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Faro

Faro is a and municipality in southern , serving as the administrative capital of the region and the southernmost in .
The municipality spans 210 km² and encompasses approximately 70,000 residents as of recent estimates, including four parishes: the United Parishes of Conceição and Estoi, Santa Bárbara de Nexe, , and the United Parishes of Sé and São Pedro.
Established as the pre-Roman settlement of Ossónoba—a major urban center in the southern —it evolved through Phoenician, Roman (as Civitas Ossobonensis), and Moorish periods (as Ukxûnuba from 713 until Christian reconquest in 1249), before gaining in 1540 and becoming a bishopric seat.
Faro historically functioned as a key trading port for agricultural products and fish, rivaling nearby Silves, with its economic prosperity evident in religious monuments like the built atop a former site.
Today, it hosts , which accommodates over 5 million tourists yearly, and the , renowned for programs in marine sciences, tourism management, and biotechnologies; about 30% of its territory falls within the Natural Park, featuring 19 km of dunes and three main islands that support and coastal ecosystems.

Geographical locations

Faro, Portugal

Faro serves as the southernmost city and capital of the region in , functioning as the administrative seat of the and municipality of the same name. Positioned along coast near the estuary, it lies at coordinates 37°01′N 7°56′W and encompasses a municipal area of 201.6 km² with an elevation averaging 9 meters above sea level. The resident population of the municipality stood at 64,560 as of recent records, with the urban core housing a denser concentration of approximately 40,000 inhabitants. As a key , Faro hosts Portugal's fourth-busiest , which processed over 9 million passengers in 2023, primarily serving seasonal from . The city's origins trace to Phoenician settlements around the , evolving into the municipality of Ossonoba, a significant port for trade in fish products like . Moorish forces controlled the area from the early , renaming it ibn Harun and fortifying it as a regional stronghold until its conquest by King in May 1249, which integrated the into the Portuguese kingdom. The devastated Faro, destroying much of the medieval core and killing around one-third of residents, though reconstruction in the 18th and 19th centuries preserved elements like the Manueline-style city walls and the 13th-century , originally built on a site. Economically, Faro functions as an administrative and educational center, home to the established in 1979, which enrolls over 10,000 students and supports research in marine sciences and . Agriculture remains foundational, with exports of figs, almonds, and , alongside fisheries yielding species like sardines; the city also sustains a sector dating to the . drives growth, drawing visitors to the adjacent Natural Park—a 18,400-hectare system protected since 1981 for its , including flamingos and chameleons—and barrier islands like Ilha de Faro, accessible by ferry. In 2023, Algarve-wide contributed significantly to regional GDP, with Faro's marina and old town accommodating cruise and yacht traffic amid Portugal's national sector accounting for 12% of GDP.

Other locations in Europe

Faro Superiore is a coastal () in the of , , , located approximately 10 kilometers north of city center along the . The settlement includes the Chiesa dell'Assunta, a church rebuilt in the early , and forms part of the area's residential and historical fabric, with ties to nearby Torre Faro. Its was recorded at 1,248 residents as of the 2001 , though more recent figures indicate modest growth in the broader province. Additional localities named Faro appear in Italy across regions including (with two instances), Toscana, and , often as minor hamlets or rural parishes lacking significant independent administrative status or detailed historical records beyond local geographic databases. In Spain, Faro denotes small settlements in and Castilla y León, typically integrated into larger municipalities and associated with rural or coastal features, such as parishes near s (faros meaning "lighthouses" in Spanish), but distinct from prominent sites like Cabo Fisterra. These European Faros outside generally reflect etymological roots in linking to "lighthouse" or promontories, resulting in sparse populations under 500 and limited economic activity centered on or proximity.

Locations in Africa

Faro Department lies in Cameroon's North Region, spanning 11,785 square kilometers with a recorded population of 81,472 in the 2001 census. Its administrative capital is Poli, and the area features savanna landscapes integral to the Faro landscape conservation efforts. This region hosts Faro National Park, a protected savanna area established as a reserve in 1947 and designated a national park in 1980, supporting key wildlife populations such as the central-west African lion subspecies, elephants, and the largest hippopotamus herd in Cameroon. The park forms part of the broader Faro-Bénoué-Bouba Ndjida complex, emphasizing sustainable resource management amid threats from poaching and habitat loss. Faro-et-Déo Department is situated in Cameroon's , covering 10,435 square kilometers and recording a population of 66,442 in 2001. It borders the North Region and includes varied terrain influenced by the Adamawa Plateau, contributing to regional corridors. Smaller settlements named Faro exist elsewhere on the continent. In , Faro is a rural in Ziro Province of the Centre-Ouest Region, with an estimated population around 1,300 to 6,500 residents depending on locality definitions. In , Faro denotes a locality in Atakunmosa East of , situated in tropical terrain at coordinates approximately 7°26' N, 4°47' E. These minor locales lack the administrative or ecological prominence of their Cameroonian counterparts.

