, Sicily (c. 1825) illustrates the city against Etna's looming presence, emphasizing atmospheric light and volcanic haze.^[65] Scottish painter John MacWhirter's Mount Etna from the Greek Theatre, Taormina, Sicily (1890) offers a panoramic view from ancient ruins, highlighting the interplay of classical heritage and geological might.^[66] Etna's dramatic eruptions have also influenced film and documentaries, serving as both a filming location and subject. Pier Paolo Pasolini's The Gospel According to St. Matthew (1964) utilized the volcano's stark, lunar-like terrain near Catania for scenes of biblical desolation, enhancing the film's raw authenticity.^[67] The 2010 documentary A Journey to Etna follows a Scottish charity team's ascent, blending adventure with insights into the volcano's cultural significance.^[68] Recent productions include the BBC's Mount Etna: The Threat Looming Large over Sicily (2022), which examines local life amid eruptive risks, and Mount Etna Erupts: The Angry Volcano of Sicily (2025), detailing recent activity and scientific monitoring.^[69]^[70]

Brands and Products

Etna liqueur, known as Liquore di Fico d'India, is a traditional Sicilian distilled spirit crafted from the fruit of the prickly pear cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica), which thrives on the volcanic slopes near Catania.^[71] Produced by distillers such as Liquori dell'Etna, the beverage involves infusing fresh prickly pear pulp in alcohol, followed by sweetening and dilution to an alcohol content of approximately 30% ABV.^[72] This amber-hued liqueur, with its sweet, fruity notes reminiscent of the cactus's desert origins, has been made in the Etna region for generations, leveraging the fruit introduced to Sicily in the 16th century.^[73] It is commonly used in desserts, cocktails, and as a digestif, with exports highlighting its appeal in international markets.^[74] The Etna DOC (Denominazione di Origine Controllata) designation governs wines produced on Mount Etna's volcanic terroir, established in 1968 to protect the region's unique viticulture.^[75] These wines, primarily reds from at least 80% Nerello Mascalese grapes, benefit from the mineral-rich lava soils that impart elegant structure, bright acidity, and flavors of red berries and spice.^[76] Whites, based on Carricante, and rosés also feature prominently, with the consortium representing over 220 producers across approximately 1,500 hectares of vineyards.^[77] As of 2024, annual production totals around 6 million bottles, driven by growing global demand and exports exceeding 70% of output, though recent measures limit vineyard expansion to sustain quality.^[78]^[79] Beyond beverages, the name Etna appears in various commercial products evoking volcanic energy or Sicilian roots. The Etna typeface, a serif font family designed by Mark Simonson in 2020, draws inspiration from 19th-century wood type styles like Aetna, offering six weights with italics and condensed variants for modern digital and print applications.^[80] In the household sector, Etna is a longstanding Dutch brand under the Gorenje Group, specializing in affordable kitchen appliances such as stoves, hobs, and ovens since 1856, with designs that nod to the "heat" of its namesake volcano.^[81] Contemporary eco-products harness Mount Etna's lava for sustainable goods, reflecting the volcano's cultural significance in Sicilian craftsmanship. Handmade jewelry, such as necklaces and bracelets from black lava stone sourced directly from Etna's flows, is produced by artisans like those at GZ Lava Stones, emphasizing the material's porous texture and symbolic resilience.^[82] Cosmetics lines, including E. Vulcano, incorporate volcanic minerals like copper and magnesium from Etna's ash for skin-firming and purifying benefits, marketed as natural, Sicily-inspired beauty essentials.^[83] These items, often exported, blend environmental ethos with the region's volcanic heritage.^[84]

References

[1]
Etna - Global Volcanism Program
The current eruption period began in November 2022 and has been characterized by intermittent Strombolian activity, lava flows, and ash plumes (BGVN 48:08).Missing: authoritative | Show results with:authoritative
[2]
Mount Etna, Italy | U.S. Geological Survey - USGS.gov
Feb 14, 2025 · Mount Etna is Europe's largest and most active volcano. Located on the eastern coast of Sicily, Italy, in the province of Catania.Missing: authoritative | Show results with:authoritative
[3]
Mount Etna - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
The eruptive history of the volcano can be traced back 500,000 years and at least 2,700 years of this activity has been documented.Missing: authoritative | Show results with:authoritative
[4]
More about Etna | Volcano World - Oregon State University
Etna's first recorded eruption was in 1500 B.C. Since then Etna has erupted at least 190 times. Most of these eruptions have a volcanic explosivity index of 1 ...Missing: authoritative sources
[5]
Etna is surpassed. New height record at 3357 meters - INGV
Aug 10, 2021 · This height, which has decreased over the years due to the collapse of its edges, settled at 2018 meters in the summer of 3326.
