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Grid Systems

GRiD Systems Corporation was an American computer manufacturing company founded in January 1979 by John Ellenby, along with co-founders Glenn Edens, Dave Paulsen, and designer Bill Moggridge.^[1] Based in Mountain View, California, the company pioneered portable computing with the development of the GRiD Compass 1100 in 1982, recognized as the first laptop computer featuring a clamshell design. Targeting professionals, military, and space applications, GRiD's systems emphasized ruggedness, modularity, and high performance, influencing the evolution of modern laptops and tablet computers. The company went public in 1981, was acquired by Tandy Corporation in 1988, and later evolved into GRiD Defence Systems, which continues to specialize in rugged computing solutions as of 2025.^[2]

Principles and Types

GRiD's design principles focused on portability, durability, and user-centric functionality, drawing from Xerox PARC influences to create systems that operated independently in harsh environments. Key principles included magnesium alloy casings for lightweight strength, non-volatile bubble memory for data retention without power, and modular architectures allowing expansions like additional storage or peripherals.^[3] Product types encompassed: These innovations prioritized reliability over mass-market affordability, setting standards for mobile computing hardware.

Applications and Modern Relevance

GRiD systems found early applications in demanding sectors, including NASA's Space Shuttle missions (e.g., Discovery in 1985, where the Compass supported orbital navigation), U.S. military operations by Special Forces, and executive business use. The company's technology enabled on-the-go computing in environments where desktops failed, from aerospace to defense. In modern relevance, GRiD's clamshell and rugged designs directly influenced contemporary laptops and tablets, with patents licensing contributing to industry standards. GRiD Defence Systems, formed in 1993 after acquisition by AST Research, remains active in providing secure, rugged IT solutions for government and enterprise, underscoring the enduring legacy of GRiD's foundational work in portable and resilient computing as of November 2025.^[2]

Company Overview

Founding and Key Personnel

GRiD Systems Corporation was established in January 1979 in Mountain View, California, operating initially as a stealth startup dedicated to advancing portable computing technologies.^[5] The company emerged from the innovative ecosystem of Silicon Valley, with its founding driven by a vision to create practical laptop devices that could extend the capabilities of desktop computing into mobile environments.^[6] John Ellenby served as the primary founder, having departed from his executive role at Xerox PARC earlier that year to independently pursue laptop concepts inspired by the advanced research on personal computing conducted there.^[5] Shortly after the founding, he was joined by key co-founders who brought complementary expertise: Glenn Edens in September 1979, leveraging his software development background from PARC to handle software architecture; Dave Paulsen in November 1979, contributing hardware engineering skills to prototype design; and Bill Moggridge, providing industrial design leadership to shape user-friendly form factors.^[7] These early collaborators formed the core team that defined the company's technical direction from inception.^[8] Early leadership transitioned to Samuel J. Wiegand as CEO, who guided operations during the company's formative growth phase until his retirement in 1990.^[9] Initial funding came from seed investments by individuals connected to the PARC network, followed by a $2.5 million first-round venture capital infusion in August 1980 from three prominent Silicon Valley firms, enabling prototype development and scaling.^[7] The headquarters remained in Silicon Valley initially but relocated to Fremont, California, as the company expanded its manufacturing and administrative needs.^[10] GRiD went public in 1981, marking a pivotal shift toward broader market engagement.^[5]