Locations in the Americas

, is a small town in central Territory, , situated along the Robert Campbell Highway approximately 300 kilometers northeast of . Established in as a to support the development of the Faro Mine, which operated as the world's largest open-pit lead-zinc mine until its closure in 1998 due to declining ore prices and environmental concerns, the community peaked at over 2,000 residents during its mining boom in the . As of , its stood at around 284, with the local economy now centered on , wildlife viewing—particularly grizzly bears and in the surrounding Tintina Trench—and limited resource exploration, though remediation of the mine site's acid rock drainage continues under territorial oversight. In , Faro designates a in the state of , , located in the northern region near the Jamanxim River. Created in 1988 from territory previously part of Trairão, it covers 6,557 square kilometers and had an estimated population of 4,614 as of 2022, with economic activities primarily involving , small-scale , and amid the challenges of preservation. The area includes portions of the Saracá-Taquera National Forest, established in 1979 to protect but facing ongoing pressures from and . A smaller locality named Faro exists in state, , but lacks municipal status and remains sparsely documented with negligible population. Minor places bearing the name Faro appear in the United States, such as unincorporated communities in and , typically rural locales without significant infrastructure or recorded populations exceeding a few dozen residents, often tied to historical or topographic references rather than developed settlements. In Peru, a Faro in department and an Argentine locality in are similarly obscure, functioning as rural hamlets with no notable economic or demographic data beyond basic geographic notation. These lesser instances derive from the or word for "lighthouse," reflecting colonial naming influences, though none host actual or achieve the prominence of their northern counterparts.

Extraterrestrial features

Faro designates a crater on Rhea, the second-largest moon of Saturn, measuring approximately 0 km in reported diameter (consistent with small or unresolved features in nomenclature records). The crater is situated at coordinates 45.3° N, 114° W. Its name was formally approved by the International Astronomical Union on June 17, 2010, drawing from Faro, a central deity in Mandé mythology of West African peoples, often revered as a creator associated with water and fertility. Rhea's surface, primarily water ice with embedded rock, features numerous such craters, many named post-2010 following Cassini mission imagery that revealed detailed terrain for IAU designation. No other extraterrestrial features bear the name Faro in approved planetary nomenclature.

People

Faro as a surname

Faro is a surname primarily of Italian (particularly from and ) and origin, functioning as a topographic name derived from "faro," meaning "" or "," which traces etymologically to the Greek "pharos." It can also denote a habitational name for individuals from places named Faro, such as the Portuguese city or similarly named locales in and . Historical records indicate early instances of the Faro family in , an ancient kingdom in , suggesting possible initial development in the before dissemination through migration and colonial ties to and . The name's association with maritime or coastal features aligns with regions featuring lighthouses or ports, reflecting occupational or locational naming conventions common in medieval . Geographically, the surname shows highest contemporary incidence in , where approximately 49% of bearers reside, including 25% in (notably ) and 23% in Mande-speaking regions, likely due to colonial influences and subsequent population movements. In , it remains concentrated in and , with smaller presences in . In the United States, the Faro surname appeared in 947 individuals per the 2010 , ranking 25,935 in frequency, up from 866 in 2000, with about 85% of bearers identified as . Variations in spelling or related forms may occur due to regional dialects or anglicization, though core documentation consistently ties it to the lighthouse etymology rather than alternative interpretations like occupational terms for metalworkers.

