Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Fidenae

Fidenae was an ancient Latin town in Latium vetus, situated approximately 8 kilometers north-northeast of Rome along the Via Salaria, whose inhabitants, the Fidenates, engaged in recurrent conflicts with the emerging Roman state.^[1] Its strategic position near the Tiber River made it a frequent ally of Veii, facilitating Etruscan incursions into Roman territory during the early Republic. Fidenae rebelled against Roman control multiple times, leading to its capture in 437 BCE, a brief reconquest and destruction in 435–426 BCE amid wars with Veii, as recorded in Livy's accounts of consular campaigns.^[2] These struggles highlighted Fidenae's role as a persistent frontier threat, ultimately subdued through Roman military dominance.^[3] In the imperial era, the town achieved grim notoriety for the collapse of a hastily constructed wooden amphitheater in 27 CE under Tiberius, killing over 20,000 spectators and injuring thousands more due to structural failure, prompting imperial decrees on public building safety.^[4] Archaeological evidence from the site reveals Iron Age settlements and later Roman overlay, underscoring its continuity from pre-Roman origins to suburban integration.^[5]

Geography and Location

Site and Topography

Fidenae occupied a position approximately 8 kilometers north of Rome along the ancient Via Salaria in Latium vetus, situated on the eastern bank of the Tiber River near the fifth or sixth milestone.^[1]^[6] The settlement was established on a hilltop, a common feature for early communities in Latium that leveraged elevated terrain for natural protection against incursions, with the surrounding slopes and tufa formations contributing to its defensibility.^[1] To the south, proximity to the Aniene River provided an additional geographical barrier, while the local geology included tufa deposits suitable for extraction and building, shaping the site's environmental character and resource availability.^[7]^[1]

Proximity to Rome and Strategic Importance

Fidenae was located approximately 8 kilometers north of Rome, on the left bank of the Tiber River near an important ford, placing it within easy reach for military expeditions while allowing a degree of autonomy as a Latin settlement.^[3]^[1] This intermediate distance—close enough to enable raids on Roman territory yet sufficiently removed to resist immediate incorporation—rendered it a persistent border threat during Rome's early expansion.^[1] The town's position along the Via Salaria, a primary route for salt transport from the Adriatic to the Tiber's mouth, amplified its economic and logistical significance, facilitating trade and troop movements toward Etruria while offering opportunities to circumvent Roman control.^[8]^[1] Fidenae thus served as a chokepoint for regional commerce, where dominance could secure vital resources and deny adversaries access to inland pathways. Strategically, Fidenae functioned as a buffer between Roman lands and the powerful Etruscan center of Veii, approximately 16 kilometers further north, enabling Veii to establish a bridgehead for southern incursions and economic bypasses around Rome.^[9]^[3] Its capture became essential for Rome to neutralize this vulnerability, consolidate the northern frontier, and extend influence into Etruria without exposing core territories to flanking threats.^[10]

Early History

Pre-Roman Settlement

Ancient accounts attribute the foundation of Fidenae to a colony dispatched from Alba Longa, contemporaneous with settlements at Nomentum and other sites in the region. Dionysius of Halicarnassus records that the Albans, having grown in population and strength, established these outposts to extend their influence, positioning Fidenae as an early Latin settlement derived from the mother city of the Latins. This tradition underscores its origins within the broader network of Latin communities, though some later interpretations suggest possible Sabine elements due to its location along the Via Salaria, a route associated with Sabine migrations.^[1] Material evidence supports pre-Roman occupation dating back to the Bronze Age, with archaeological surveys revealing initial settlement patterns that evolved into a proto-urban center by the late second millennium BCE.^[11] These findings indicate continuous human presence through the transition to the Iron Age, establishing Fidenae as a stable habitation site amid the hilly terrain north of the Tiber, distinct from but proximate to emerging centers like Rome.^[11] The community's development reflects typical patterns of Latium's early pastoral and agrarian societies, reliant on local resources and defensive topography. As an independent town in Latium vetus, Fidenae maintained autonomy among the Prisci Latini and neighboring Italic groups, potentially forming loose alliances for trade or mutual defense against external pressures from Etruscans or Sabines.^[1] Its strategic position facilitated interactions within this ethnic and cultural mosaic, predating direct Roman involvement and highlighting its role as a self-sustaining polity in the pre-urban landscape of central Italy.^[11]