Corporate Structure and Evolution

GRiD Systems Corporation was established in 1979 as a privately held startup, with a small team focused on research and development for portable computing devices targeted at professional users.^[7] The company's emphasis on innovation in rugged, mobile hardware drove rapid expansion, with employee numbers growing to support increasing R&D and production needs; by the early 1990s, following integration with additional staff, the workforce reached approximately 1,100.^[9] In March 1988, Tandy Corporation announced its acquisition of GRiD Systems, which was completed later that year, making GRiD a wholly owned subsidiary valued at an initial payment of about $55 million in Tandy common stock, with potential additional payments up to $30 million contingent on performance.^[11] This move provided GRiD with enhanced distribution channels through Tandy's Radio Shack network while allowing it to retain operational independence under its existing management. In 1993, Tandy transferred its computer manufacturing operations, including the GRiD division, to AST Research for up to $175 million, integrating GRiD into AST's portfolio of portable computing assets.^[12] AST itself was acquired by Samsung Electronics in 1997, after which GRiD's U.S. operations were wound down by the late 1990s as the brand was discontinued.^[13]^[3] A separate UK division, GRiD Computer Systems UK Ltd., had been established in the early 1980s to handle European sales and support, operating alongside the U.S. headquarters.^[2] In 1993, amid the broader restructuring, a management buyout formed an independent entity from this division, evolving into GRiD Defence Systems, which continued operations focused on rugged computing solutions.^[2] As of 2025, GRiD Defence Systems continues to specialize in rugged computing solutions for defense markets, though it has faced protests and occupations by activist group Palestine Action in 2024 and 2025 over alleged connections to arms suppliers.^[14]^[15] This separation allowed the UK operations to persist beyond the closure of the U.S. parent company, marking the end of GRiD's original corporate structure while preserving aspects of its legacy in specialized markets.

History

Early Development (1979–1981)

The early development of Grid Systems Corporation was deeply rooted in innovations from Xerox PARC, where founder John Ellenby had contributed to the Alto computer, a pioneering graphical user interface system introduced in 1973. Ellenby's vision for a portable computing device drew inspiration from Alan Kay's Dynabook concept at PARC, which envisioned a personal, battery-powered notebook computer for dynamic information processing. Upon leaving PARC in January 1979, Ellenby established Grid Systems with the goal of creating a truly portable "office in a briefcase" targeted at business professionals, initially conceived as an email terminal but expanded by co-founder Glenn Edens to include full local processing and storage capabilities.^[7]^[16] Initial prototyping efforts from 1979 to 1980 focused on non-clamshell designs assembled with off-the-shelf components, including early adoption of the Intel 8086 processor released in 1978, to test feasibility in a compact form. These rudimentary models emphasized rugged construction suitable for mobile business use, with engineering conducted initially in a garage setup before relocating to dedicated facilities in Mountain View, California, in August 1980. Funding was secured through seed investments from individual backers, followed by $2.5 million in venture capital in August 1980 from Institutional Venture Partners, Citicorp Venture Capital, and Mayfield Fund, enabling a second round of $3.5 million to support prototype fabrication.^[17]^[7] Key challenges during this period included balancing computational power with portability constraints, such as limited battery life and the need for durable enclosures to withstand travel demands of executives. The team prioritized non-volatile memory solutions like bubble memory to ensure data retention without constant power, while maintaining secrecy to protect intellectual property ahead of commercialization. The company had gone public in March 1981. By late 1981, these efforts culminated in the completion of the first full prototype—a milestone that validated the design.^[7]^[17]

Expansion and Market Entry (1982–1987)

Following the successful prototyping phase, GRiD Systems entered the commercial market in April 1982 with the launch of the GRiD Compass 1100, recognized as the first clamshell laptop computer designed for portability and durability. Priced at approximately $8,150, the system was positioned for high-end business professionals and government users requiring rugged computing in field environments, such as executives traveling or military personnel. The company adopted a direct sales model, bypassing retail channels to provide customized configurations and dedicated support tailored to enterprise needs, which allowed for higher margins but restricted broader market penetration.^[18]^[7] To support its growth, GRiD implemented a sales strategy emphasizing configurable systems sold directly to large organizations, including vertical markets like oil exploration and defense. By 1983, the company established international subsidiaries and sales offices, notably in the United Kingdom, alongside expansions into Canada and Germany, facilitating distribution across Europe through OEM partnerships with firms such as Philips and Sagem. This global outreach complemented domestic efforts, enabling GRiD to serve multinational clients while maintaining control over product adaptation and service. A pivotal key event was securing a major contract with NASA in 1983, where modified GRiD Compass units were deployed aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia's STS-9 mission in November, marking the first use of a laptop in space for navigation monitoring and data processing. Further expansion into Asia occurred through distribution agreements, broadening GRiD's footprint beyond North America and Europe.^[9]^[3]^[19] Financially, GRiD experienced steady revenue growth during this period, reaching $65 million by fiscal 1987, driven by increasing adoption in government and corporate sectors. The company's focus on premium, specialized hardware contributed to this expansion, though early years involved operating losses offset by venture capital infusions. Despite these gains, challenges persisted due to the high unit pricing—often exceeding $8,000—which deterred consumer and small-business adoption, confining sales primarily to institutional buyers. Emerging competition from IBM's portable PCs, introduced in 1984, intensified pressure as rivals offered more affordable, MS-DOS-compatible alternatives, prompting GRiD to adapt by launching IBM-compatible models like the GRiDCASE series in 1985.^[9]^[7]^[20]