Notable individuals

Saint Faro (c. 585 – c. 672), also known as Burgundofaro, was a Frankish nobleman from a Burgundian family who served as Bishop of in what is now . Born into nobility around 585, he initially lived as a courtier under King Theodobert II of but later embraced monastic life, resigning his secular positions to focus on religious duties; his sister, Saint Fara, founded the abbey of Faremoutiers. Faro is venerated as a confessor saint in the Catholic tradition for his ecclesiastical leadership and family ties to early Merovingian . Rodrigo Faro (born October 20, 1973) is a television presenter, , and singer prominent in telenovelas and variety shows. Beginning his career as a child in commercials in 1982, he gained fame through roles in productions like O Profeta (2006) and hosting programs on RecordTV, including O Melhor do Brasil, which drew millions of viewers in the 2000s and 2010s. His work spans acting in over a dozen soap operas and music releases, establishing him as a key figure in entertainment. Joe Faro (born c. 1969) is an American culinary entrepreneur and developer known for founding Tuscan Brands, a company specializing in Italian-inspired foods and hospitality. Raised by Sicilian immigrant parents in , he began in the family bakery as a child and later expanded into restaurants like Tuscan Kitchen, employing hundreds and redeveloping sites such as the former Rockingham Park racetrack into a 170-acre mixed-use project by 2024; a alumnus (class of 1991), Faro emphasizes artisan traditions in his ventures. Luzmaría Jiménez Faro (May 19, 1937 – March 12, 2015) was a , essayist, anthologist, and editor who founded Ediciones Torremozas in 1982, a dedicated to that published over 300 titles focusing on female authors. Based in , her own works include poetry collections exploring themes of memory and identity, contributing to post-Franco literary revival through anthologies and editorial advocacy for underrepresented voices.

Technology and organizations

FARO Technologies

FARO Technologies, Inc. is an American technology company specializing in the design, development, manufacture, marketing, and support of software-driven three-dimensional (3D) measurement, imaging, and realization solutions. The company serves industries including manufacturing, construction, public safety analytics, automotive, aerospace, and metal fabrication, providing tools that bridge physical and digital worlds through precise data capture and analysis. Founded in 1981 by Simon Raab and Greg Fraser, two PhD students at in , , the company began as Res-Tech in a garage, initially focusing on orthopedic applications. The name FARO derives from "Fraser and Raab Orthopedics" and evokes the Greek word pharos (lighthouse), symbolizing guidance through precision technology. Early innovations included portable articulated arm coordinate measuring machines (CMMs), which revolutionized on-site measurement by enabling high-accuracy data collection outside traditional factory labs. Key products encompass articulated arms such as the FaroArm, FARO Laser ScanArm, and FARO Gage for contact and non-contact measurement; laser trackers like the FARO Laser Tracker ION for large-volume ; and laser scanners including the FARO Focus series for reality capture and generation. Complementary software solutions, such as FARO CAM2 for inspection and , FARO SCENE for processing, and FARO Sphere XG for cloud-based collaboration, integrate hardware data for digital workflows. Headquartered in , with over 25 global offices, FARO employs approximately 1,957 people and reported annual revenue of about $342 million as of recent fiscal data. The company, publicly traded on under the ticker FARO, has expanded through innovation in and acquisitions, maintaining a focus on enhancing and in applications.

Other organizations and acronyms

The Forum of Arctic Research Operators (FARO) is a collaborative network of organizations operating research stations and facilities in the , focused on sharing knowledge, best practices, and logistical support for scientific expeditions. The Financial Aid and Resilience Organization (FARO) is a U.S.-based nonprofit initiative providing and operational support exclusively to other nonprofit entities, operating as a project of Fiscal Sponsorship Allies since its establishment. Other less prominent uses of the acronym include the Forensic Accident Reconstructionists of Oregon, Inc. (FARO), a professional group specializing in accident analysis and reconstruction within ..html)

Games and card techniques

Faro (card game)

Faro is a originating in during the late 17th century, derived from the earlier game . It spread to and then to , achieving peak popularity in the United States from the 1820s to 1915, particularly during the and in Old West saloons. Known as "bucking the " due to tiger-striped card backs or imagery, Faro was favored for its fast , simplicity, and low edge of approximately 1.4% under honest conditions, outperforming many contemporary games of chance. The game's name derives from "Pharaon," referencing images of pharaohs on early playing cards. The game employs a dealt from a dealing box to prevent , with players betting against the house (banker) on a cloth displaying 13 values from to , typically in the spade suit. The dealer draws two cards per turn: the first, called "soda," causes all bets on that value to lose; the second, the "player's ," pays on matching bets. If the cards match (a pair), bets split evenly with the banker; additional side bets include "" (requiring the player's to exceed the banker's) and "coppering" (betting against a appearing as the player's ). After 13 turns, the final two cards ("hock") settle remaining bets, with the last often predicted in a high-stakes "calling the turn" wager paying 4:1. Faro's prominence in frontier gambling halls drew figures such as , , and , who dealt or played it in towns like , Tombstone, and Dodge City. Its appeal stemmed from quick rounds—up to four games per hour—and accessibility for novices, making it a staple over poker in many establishments until the late . However, pervasive by bankers, including rigged dealing boxes, marked decks, and sleight-of-hand, eroded trust; Hoyle's rules noted no honest Faro banks existed in the U.S. by the era's end. The game's decline accelerated in the early amid anti-gambling laws, the rise of poker as a skill-based alternative, and its tarnished reputation from . By the , Faro had faded from mainstream , with only a handful of legal banks operating in by the 1950s; the last closed in Reno in 1985. Brief revivals occurred post-1931 legalization in , but it never regained widespread play.