Iron Age Occupation and Protohistoric Evidence

Archaeological evidence indicates that Fidenae was occupied during the Early Iron Age, with settlements dating to at least the 8th-7th centuries BC, corresponding to Latial Phase IIIA.^[12] Excavations have uncovered hut villages characteristic of proto-urban development in Latium Vetus, featuring clustered dwellings without monumental architecture.^[1] A well-preserved Iron Age house from this period, investigated in the late 20th century, exemplifies the site's residential structures, built with post-hole foundations and likely wattle-and-daub walls supported by tufa banks.^[12]^[13] At the Castel Giubileo locality within ancient Fidenae's territory, a full-scale reconstruction preserves the form of a discovered hut from the 8th-7th centuries BC, unearthed during 1988 excavations; this structure included an entrance on the western side and post-holes delineating wattle-and-daub construction typical of protohistoric Latian communities.^[14]^[15] Artifacts from these sites, including pottery and basic tools, point to an agrarian economy reliant on local agriculture and pastoralism, with no evidence of specialized craft production or trade goods beyond regional norms.^[12] Basic fortifications emerged in the later Early Iron Age, as seen in Fidenae's classification as a medium-large settlement alongside contemporaries like Crustumerium, featuring walled enclosures of tufa and earthworks to delineate and protect proto-urban clusters.^[16] These defenses reflect emerging territorial organization but remained rudimentary, lacking the stone masonry or complex gateways of later periods.^[16] The absence of elite burials or imported luxury items underscores a socially stratified yet non-urbanized society, with material culture aligned to broader Latial patterns of dispersed hut-based habitation.

Conflicts with Rome

Wars during the Roman Kingdom

The primary conflict between Rome and Fidenae during the Roman Kingdom occurred under King Tullus Hostilius, traditionally dated to the mid-7th century BC (c. 672–640 BC). Livy records that Fidenae, an Etruscan-influenced settlement, had destroyed a Roman colony previously established there as a garrison outpost, an act interpreted as aggression against Roman territorial claims along the Anio River and its approaches to the Tiber. This incident prompted Tullus to mobilize Roman forces for a retaliatory campaign, targeting both Fidenae and its ally Veii, another Etruscan city-state to the north. The destruction of the colony highlighted early resource competition, as Fidenae controlled fertile alluvial plains and vital river crossings essential for agriculture and trade, which Rome sought to secure amid its expansion from the Palatine settlements.^[18] Roman accounts describe Tullus' army achieving victory through direct assault, subjugating Fidenae and imposing temporary dominance, though the city later reemerged as a recurrent threat. Dionysius of Halicarnassus corroborates the involvement of Veii, noting the allied Etruscan resistance but ultimate Roman success in repelling incursions and reasserting control over the contested borderlands. These clashes were driven by causal pressures of demographic growth and land scarcity in Latium, where upstream positions like Fidenae—approximately 8 km north of Rome—posed strategic vulnerabilities for Roman supply lines and pastoral economies. Fidenae's alignment with Veii, rather than nascent Latin coalitions, reflected Etruscan cultural and military ties opposing Sabine-Latin Roman consolidation.^[19] The outcomes included short-term Roman garrisons and tribute extraction from Fidenae, but no permanent annexation, allowing the city to recover autonomy by the late Kingdom period. Such engagements underscored Rome's militaristic shift under Tullus, who doubled legionary cohorts to 6,000 men to sustain offensive operations, prioritizing conquest over diplomacy in peripheral disputes. Archaeological evidence from the region, including proto-urban fortifications at Fidenae dating to the 8th–7th centuries BC, aligns with narratives of fortified resistance against southern incursions, though direct battle traces remain elusive due to later urban overlays.