Acquisitions and Restructuring (1988–1993)

In 1988, Tandy Corporation acquired GRiD Systems, marking the end of the company's independent operations. The acquisition was announced on March 17, 1988, with payment structured as Tandy common stock valued at an initial $55 million, equivalent to $2 per share of GRiD stock, plus a contingent payment of up to $25 million based on future performance.^[11] The deal was completed on July 1, 1988, making GRiD a wholly owned subsidiary that continued to operate under its own name while leveraging Tandy's resources, including nationwide service networks and expanded distribution channels.^[9] This move allowed GRiD to focus on laptop production, integrating into Tandy's RadioShack brand ecosystem for broader market reach. Following the acquisition, GRiD experienced significant operational restructuring and integration with Tandy's infrastructure. Manufacturing was consolidated, with shared facilities in Texas and Scotland to streamline production and reduce costs.^[21] GRiD benefited from Tandy's supply chain efficiencies and opened over 50 dedicated systems centers across major U.S. metropolitan areas in February 1989 for sales, training, and demonstrations, adding around 400 former Tandy employees to its workforce, bringing total employment to approximately 1,100.^[9] However, these changes foreshadowed challenges, as the subsidiary's specialized focus on high-end portables clashed with Tandy's mass-market orientation. By 1993, further restructuring occurred amid Tandy's strategic shift away from computer manufacturing. In May 1993, AST Research Inc. agreed to acquire Tandy's computer division, including GRiD, for an initial value of up to $175 million, later reduced to $105 million upon completion in July.^[22]^[12] This transaction led to approximately 500 job cuts as operations were transferred, with GRiD products rebranded under AST to align with its personal computer lineup.^[23] Concurrently, the UK operations underwent a management buyout, forming GRiD UK Ltd. as an independent entity focused on specialized computing solutions.^[2] The aftermath of these changes saw the decline of GRiD's U.S. operations under successive ownership. AST, struggling with market competition, was acquired by Samsung Electronics in 1997 for about $170 million in a bid to bolster its PC capabilities, but the integration failed to reverse losses exceeding $350 million that year.^[13]^[24] By 1998, Samsung phased out GRiD-related U.S. divisions and the AST brand entirely in 1999, effectively ending the original company's legacy in the American market.^[25]