Faro shuffle

The Faro shuffle is a precise card shuffling technique in which a standard 52-card deck is divided exactly into two halves of 26 cards each, after which the cards are interlaced perfectly so that every other card alternates from the two halves, resulting in a zipper-like weave without overlaps or gaps. This method contrasts with casual shuffles by requiring exact alignment, often performed by pushing the corners of the packets together and weaving them edge-to-edge. There are two primary variants: the out-faro, where the top card of the original deck remains on top after shuffling, and the in-faro, where the top card becomes the second card from the top. The technique derives its name from the gambling card game , originating in during the late 17th century under , where it was employed as a method to manipulate positions during play. Historical records trace its use to at least , when a book on described a perfect interweave for as "running in the cards" to gain an advantage, with the term "faro dealer's shuffle" appearing in an 1894 text on sleight-of-hand before being abbreviated to "." By the early , it had been adopted in and for its deterministic control over order, distinct from random shuffles. Mathematically, the Faro shuffle exhibits periodic properties: for a 52-card , eight successive out-faros restore the original , while 26 in-faros or a mix can achieve similar cycles, modeling the permutation as a doubling map modulo 51 in terms. This predictability underpins its utility in analyzing shuffle randomness and deck manipulation, though practical execution demands skill to avoid detection in contexts. In modern and , the Faro shuffle enables flourishes and false shuffles that preserve stack while simulating fairness.

Other uses

Etymology and linguistics

The toponym Faro, referring to the Portuguese city and district capital in the region, derives from the medieval Santa Maria Ibn Harūn (or variants thereof), adopted during the under the rule of the Banū Hārūn , emirs of the of Faro. This designation honored the ruling family, with Ibn Hārūn meaning "son of Hārūn" in , where Hārūn (هارون) is the Arabic cognate of the Hebrew Aharon (), connoting "exalted" or "mountain dweller" from roots. The name evolved through phonetic simplification after the Christian in 1249, when King recaptured the settlement, transitioning from its prior Roman-era name Ossonoba (a pre-Roman Iberian term possibly linked to local hydrology or settlement). Linguistically, the modern Portuguese Faro reflects substrate influences from Arabic phonology during the Umayyad and subsequent emirate periods (8th–12th centuries), where the city served as a key Mediterranean port, fostering hybrid toponymy. This origin is distinct from the unrelated Romance lexical item faro (lighthouse or beacon), which traces to Byzantine Greek Pháros (Φάρος), the Alexandrian island famed for its Hellenistic lighthouse, borrowed into Latin pharus and thence into Iberian languages via medieval trade and navigation terminology. The superficial similarity has led to occasional folk etymologies conflating the two, but historical records confirm the city's name stems solely from the Banū Hārūn lineage, not maritime signaling devices. Pre-Arabic attestations, such as Phoenician or Celtiberian elements in Ossonoba, suggest deeper Indo-European or Afro-Asiatic layers, though these remain conjectural without epigraphic consensus.

Miscellaneous references

Faro denotes a style of Belgian lambic beer characterized by blending spontaneously fermented lambic with candi sugar or syrup, resulting in a sweeter, lower-alcohol beverage with a tart profile, historically consumed as a "small beer" from secondary mash runnings in the Brussels region until the early 20th century. Modern commercial variants, such as Lindemans Faro, mature lambic in oak barrels for up to a year before adding sugar syrup, yielding an alcohol by volume of 3-5% and a balanced sour-sweet finish. In the nobility of , the title of Faro (Conde de Faro) was established by royal decree on May 22, 1469, under King Afonso V, as part of the kingdom's feudal honors linked to territories. Within Mande mythology of West peoples, including the Bambara and Dogon, Faro serves as the of water, fertility, and cosmic restoration, portrayed as the ordered twin counterpart to the chaotic Pemba; after Pemba's rebellion disrupted creation from a primordial egg, Faro descended as twin to sacrifice himself, purifying the earth via and seeding it with life from his dismembered form.

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