[6]
Mount Etna as a terrestrial laboratory to investigate recent volcanic ...
Mar 15, 2024 · Mount Etna is an enormous landform by terrestrial standards with a base circumference of 140 km and an area of about 1200 km2 (Branca et al ...Mount Etna As A Terrestrial... · 1. Introduction · 5. Mount Etna As A Test Area...
[7]
ETNA FABRIC - INGV
(11). Location and maximum height: eastern Sicily, 37.748°N -14.999°E; M ... Mount Etna is the highest active volcano in continental Europe. It has a ...<|separator|>
[8]
https://www.ingv.it/en/newsletter-no.-0/3672-etna-doc
[9]
Etna DOC - INGV
May 6, 2015 · "The Etna soil was formed by the alteration of lava flows, scoria and ... volcanic ash with negative effects on the territory and on crops.
[10]
Etnedal - Valdres
The Etna runs through the whole valley and offers excellent opportunities for fishing and river paddling for the experienced paddlers. Langsua National Park.
[11]
Fishing - River Etna - Valdres
The Etna river is a popular fishing river. The 30 km stretch between Ton and Høljerast is varied. North of Lundebrua (bridge) there are waterfalls and rapids.
[12]
Exploring the remote cliffs of Etna Bay - Heritage Expeditions
Oct 25, 2024 · This bay is a huge fiord-like landscape surrounded by towering 1000-metre-high cliffs, winding mangrove rivers and a small Papua village with a stunning church.Missing: Indonesia | Show results with:Indonesia
[13]
(PDF) Monitoring and conservation of Western Pacific leatherback ...
Sep 12, 2020 · Etna Bay in Kaimana is one of many areas that leatherbacks use during the nesting season. Local villagers reported seeing leatherbacks in ...
[14]
RFP – Development of Sustainable Marine Tourism Business (Reef ...
Overall, across all survey sites from Triton Bay, Buruway, Etna Bay, and Arguni Bay, in Kaimana there were 995 species of reef fish, 486 species of coral, 28 ...
[15]
Papuan Bird's Head Seascape: Emerging threats and challenges in ...
The BHS has the richest diversity of reef fish and coral species recorded in the world and is regarded by some as the global epicenter of tropical shallow water ...
[16]
Kent Group National Park | Parks & Wildlife Service Tasmania
Jan 23, 2020 · Kent Group National Park (three islands, two isles and several offshore rocks) is located in the middle of eastern Bass Strait, approximately ...
[17]
Erith Island - Kent Group National Park, Tasmania - Just a Little Further
Feb 7, 2013 · Erith Island, along with Deal and Dover Islands, are the largest islands in the Kent Group and the waterway between them forms the Murray Channel.
[18]
https://www.kosciusko.in.gov/egov/documents/1311947245_644287.pdf
[19]
[PDF] Siskiyou County HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN VOLUME 2
• Location and Description—Etna is located near Etna Creek on the west side of Scott Valley, ... California gold rush in the 1850s as a supply center for miners.
[20]
[PDF] History of Whitley County, Indiana
Compare the present conditions of the residents of Whitley county, Indiana, with what they were one hundred years ago. From a trackless wilderness it has come ...