Battles in the Early Republic (5th Century BC)

In 437 BC, Fidenae, previously established as a Roman colony, defected to the Etruscan city of Veii under its king Lars Tolumnius, prompting Roman retaliation. Roman ambassadors Gaius Fulcinius, Titus Antistius, Gaius Aemilius, and Quintus Junius were dispatched to Fidenae to protest the defection but were slain on Tolumnius' orders, escalating the conflict into open war. This act violated diplomatic norms, leading Rome to declare hostilities against both Fidenae and Veii.^[20]^[21] Roman forces initially suffered defeats in engagements near the Anio River and at Fidenae itself. In the Battle of Fidenae, Fidenate forces employed aggressive tactics, including cavalry charges and incendiary attacks with burning faggots attached to oxen or wagons to disrupt Roman lines, resulting in heavy Roman casualties and the death of one consul. These battles highlighted the strategic vulnerability of Rome's northern approaches and the effectiveness of combined Fidenate-Veientine forces in exploiting terrain advantages.^[22]^[20] Subsequent Roman campaigns from 435 to 426 BC marked a recovery effort, with the appointment of dictators to coordinate responses. Mamercus Aemilius, serving as dictator, led operations that countered Fidenate incursions, including repelling fiery charges in 426 BC through disciplined legionary formations under his command and that of Aulus Cornelius Cossus. These efforts involved sieges and field battles, gradually reasserting Roman control over the contested territories without decisive victory until later actions. Roman legions adapted to Fidenate innovations, emphasizing infantry cohesion against mobile and incendiary threats.^[23]^[20]

Destruction and Republican Aftermath

Sack of Fidenae in 426 BC

In 426 BC, Roman forces under the consular tribunes Gaius Furius Pacilus Fusus and Titus Quinctius Poenus Cincinnatus assaulted the rebel-held town of Fidenae following its defection to Veii and prolonged resistance.^[1] The siege concluded with the storming of the fortifications, where Roman troops overwhelmed the defenders amid reports of a naval engagement with Veientine reinforcements on the Tiber, as noted by certain annalists cited in Livy.^[3] Upon breaching the walls, the Romans sacked the city, putting many inhabitants to the sword and enslaving the survivors, including women and children, in accordance with practices of total subjugation against persistent enemies.^[24] Livy records this as a decisive act of retribution for Fidenae's repeated betrayals, with the town's structures razed to prevent refortification.^[25] This event marked the end of Fidenae's independence, transforming it from a strategic Etruscan ally into Roman-controlled territory and severing Veii's primary corridor for incursions toward Rome.^[26] Annalistic traditions vary on ancillary details, such as the scale of the naval clash, but converge on the capture's finality, reflecting Rome's systematic consolidation of Latium's northern approaches through punitive conquest.^[3] The operation's success stemmed from superior Roman manpower and engineering, including earthworks to counter sallies, underscoring the republic's evolving siege tactics against hilltop settlements.^[27]

Veientine Connections and Regional Impact

Fidenae functioned as a strategic proxy in the protracted conflicts between the Etruscan city of Veii and Rome during the mid-5th century BC, enabling Veii to challenge Roman dominance without direct confrontation on its own territory. In 438 BC, Fidenae—originally established as a Roman colony—revolted and formed an alliance with Veii under King Lars Tolumnius, who exerted influence over the Fidenates to secure a foothold across the Tiber River.^[1] This partnership allowed Veii to launch incursions into Roman-held Latium, leveraging Fidenae's position to threaten supply lines along the Anio River and bypass Roman control of key trade routes.^[28] The escalation peaked with Tolumnius ordering the execution of four Roman envoys sent to Fidenae in 437 BC, an act that provoked open war and marked a critical overreach by Etruscan leadership, as it unified Roman resolve against Veientine aggression. Roman forces, led by dictator Mamercus Aemilius Mamercinus, decisively defeated the combined Fidenate and Veientine armies at the Battle of Fidenae that year, with Tolumnius himself slain by military tribune Aulus Cornelius Cossus, who claimed the spolia opima.^[29] Renewed Fidenate resistance prolonged the fighting until Roman consuls sacked the city in 426 BC, effectively dismantling the Veientine proxy network.^[27] In the aftermath of the 426 BC sack, Fidenae experienced significant depopulation, as ancient accounts describe the enslavement of surviving inhabitants and the flight of others, with Roman forces confiscating the territory as public land (ager publicus) rather than immediately resettling it with a formal colony.^[30] Limited Roman garrisons were installed to maintain control, shifting demographic balances by integrating the area into Rome's agrarian system and reducing local autonomy, though full repopulation efforts lagged until later republican initiatives. This outcome weakened Veii's regional influence, as the loss of Fidenae severed its southern outlets and exposed its vulnerabilities. Roman mastery of Fidenae facilitated broader hegemony over Latium by securing the northern Tiber valley, neutralizing Etruscan threats to Roman-Latin alliances, and enabling unchecked expansion against other hill tribes like the Aequi. Ancient historians such as Livy note that post-426 BC control allowed Rome to redirect resources southward, consolidating pacts with Latin cities and preventing proxy revivals that could fragment the plain; by 406 BC, this stability underpinned the direct siege of Veii itself, culminating in its fall a decade later.^[31]^[26]