Products

GRiD Compass Series

The GRiD Compass series debuted in April 1982 with the Model 1100, marking the introduction of the world's first commercial clamshell laptop computer designed for portability and rugged use.^[26] Equipped with an Intel 8086 processor running at 4.77 MHz, the system offered 256 KB of RAM expandable to 512 KB, along with 384 KB of non-volatile bubble memory for storage. Its innovative clamshell form factor, briefly referencing design principles that influenced later portables, featured a 9.7-inch electroluminescent plasma display with 320 x 240 resolution capable of rendering 80 columns by 24 lines of text.^[3] Subsequent variants enhanced the original design for broader applicability. The Compass 1101, released in 1984, incorporated improvements while retaining the core architecture including the 8086 CPU and bubble memory.^[27] Later models in the series, such as the 1129 and 1139, offered expanded ROM capacity and continued to emphasize ruggedness.^[28] Technical specifications across the series emphasized durability and functionality over consumer affordability. The magnesium alloy case weighed approximately 4.5 kg (10 lbs), providing robust protection suitable for fieldwork, with a built-in 1200-baud modem and ports for RS-232 serial and GPIB parallel connectivity.^[3] The operating system was a custom GRiD OS compatible with MS-DOS, including integrated productivity tools like a word processor and spreadsheet.^[17] Pricing ranged from $8,150 for base configurations to over $16,000 for fully equipped models, targeting high-end users rather than the mass market. The series gained prominence through notable deployments, including its role as the first laptop used in space aboard NASA's Space Shuttle Columbia during the STS-9 mission on November 28, 1983, where it supported payload operations after modifications for microgravity.^[3] It was widely adopted by the U.S. military for secure field computing and by business executives for on-the-go data management, underscoring its reliability in demanding scenarios.^[29] Production of the GRiD Compass series reached approximately 10,000 units in total, with early sales hitting 3,000 in the first year and accumulating 8,000 to 10,000 by 1984.^[30]^[31] The line was discontinued following GRiD Systems' acquisition by Tandy Corporation in 1988, shifting focus to more affordable successors.^[32]

GRiDCase Laptops

The GRiDCase series represented GRiD Systems' strategic shift toward the mainstream laptop market in the mid-1980s, aiming to broaden accessibility beyond the specialized, high-cost GRiD Compass models. Introduced in 1985 with the GRiDCase 1500, the line targeted business professionals seeking portable computing at a more affordable price point of approximately $3,500 to $4,350, significantly lower than the Compass's premium pricing. This model incorporated battery power using low-power CMOS processors like the 80C286, marking an early advancement in portable operation while maintaining compatibility with standard PC software.^[33]^[34]^[35] Subsequent models expanded the series' capabilities and refined its design for wider appeal. The GRiDCase 1530, released in 1987, featured an Intel 80386 processor at 12.5 MHz, 1 MB of RAM (expandable), and a 20 MB hard disk drive option, paired with dual 3.5-inch floppy drives. It included a monochrome LCD display at 640 x 400 resolution for improved readability over earlier portables, ran MS-DOS 3.2, and supported optional battery packs for extended field mobility. The GRiDCase 1550, introduced around 1988 with further LCD enhancements, weighed about 12 pounds and emphasized lightweight construction while retaining core features like serial/parallel ports and ROM expansion slots up to 512 KB. These laptops drew briefly from the Compass's clamshell form factor but prioritized IBM PC compatibility to attract general business users.^[33]^[36]^[37] The series achieved moderate commercial success, generating significant revenue for GRiD—$79 million in fiscal 1988—through sales to corporate and government clients before the company's acquisition by Tandy Corporation in June 1988 for an undisclosed sum. Post-acquisition, GRiDCase models were integrated into Tandy's product lineup, enhancing distribution via RadioShack channels while continuing production under the GRiD brand. However, the line faced intensifying competition from lighter, cheaper laptops like those from Compaq and Toshiba, leading to its gradual phase-out by the early 1990s following AST Research's 1993 purchase of Tandy's computer manufacturing operations for $105 million.^[9]^[11]^[12]