[21]
Etna-Troy township, Whitley County, IN - Profile data
Census data for Etna-Troy township, Whitley County, IN (pop. 1794), including age, race, sex, income, poverty, marital status, education and more.Missing: 1887 | Show results with:1887
[22]
[PDF] KOSCIUSKO COUNTY COMPREHENSIVE PLAN
The townships with the lowest were Scott ($9,566) and Etna ($8, 9870). Page 22. Kosciusko County Comprehensive Plan. Kosciusko County is a predominately rural ...
[23]
Etna township, Kosciusko County, Indiana - Data Commons
The population in Etna township, Kosciusko County, Indiana was 979 in 2023. The median age in Etna township, Kosciusko County, Indiana was 48.5 in 2023.
[24]
Vital records of Etna, Maine prior to 1892 | St Louis County Library
Etna, Penobscot County, Maine was first settled 27 May 1807 by Phineas Friend and his cousin Benjamin Friend, and was incorporated as a town 15 February 1820.Missing: population Grange
[25]
Etna, Licking County, Ohio Facts for Kids
Oct 17, 2025 · In 2020, about 1,209 people lived in Etna. It sits at an elevation of about 1,069 feet (326 meters) above sea level. You can find Etna where two ...
[26]
Etna Township, Ohio - Wikipedia
Etna Township is one of the 25 townships of Licking County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 18,896.
[27]
[PDF] HISTORY OF THE COAL-MINING INDUSTRY IN OHIO
Adams County: Brush Creek (1811). Lawrence County: Union (1826); Pine Grove (1828); Etna. (1832); Buckhorn (fig. 207), Hecla, Mount Vernon, and. Vesuvius ...
[28]
Etna, PA - Profile data - Census Reporter
Census data for Etna, PA (pop. 3383), including age, race, sex, income, poverty, marital status, education and more.
[29]
History - Etna Borough
The name remained until Etna was incorporated in September 16, 1868. The name "Etna" was said to have been chosen because the topography of the area ...Missing: Allegheny County population steel
[30]
Etna, Wyoming - Wikipedia
Etna is a census-designated place (CDP) in Lincoln County, Wyoming, United States. The population was 185 at the 2020 census.Missing: ranching | Show results with:ranching
[31]
[PDF] ORIGIN OF CERTAIN PLACE NAMES
This bulletin explores the origin of place names in the United States, compiled from various sources, including local and general history.
[32]
Inessa/Aitna: a Pleiades place resource
An ancient settlement, attested by literary or documentary sources, whose precise location cannot be determined today.
[33]
Aitna/Aetna (Sicily) - ToposText
Aitna/Aetna (Sicily) 72 Paterno - Αίτνη. Αἴτνη - Aitna, Archaic to Late Antique polis, Paterno in Sicily, Italy ... Aetna, which was formerly called Inessa; and ...
[34]
[PDF] Etna Bay Survey Report: Irian Jaya Bird's Neck Languages
Anceaux suggested that there may be one or two languages in Etna Bay, southwestern Irian Jaya, that had not yet been included in the total for.
[35]
Semimi, Etna Bay in Indonesia people group profile | Joshua Project
Semimi, Etna Bay. Alternate Names, Etna Bay. Population this Country, 1,500. Population all Countries, 1,500. Total Countries, 1 · Indigenous, Yes. Progress ...
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Etna, South Africa - GeoNames
Etna ca. 1309 m. 1004929. T HLL hill. South Africa ZA » Free State 03 » Lejweleputswa District Municipality DC18 » Tswelopele FS183. -28.1, 25.95. S 28°06′00″ E ...
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Etna I (Brigantine) - Naval History and Heritage Command
Jul 8, 2015 · Barbary Wars · War of 1812 · Mexican-American War · Civil War · Spanish ... Etna, a brig, was launched 18 June 1806 by William Moulton ...
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Italian Cruisers - Regia Marina Italiana
Dec 5, 2023 · The Regia Marina allowed for the deployment of heavy cruisers of the “Trento” and “Zara” class and light cruisers of the “Condottieri” class.