Imperial Era Developments

Status under the Roman Empire

Following the sack of Fidenae in 426 BC during the Roman Republic, the settlement underwent partial refounding, likely in the late Republic or early imperial era, transitioning into a modest suburb roughly 5-8 kilometers north of Rome along the Via Salaria.^[1] This revival positioned it as a peripheral residential area, absorbing population spillover from Rome's urban growth, with archaeological evidence confirming habitation continuity from the Iron Age through late antiquity despite repeated earlier devastations.^[1] By the imperial period, Fidenae integrated into broader Roman administrative structures but retained vestiges of local governance, including a municipal senate (senatus) and magistrates, as evidenced by epigraphic records of civic dedications.^[32] For instance, an inscription from AD 166 records the Senatus Fidenatium iuvenum honoring Emperor Marcus Aurelius, underscoring limited self-administration under Roman oversight.^[1] Lacking significant political independence or economic prominence, it served more as an adjunct to Rome's metropolitan sphere than a distinct entity, with its territory and institutions subsumed into the capital's expanding influence by the 1st century AD.^[32]

Amphitheater Disaster of AD 27

In AD 27, a freedman named Atilius constructed a temporary wooden amphitheater in Fidenae to host gladiatorial games, exploiting Emperor Tiberius's recent ban on such spectacles within Rome itself, which had been imposed due to the emperor's distaste for them.^[33] The structure was erected hastily without proper foundations, sufficient fastenings for the seating tiers, or any measures to support the anticipated crowd's weight, prioritizing low costs and quick profits over safety.^[33] Tacitus reports that Atilius admitted crowds even before completion and charged admission fees, drawing in spectators from Rome and surrounding areas eager for entertainment unavailable in the capital.^[33] During the inaugural event, as the amphitheater filled to capacity, the unsupported framework buckled under the strain, causing a catastrophic collapse that buried attendees in debris and created chaos with survivors trampled or trapped.^[33] Ancient accounts vary on the death toll: Suetonius estimates over 20,000 fatalities, while Tacitus describes "many thousands" killed or maimed, with some modern analyses suggesting figures up to 50,000 based on the structure's inferred capacity and the event's draw from Rome's population. ^[33] The disaster's scale was exacerbated by the venue's location just five miles from Rome, allowing easy access for lower-class citizens barred from urban games.^[34] Tiberius, then residing on Capri, responded by dispatching aid including physicians and soldiers to treat the wounded and recover bodies, while the Senate, at his urging, enacted reforms to prevent recurrence: private individuals lacking at least 400,000 sesterces in assets were prohibited from staging gladiatorial shows; new amphitheaters required solid foundations and official oversight; and wooden structures were banned near Rome.^[33] Atilius faced severe punishment, with his property confiscated and himself either executed or exiled, as Tacitus notes the measures aimed to curb reckless profiteering by equites and freedmen.^[33] These senatorial decrees marked an early attempt at regulating public entertainment infrastructure, emphasizing financial responsibility and engineering standards in response to greed-driven negligence.^[33]

Archaeology and Modern Study

Key Excavations

Significant archaeological work at Fidenae commenced in the 1960s through field surveys led by Lorenzo Quilici and Stefania Quilici Gigli, targeting the urban core along the ancient Via Salaria near modern Castel Giubileo; these efforts, extended by targeted digs in 1982 and 1998, employed systematic surface collection and test trenching to map settlement extent and reveal stratified deposits from the Iron Age onward, including hut foundations and pottery scatters indicative of continuous occupation into the Republican era.^[5]^[35] A pivotal 1988 excavation at Castel Giubileo uncovered postholes and structural remains of a late 9th-century BC protohistoric hut, part of broader Iron Age layers; stratigraphic analysis confirmed its association with early Latin material culture, prompting a full-scale reconstruction to illustrate vernacular architecture while preserving original stratigraphy for further study.^[14]^[36] Subsequent rescue operations tied to urban expansion, notably in the Porta di Roma district (encompassing 332 hectares of former Fidenae territory) from 1988 to 2000, involved salvage digs ahead of construction, yielding Republican and Imperial overlays such as road segments and domestic features; these interventions prioritized rapid stratigraphic documentation amid modern infrastructure encroachment, highlighting the site's palimpsest of phases but complicating full horizontal exposure due to limited access and preservation constraints.^[37]^[38]