GridPad Tablet

The GridPad, developed by GRiD Systems Corporation as a subsidiary of Tandy Corporation following its 1988 acquisition, was announced and launched in September 1989 as the first commercially successful tablet computer.^[38]^[39] Designed primarily for professional and industrial applications, it introduced a slate-style form factor with pen-based input, marking a significant step toward portable computing beyond traditional laptops.^[40] The device featured an Intel 80C86 processor running at 10 MHz, 1 MB of internal RAM expandable via battery-backed cards to 2 MB, and ran a modified version of MS-DOS with a touch overlay for stylus interaction.^[41] Its 10-inch electroluminescent monochrome display offered a resolution of 640 x 400 pixels in CGA mode, providing clear visibility in various lighting conditions despite its green hue.^[42] Weighing 4.5 pounds (2 kg) and measuring 9 by 12 by 1.4 inches, the GridPad included a tethered passive stylus for input, Grid Touch software enabling basic handwriting recognition, and a rugged magnesium alloy case suitable for field use.^[43] Priced at $2,370, it supported PC compatibility through serial ports, PCMCIA slots for expansion, and optional peripherals like keyboards.^[41] Adoption focused on niche professional sectors, including logistics for inventory tracking and field data entry in industries requiring real-time documentation without keyboards.^[44] Approximately 5,000 units were sold in the United States by mid-1990, reflecting modest commercial success amid high costs and limitations like short battery life and the need for printed handwriting input.^[44] Production of the original model ceased around 1992, though successor variants continued briefly before the line was discontinued.^[45] As a precursor to modern tablets, the GridPad demonstrated the viability of touch and pen computing for mobile productivity, influencing later designs despite constraints in portability and affordability that hindered broader market penetration.^[40] Its handwriting recognition innovations, led by designer Jeff Hawkins, laid groundwork for subsequent systems like the PalmPilot.^[40]

Innovations

Hardware Design Breakthroughs

GRiD Systems pioneered the clamshell form factor in its 1982 Compass model, featuring a hinged design that allowed the screen to fold flat over the keyboard for protection during transport, enabling the device to fit into a briefcase while maintaining portability.^[3]^[18] This innovation set a standard for subsequent portable computers by balancing compactness with usability, as the enclosure shielded sensitive components from damage without requiring a separate carrying case.^[8] The company's use of magnesium alloy for chassis construction marked a significant advance in materials, providing a lightweight yet durable structure weighing 4.5 to 13 pounds (2 to 6 kg) across models, far superior in impact resistance to the plastic casings common in contemporary portables.^[7]^[18]^[46] This alloy not only reduced overall weight for enhanced mobility but also contributed to the device's ability to withstand rough handling in field environments.^[8] In display technology, GRiD introduced electroluminescent panels in the Compass series, offering high-contrast amber visuals readable in low-light conditions and suitable for shared viewing, a step up from earlier CRT-based systems.^[47]^[30] Later products like the GridPad transitioned to reflective LCD screens for improved power efficiency, supporting pen-based input while maintaining visibility in varied lighting.^[41] Power innovations included the integration of bubble memory in early Compass prototypes and models, serving as non-volatile storage that retained data without power, unlike volatile RAM in rivals.^[7]^[8] Advanced battery systems in subsequent iterations extended runtime to approximately 2-3 hours, a notable achievement for 1980s portables reliant on AC power.^[27]^[48] Ruggedization features, such as sealed enclosures and shock-resistant construction in the magnesium chassis, were specifically engineered to meet military and government specifications, enabling deployment in demanding scenarios like space missions and field operations.^[18]^[7] These designs emphasized vibration and impact tolerance, predating formal IP ratings but aligning with early standards for environmental resilience.^[8]