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Etna Class - Naval Technology
Apr 3, 2000 · The Etna (A5326) is a naval replenishment and logistic support ship built for the Italian Navy by Fincantieri at their Riva Trigoso Naval Shipyard.
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Screw Steamer ETNA built by Caird & Company in 1855 for The ...
Screw Steamer ETNA built by Caird & Company in 1855 for The British & North American Royal Mail Steam Packet Company, Glasgow, Passenger / Cargo Delivered ...
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Cunard Line Fleet List | GGA Archives
Sister ship: Trinidad. Etna (1855) Cunard Line. Built by Caird & Co., Greenock, Scotland. Tonnage: 2,215. Dimensions: 304' x 37'. Propulsion: Single-screw ...
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Etna, Cunard Line - Norway Heritage
Etna, Cunard Line steamship, history and description, built 1855 at Greenock by Caird & Co.
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Cunard Line: Ships - Graces Guide
Jun 6, 2025 · Cunard Line: Ships ; Etna, 1855, 1855–1860 ; RMS Persia, 1856, 1856–1869 ; Australian, 1857, 1860–1876 ; SS China, 1862, 1862–1880 ...
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ISTG Vol 3 - SS Etna - Immigrant Ships Transcribers Guild
List of Manifest of all the passengers taken on board the Steam Ship Etna at Liverpool whereof Patrick McGuigan is Master from Liverpool via Qeenstown. No ...
[45]
Etna (Swedish Steam merchant) - Ships hit by German U-boats ...
Swedish Steam merchant ; Fate, Sunk by U-217 (Kurt Reichenbach-Klinke) ; Position, 17° 43'N, 46° 15'W - Grid EF 3517 ; Complement, 27 (0 dead and 27 survivors).
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ETNA of 1871 - Ships Nostalgia
Jul 7, 2017 · Identification Data Year built: 1871. Category: Cargo vessel. Propulsion: Steamship Type: General Cargo Masts: Three masts
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ETNA, Bulk Carrier - Details and current position - IMO 9393618
The vessel ETNA (IMO 9393618, MMSI 271052465) is a Bulk Carrier built in 2007 (18 years old) and currently sailing under the flag of Turkey.
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ETNA Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of ETNA is a device formerly used for heating liquids and consisting of a cup fixed in a saucer in which alcohol is burned.
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Etna | Definition of Etna by Webster's Online Dictionary
A kind of small, portable, cooking apparatus for which heat is furnished by a spirit lamp. There should certainly be an etna for getting a hot cup of coffee in ...
[50]
Bunsen burner | Opinion - Chemistry World
Oct 2, 2007 · A better option was to use a spirit lamp - a squat glass bottle filled with alcohol, tapering to a narrow neck which held a cotton wick. As pure ...
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The history of chemical laboratories: a thematic approach - PMC
Jun 22, 2021 · That said, the simple spirit lamp found in most chemistry sets offered a rather anaemic alternative to the Bunsen burner without the need for ...
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etna - PyPI
ETNA is the first python open source framework of T-Bank AI Center. It is designed to make working with time series simple, productive, and fun.
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ETNA - Time Series Library
ETNA is the first python open source framework of Tinkoff.ru AI Center. It is designed to make working with time series simple, productive, and fun.Missing: testing | Show results with:testing
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Time series forecasting with ETNA: first steps - Medium
Apr 8, 2022 · In this tutorial, I want to show how to use ETNA for simple time series analysis and introduce several feature engineering techniques already built-in in ETNA.
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Etna: An Evaluation Platform for Property-Based Testing ...
We present Etna, a platform for empirical evaluation and comparison of PBT techniques. Etna incorporates a number of popular PBT frameworks and testing ...
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[PDF] Etna: An Evaluation Platform for Property-Based Testing ...
PBT tools can now be found in languages from OCaml [Cruanes 2017; Dolan 2017] and Scala [Nilsson. 2019] to Erlang [Arts et al. 2008; Papadakis and Sagonas 2011] ...