Significant Discoveries and Artifacts

Excavations at Fidenae have uncovered remains of protohistoric huts from the late 9th century BC, enabling full-scale reconstructions that reveal early Iron Age building techniques and domestic arrangements. These structures featured partial wood-paved floors, central braziers for heating and cooking, storage vessels for water and foodstuffs, rudimentary beds, and clay stockpiles likely used for maintenance or wall daubing, evidencing settled agrarian communities with basic woodworking and ceramic skills.^[14] Pottery fragments, iron tools, and bronze personal items such as fibulae from burial contexts attest to multi-phase occupation spanning protohistoric to Republican eras, with stylistic variations indicating trade links and technological progression.^[39] These artifacts, recovered from systematic digs over two decades across approximately 300 hectares, demonstrate continuity in material culture despite historical disruptions.^[40] The "Fidenae alla Porta di Roma" exhibition space, established in 2019 within a commercial complex, houses a representative collection of these finds, including impasto wares and metalwork that corroborate stratigraphic evidence of layered settlement from the 5th century BC onward.^[41] Such items provide empirical data on local craftsmanship, distinguishing Fidenae from neighboring Latin sites through distinct vessel forms and tool typologies.^[42]

Legacy and Historical Sources

Role in Roman Expansion Narratives

In the historiographical accounts of early Republican Rome, Fidenae exemplifies a recurrent frontier threat subdued through persistent military campaigns, as detailed by Livy in his Ab Urbe Condita. The town, initially settled with a Roman colony, defected to Veii around 437 BC, prompting incursions across the Anio River and ambushes that tested Roman forces, including a notable defeat where 300 Fabii were slain.^[18] Roman responses involved consular armies maneuvering via Mount Algidus and rapid advances to counter Etruscan cavalry under Lars Tolumnius, culminating in the dictator Mamercus Aemilius' victory and the decisive sack of Fidenae in 426 BC after a siege tunnel breached its defenses.^[43] These events, spanning roughly 437–426 BC, framed Fidenae's incorporation as a tactical consolidation of Latium's northern approaches against Etruscan expansionism, achieved via superior infantry coordination and engineering rather than ascribed divine mandates prevalent in some annalistic traditions.^[3] Livy's narrative positions Fidenae's subjugation within broader patterns of Roman territorial aggrandizement, where resilience manifested in adaptive strategies like amphibious feints—debated among earlier sources—and relentless reprisals that deterred Veientine revanchism, leading to a 40-year truce in 425 BC.^[44] The town's role underscores causal factors in Roman dominance: logistical advantages in supply lines from Rome, approximately 8 km south, and disciplined legionary formations that overcame numerically comparable foes, without embellishing innate moral superiority.^[23] In later imperial historiography, such as Tacitus' Annals, Fidenae shifts to symbolize vulnerabilities in the administrative framework of an expanded empire, exemplified by the 27 AD amphitheater collapse during gladiatorial games organized by the equestrian Atilius. Constructed hastily on unstable ground without proper substructures to maximize attendance fees, the wooden arena failed under a crowd estimated at 50,000, killing at least 20,000 and injuring thrice that number.^[33] Tacitus recounts Tiberius' subsequent edict, enforced via praetorian oversight, prohibiting private spectacles by those with fewer than 400,000 sesterces in property and mandating senatorial review for larger venues—measures that reinforced centralized regulation over profit-driven ventures in peripheral municipalities like Fidenae, once frontiers of conquest.^[4] This episode illustrates how Roman imperialism's internal extensions demanded institutional checks to avert self-inflicted disruptions in pacified territories.