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ETNA - Alperen Keles
ETNA is an evaluation and analysis platform for Property-Based Testing Tools. It provides (1) a modular interface for adding new languages and new testing ...
[58]
Mapping Recent Lava Flows at Mount Etna Using Multispectral ...
Aug 16, 2019 · Accurate mapping of recent lava flows can provide significant insight into the development of flow fields that may aid in predicting future ...
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One hundred lava flows of Mt. Etna, Italy: July 2019–December 2023 ...
Aug 6, 2024 · We integrated remote sensing data, through GIS software, to map the lava flows of Etna, one of the most active volcanoes in the world.
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Machine Learning Insights into the Last 400 Years of Etna Lateral ...
Nov 3, 2024 · Using the k-means clustering algorithm, we classified effusive eruptions of Mount Etna over the past 400 years based on key parameters, ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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[PDF] Special issue Artificial Intelligence for Volcanology
May 19, 2025 · 2. Torrisi proposes an integrated machine learning approach using SEVIRI data to detect and characterize volcanic clouds generated by Etna's ...
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ETNA: Extensive Tool for Network Analysis - GitHub
ETNA is an user-firendly graphical interface for the network analysis that contains classical measures and simulation-based ones. ETNA was designed to help you ...
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What is ETNA Network (ETNA)| How To Get & Use ETNA ... - Bitget
Rating 4.5 (100) ETNA Network is a promising cryptocurrency that offers a decentralized and secure ecosystem for financial transactions.
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ylaboratory/ETNA: Embeddings to Network Alignment - GitHub
This repository contains the scripts to run the ETNA method and corresponding analysis described in the Li et al. paper, Joint embedding of biological networks.
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The Aeneid Book 3 Summary & Analysis | SparkNotes
Following Andromachë's instructions, Aeneas pilots his fleet along the southern coast of Italy to Sicily, where Mount Etna is erupting in the distance. Resting ...
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Etna: between myths, cinema and literature over the centuries
Etna has inspired artists, writers, and intellectuals, appearing in Greek myths, Homer's Odyssey, Virgil's Aeneid, and works by Pasolini.Missing: music | Show results with:music
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in Matthew Arnold's Empedocles on Etna - Nathan M. Manley
Empedocles on Etna, for instance, frequently mentioned by critics of the mid-twentieth century as the greatest of Arnold's attempts to produce a tragic, ...
[68]
ETNA Etna reviews - Prog Archives
Studio Album, released in 1975. Songs / Tracks Listing. 1. Beneath The Geyser (3:56) 2. South East Wind (6:10) 3. Across The Indian Ocean (5:36)
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Mount Etna - song and lyrics by Rick Wakeman - Spotify
Hall Of The Mountain King. Rick Wakeman. 0:52 · Mount Etna. Rick Wakeman. 3:17 · Journey To The Centre Of The Earth. Rick Wakeman. 54:19. © 2014 Music Fusion. ℗ ...
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Action Bronson - Mt. Etna (Official Audio) - YouTube
Oct 31, 2018 · Action Bronson - Mt. Etna (Official Audio) · Comments.
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View of Mount Etna - Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art
View of Mount Etna ; Artist Thomas Cole (1801 - 1848) ; Date1842 ; MediumOil on canvas ; Dimensions32 × 48 in. (81.3 × 121.9 cm) Framed: 44 in. × 60 in. × 4 3/4 in.
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Catania, Sicily - The Indianapolis Museum of Art Collection
Joseph Mallord William Turner (English, 1775–1851), Catania, Sicily, about 1825, mezzotint, 6 x 8-1/2 in. (image); 12-1/2 x 17-1/8 in. (sheet).
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Mount Etna from the Greek Theatre, Taormina, Sicily
Title: Mount Etna from the Greek Theatre, Taormina, Sicily · Creator: John MacWhirter · Date Created: 1890 · Physical Dimensions: 121.5 x 190.7 cm stretcher; 166.5 ...