Primary Ancient Accounts

The primary ancient accounts of Fidenae derive principally from Roman historians who relied on earlier annalistic traditions, with Titus Livius (Livy) providing the most extensive narrative in Ab Urbe Condita Books 1–4, covering conflicts from the regal period through the early Republic. Livy describes multiple wars, including Romulus's campaign against Fidenae as an expansionist venture (Ab Urbe Condita 1.38), a revolt during Tullus Hostilius's reign (Ab Urbe Condita 3.21–22), and the decisive sack in 426 BC following Veientine instigation and the murder of Roman envoys (Ab Urbe Condita 4.17–21). These accounts, drawn from pontifical records and annalists like Licinius Macer, emphasize Roman resilience and divine favor but exhibit pro-Roman bias, inflating heroic exploits such as the alleged use of a fleet in the 426 BC battle despite Fidenae's inland location on the Anio River, which lacked navigable depths for triremes—a detail Livy himself notes as derived from unverified predecessors but ultimately unsubstantiated by topography or archaeology.^[3]^[45] Dionysius of Halicarnassus, in Roman Antiquities Books 2 and 5, offers a parallel but more rationalized version, portraying Fidenae as an early Latin settlement subdued by Romulus after raids (Roman Antiquities 2.53) and later revolts tied to Etruscan alliances, with emphasis on diplomatic failures like the execution of envoys under Lars Tolumnius (Roman Antiquities 5.40–58). Writing as a Greek rhetorician under Augustus, Dionysius cross-verifies Livy's sources while downplaying mythic elements, such as omens, to underscore Roman constitutional virtues, though his access to lost Latin annals introduces similar heroic idealization without independent corroboration for casualty figures or battle tactics. Archaeological evidence from Fidenae's necropoleis and fortifications aligns broadly with siege warfare described but debunks embellishments like mass naval engagements, highlighting annalistic tendencies toward patriotic amplification over empirical precision. For Imperial-era events, Publius Cornelius Tacitus's Annals 4.62 provides the core account of the AD 27 amphitheater collapse, detailing the structure's hasty wooden construction by the freedman Atilius without adequate foundations or licensing, leading to its failure during crowded games and resulting in approximately 20,000 dead or maimed—a figure reflecting senatorial records rather than exaggeration. Tacitus, as a historian critical of imperial excess yet pragmatic in assessing Tiberius's regulatory response (banning large-scale private spectacles and enforcing builder qualifications), delivers a disinterested narrative focused on causal negligence and administrative fallout, corroborated by Suetonius's briefer mention of over 20,000 fatalities (Tiberius 40) but lacking the moralizing tone of earlier republican chroniclers. No archaeological remnants of the amphitheater survive, but Tacitus's casualty estimates align with demographic plausibility for Fidenae's suburb population, underscoring his reliance on acta senatus over rumor.^[33]

References

[1]
Fidenae - Livius.org
Oct 4, 2020 · Fidenae was an ancient Latin town near Rome, occupied in the Iron Age, allied with Veii, and later destroyed. It was also used by Hannibal.Missing: findings | Show results with:findings<|control11|><|separator|>
[2]
1.19 - Dickinson College Commentaries
Annō trecentēsimō et quīntō decimō ab urbe conditā: according to Livy (4.33.1–12) Fidenae was captured in 435 BCE and again, after revolting in 425 BCE. The ...
[3]
The Roman fleet at Fidenae? - A lesson from reading Livy
Oct 9, 2018 · According to the Roman historian Titus Livius, some earlier historians claimed that the Roman fleet participated in the Battle of Fidenae in 426 BC.
[4]
Construction disaster in Fidenae - IMPERIUM ROMANUM
Jan 4, 2022 · In Fidenae (a town not far north of Rome) a wooden amphitheatre has collapsed. According to Suetonius, over 20,000 people died under the rubble; ...Missing: archaeology findings
[5]
[PDF] Review of Fidenae, by Lorenzo Quilici and Stefania Quilici Gigli
The final chapter attempts to reconstruct the historical con- text of the two settlements. Caere seems to have had the most influence among neighboring cities ...
[6]
ToposText
Fidenae (Latium) 168 Fidena - Φιδήναι ; Hits: 168 ; Works: 28 ; Latitude: 41.978400 ; Longitude: 12.512300 ; Confidence: Medium (20170419).Missing: topography | Show results with:topography
[7]
The Territorial Level: The Roman Hinterland from the Bronze Age to ...
Firstly, the Anio River (Fiume Aniene), which flows to the south of Fidenae, might have constituted a strong physical barrier between this city and Rome. Or ...<|separator|>
[8]
[PDF] Early Rome: External Challenges
... veii took the opportunity of roman and Latin weakness to seize control of the mouth of the tiber and the valuable salt route, the via salaria, by which salt was.<|separator|>
[9]
The Three Hundred From Rome - War History
Dec 13, 2024 · Fidenae, despite being Latin, thus became Veii's bridgehead, and from there her goods could completely bypass Rome, following the Anio and the ...
[10]
Episode 158 - The Fall of Veii: Part I - The Partial Historians
Feb 20, 2025 · So Rome has this real incentive as a sort of buffer zone, to take Fidenae, try to re populate it with Romans, colonialism, colonialism… and to ...
[11]
Fidenae - Oxford Classical Dictionary
Fidenae (mod. Castel Giubileo), the first station on the via Salaria. First settled in the bronze age, it grew to 45.5 ha. (112 acres) and ...Missing: pre- | Show results with:pre-
[12]
The Early Iron Age (Latial Phases II and III) (Four)
Feb 18, 2021 · At Fidenae we also have evidence of a well-preserved Iron Age house, which was in use during Latial Phase IIIA; this context was investigated ...
[13]
[PDF] THE INTRODUCTION OF THE DOMESTICATED CATIN ITALY
1: Fidene; plan of the Iron Age building: 1, artificial bank of tufa; 2, entrance (western side of the building);. 3, base of wall in situ; 4, post-holes along ...
[14]
Protohistoric house of Fidene - Turismo Roma
The protohistoric house is located near Castel Giubileo in Rome, in the area where the ancient city of Fidenae once stood and reproduces, in full scale, ...
[15]
Protohistoric house of Fidenae , Rome Podcast - Loquis
This archaeological site allows us to take a step back in time, thanks to the remains of an Iron Age hut discovered in 1988. During the excavations, carried out ...
[16]
[PDF] Crustumerium: Characteristics of a Frontier Settlement
Amongst these the medium-large settlements (Crustumerium and Fidenae) (fig. ... beginning in the later part of the Early Iron Age, of walled structures with ...
[17]
Livy, History of Rome - ToposText
3 The people of Fidenae, where a Roman colony existed, were induced to go to war by a compact on the part of the Albans to desert to them; the Veientines ...
[18]
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities - ToposText
3 Pelasgus was the son of Zeus, it is said, and of Niobe the daughter of Phoroneus, who, as the legend goes, was the first mortal woman Zeus had knowledge of.
[19]
Second Veientine War, 437-434 or 428-425 B.C.
Oct 6, 2009 · Livy's own account offers a third possibility - a single war that lasted from 437 until 425 B.C with a truce after the first fall of Fidenae.
[20]
Episode 129 - Lars Tolumnius and the Fate of Fidenae
Sep 15, 2022 · Vengeance for Rome. It's 437 BCE and Rome finds itself challenged by the king of the Etruscans Lars Tolumnius. But how did Rome get into this ...Missing: Kingdom | Show results with:Kingdom
[21]
Battle of the Anio, 437 or 428 B.C.
Oct 6, 2009 · The war broken out after the city of Fidenae, five miles upstream of Rome, rebelled against Roman authority, murdered four ambassadors, and ...<|separator|>
[22]
The Fidenae Rebels' Fiery Charge Against A Roman Army