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Filming location matching "mount etna, catania, sicily, italy ... - IMDb
Samuel L. · The Gospel According to St. · The Canterbury Tales (1972) · Pigsty (1969) · Barabbas (1961) · Marjoe Gortner and Caroline Munro in Starcrash (1978) ...Missing: literature | Show results with:literature
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A Journey to Etna (2010) - IMDb
Rating 8.3/10 (14) A Journey to Etna (2010) is a documentary about a Scottish charity team attempting to conquer Mount Etna to raise money.
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Mount Etna: The threat looming large over Sicily - BBC
Feb 23, 2022 · A film by The Travel Show/BBC Travel, produced by Simon Platts. 23 February 2022. Nature. Share.
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Mount Etna Erupts: The Angry Volcano of Sicily Documentary
Feb 20, 2025 · The largest island in the Mediterranean, Sicily is one of the most monitored territories in the world. The best documentaries?
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Liquori dell'Etna - OLIVER McCRUM WINES & SPIRITS
The prickly pear cactus originally came from Mexico, but over the centuries has become very much at home here in Sicily, where it grows all over the place.
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Liquori dell'Etna - Spirit Academy
5.0 13 Liquori Dell'Etna Fico D'India Di Sicilia. 50cl / 30.00°. Liquori. 24,90 ... The alcohol content (or strength) is the amount of pure alcohol (ethanol) ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
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Prickly Pear Liqueur - Gastro Obscura
Traditionally made in Sicily, where it's called liquore da fico d'india, and Malta, where it's called bajtra, the liqueur is syrupy in texture with a flavor ...<|separator|>
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https://fixpart.co.uk/spare-parts/etna
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DOC wines of Etna - EtnaWay
Etna DOC wines include white (at least 60% Carricante), red (at least 80% Nerello Mascalese), rosé, and sparkling (at least 60% Nerello Mascalese).
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WWC25 – The king of Mount Etna: Nerello Mascalese, by Giovanni ...
Aug 28, 2025 · In this entry to our 2025 wine writing competition, Giovanni Di Guardo writes about Nerello Mascalese, a distinctive grape variety ...
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Etna Doc, more companies led by young people and virtuous ...
Sep 12, 2024 · Data from the Etna Doc Consortium - which represents 90% of the total production potential, and brings together 220 wineries for an average ...
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Etna DOC Wine Exports Surpass 70% of Production as U.S. Sales ...
Oct 23, 2025 · Etna Rosso remains the most produced category, with nearly 20,000 hectoliters bottled in 2024, a slight decrease of about 6% from the previous ...
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No increase in production on Etna: vineyard expansion limited to 3 ...
Jun 26, 2024 · Instead, new allowances between August 1, 2024, and July 31, 2027, will be limited to 50 hectares annually, which is 3% of the total 1,500 ...
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Etna - Adobe Fonts
Etna, designed by Mark Simonson, is inspired by 19th-century wood type, with six weights, italics, condensed widths, and dingbats.Missing: 1990s | Show results with:1990s
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Etna spare parts - FixPart
About Etna Etna, a Dutch company with a rich history dating back to 1856, is known for manufacturing kitchen appliances of reliable quality at affordable ...
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Handmade Italian Jewelry | GZ Lava Stones | Sicily, Italy
30-day returnsItalian lava stone jewelry, handmade with real lava from Mt. Etna GZ Lava Stones Home Page.
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E. Vulcano – CaliCosmetics.com
Each E.vulcano product features the following volcanic minerals. Copper Aids in firming and restoring skin's elasticity, Magnesium Encourages the ...Missing: jewelry | Show results with:jewelry
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Mt Etna Lava Jewelry - Etsy
4.7 1.5K Sterling Silver Volcano Charm with Bronze Lava · Personalized Black Ceramic Ring: Engraved Lava Rock Inlay, 8mm · VOLCANO colored lava rock pendant in stainless ...