Jun 8, 2020 · “The Etruscans were already reeling under the weight of the Roman attack, when suddenly through the open gates of Fidenae came pouring a stream ...Missing: position buffer
[23]
[PDF] The Enslavement of War Captives by the Romans to 146 BC
75 At Fidenae in 426 BC (Liv. 4.34.4), after the sack of Alesia by Caesar in 52 BC (Caes. B Gall. 7.89.5). Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 4.24.2 states that the ...
[24]
Political Settlements in Etruria (396 - 265 BC) - Roman Republic
“When Fidenae was captured and destroyed in 426 BC, its territory was apparently added to the Claudia ...” In other words, the Claudia was extended northwards ...
[25]
Third Veientine War (406 - Roman Republic
The Romans' definitive capture of Fidenae in 426 BC had brought an end to decades of conflict with Veii and, in the following year, the two cities had agreed a ...
[26]
Siege of Fidenae, 435 or 426 B.C.
Oct 6, 2009 · The siege of Fidenae (435 or 426 BC) saw the Romans capture the town only five miles upstream on the Tiber and eliminate the last Veientine enclave.Missing: date | Show results with:date
[27]
The Three Hundred From Rome - War History
Dec 13, 2024 · Fidenae, despite being Latin, thus became Veii's bridgehead, and from there her goods could completely bypass Rome, following the Anio and the ...
[28]
A. Cornelius Cossa and the Spolia Opima (437, 428 or 426 BC)
“When the Etruscans, Fidenates and Veientes were making war upon the Romans, and Lars Tolumnius, the king of the Etrusans, was doing them terrible damage, a ...
[29]
Public Lands And Agrarian Laws Of The Roman Republic
Fidenae, captured in 426 and all the territory confiscated. 5. Veii, captured in 396. This was the chief town of the Etruscans, equal to Rome in size, with ...
[30]
Ancient Rome - Latin League, Republic, Empire | Britannica
Oct 11, 2025 · Rome's first major war against an organized state was fought with Fidenae (437–426 bc), a town located just upstream from Rome. After it had ...
[31]
A Gladiatorial Show Produced in sordidam mercedem (Tacitus "Ann ...
32 A municipal senate and local magistrates are attested in small Fidenae well into the imperial period, even in the shadow of a huge and ever expanding ...
[32]
Tacitus, Publius Cornelius (c.56–c.120) - The Annals: Book IV, LIX ...
For a freedman named Atilius erecting a wooden amphitheatre at Fidenae, to house a gladiatorial contest, failed to establish it on solid enough ground, or ...
[33]
Failure at Fidenae: Understanding the site of the largest structural ...
In AD 27 disaster struck the city of Fidenae, located 5 miles north of Rome ... archaeological evidence of proximal structures, and engineering concepts.Missing: findings | Show results with:findings
[34]
[PDF] Funerary Ritual and Urban Development in Archaic Central Italy
Quilici and Gigli Quilici undertook an archaeological field survey of the urban center in the nineteen‐sixties and ‐seventies; in 1982 and 1998 work ...
[35]
Casa protostorica di Fidene | sovraintendenzaroma
Nel Suburbio nord-orientale di Roma il centro di Fidenae ha restituito numerose testimonianze dell'insediamento dell'età del Ferro.
[36]
Fidenae alla Porta di Roma - OsservArcheologiA
Mar 14, 2019 · De Filippis, Fidene in età romana: contributo alla definizione urbana attraverso gli scavi archeologici degli anni 1988-2000, in Bullettino ...
[37]
Area 790 - Archeologia condivisa
Descrizione: Laddove oggi sorge la borgata Fidene, in età romana sorgeva l'antico abitato di Fidenae. "Tra il IV e il V miglio della via (via Salaria) si ...<|separator|>
[38]
Fidenae / fibula / Bronze | Kelsey Museum of Archaeology Art ...
Full Artifact Description: Bronze fibula with two rings. Good condition. Boat shaped type with short foot. Said to have been found in a tomb at Fidenae.
[39]
Fidenae alla Porta di Roma | Turismo Roma
Le teche ospitano una panoramica dei reperti rinvenuti nelle aree archeologiche individuate nei 300 ettari di territorio indagato. Questa esposizione ha ...Missing: scavi | Show results with:scavi
[40]
Dall'antica Fidenae (V sec a.C.) importanti reperti archeologici ...
Feb 2, 2019 · I 332 ettari del quartiere di Porta di Roma facevano parte dell'antica Fidenae, la città latina più vicina al confine settentrionale di Roma, ...
[41]
apre "Fidenae alla Porta di Roma", lo spazio archeologico all'interno ...
Jan 22, 2019 · I reperti in mostra sono il risultato di diverse campagne di scavo condotte nell'arco di oltre venti anni nell'area tra via delle Vigne Nuove, ...Missing: scavi | Show results with:scavi
[42]
https://www.arte.it/notizie/roma/apre-fidenae-alla-porta-di-roma-lo-spazio-archeologico-all-interno-di-un-centro-commerciale-15423
[43]
https://www.loebclassics.com/view/livy-history_rome_4/1922/pb_LCL133.365.xml
[44]
https://www.loebclassics.com/view/livy-history_rome_4/1922/pb_LCL133.331.xml