Software and System Architecture

GRiD Systems pioneered software adaptations tailored for portable computing, beginning with GRiDOS, a proprietary multitasking operating system designed for the Intel 8086 processor in early devices like the GRiD Compass. GRiDOS featured a hierarchical file system and was optimized for resource-constrained environments, including low-power battery operation, enabling efficient multitasking without the overhead of contemporary desktop systems.^[7] This OS supported 256 KB of standard memory (expandable to 512 KB) while integrating core applications such as a word processor, spreadsheet, and database manager into a cohesive ecosystem.^[7] As market demands shifted toward standardization, GRiD transitioned to customized variants of MS-DOS starting in 1985 with the GRiDCASE series, incorporating libraries like InteGRiD for seamless compatibility with the original GRiD-OS applications.^[7] These adaptations maintained multitasking support on 8086 and later 80286 hardware, with built-in ROM for rapid booting and power efficiency in mobile scenarios.^[49] For the GRiDPad tablet introduced in 1989, GRiD modified MS-DOS 3.3 to accommodate stylus-based input, enabling pen-enabled operations through a dedicated handwriting recognition layer developed by Jeff Hawkins that translated gestures into standard commands.^[50]^[40] User interfaces in GRiD systems emphasized intuitive navigation, drawing inspiration from Xerox PARC innovations to incorporate early graphical elements such as menu-driven dialogs and consistent command structures across applications.^[7] The GRiDPad's stylus interface, often referred to in documentation as supporting "touch" input via electromagnetic digitization, allowed direct on-screen interaction, predating widespread adoption of such features in consumer devices.^[43] System architecture emphasized modularity, with designs permitting field-upgradable components like RAM modules and storage—initially bubble memory in the Compass, evolving to HDD in later models—for adaptability in demanding field environments.^[7] A proprietary ROM-based boot process optimized startup times and power draw in battery mode, ensuring reliability for military and executive users.^[49] From 1985 onward, GRiD achieved full IBM PC compatibility, allowing execution of standard software packages such as Lotus 1-2-3 and other MS-DOS applications without modification, which broadened adoption in enterprise settings.^[7] To support this ecosystem and the company's direct sales approach, GRiD developed in-house tools including a built-in BASIC interpreter for custom scripting, diagnostic utilities for hardware configuration, and remote file transfer software that facilitated on-site customization and maintenance.^[7] These tools integrated seamlessly with the modular hardware, enabling sales teams to tailor systems to client needs during demonstrations and deployments.^[7]

Legacy

Influence on Portable Computing

The GRiD Compass, introduced in 1982 by GRiD Systems Corporation, is widely recognized as the first commercial laptop computer, establishing the foundational blueprint for modern portable devices through its innovative clamshell form factor and rugged construction.^[7]^[8] This design, featuring a die-cast magnesium alloy case and a folding electro-luminescent display that protected the screen when closed, directly influenced the aesthetic and functional evolution of laptops in the 1980s, including models from Compaq and Toshiba that adopted similar compact, durable enclosures to appeal to business users.^[51]^[52] By demonstrating the practicality of integrating a flat-panel screen with a keyboard in a portable chassis, the Compass accelerated the industry's transition from bulky desktop systems and early "luggable" computers to true mobility, setting the stage for widespread adoption of portables in professional environments.^[7] GRiD's contributions extended to intellectual property that shaped the market, with the company securing a key patent on the clamshell folding mechanism in 1982, which was licensed to other manufacturers and generated significant royalties throughout the decade.^[7] Following GRiD's acquisition by Tandy Corporation (Radio Shack) in 1988, the patent continued to yield licensing fees from firms like Toshiba, whose T1100 series in 1985 became a bestseller by incorporating the protected design elements while adding battery power for greater versatility.^[51] These royalties and design precedents underscored the Compass's role in validating portable computing's commercial viability, particularly for business and government sectors, where its non-impact keyboard and resistance to environmental hazards proved essential.^[8] This groundwork helped fuel the laptop market's explosive growth in the 1990s, as prices fell and capabilities improved, transforming portables from niche tools to standard office equipment.^[53] A pivotal boost to GRiD's credibility came from its adoption by NASA, where the Compass—modified as the Shuttle Portable Onboard Computer (SPOC)—became the first laptop used in space, flying on missions starting with STS-9 in 1983 and continuing through 1987 for tasks like mission scheduling and navigation data management.^[29]^[7] This high-profile application highlighted the device's reliability in extreme conditions, reinforcing its influence on ruggedized portables and inspiring media portrayals of the Compass as the archetypal "space laptop," which symbolized the dawn of ubiquitous mobile computing.^[30]

Military Applications and GRiD Defence Systems

The GRiD Compass, introduced in 1982, was among the first portable computers adopted for military applications due to its rugged magnesium alloy case and electroluminescent display, designed for environmental resilience including shock, vibration, and extreme temperatures.^[2]^[54] In the mid-1980s, the U.S. Air Force integrated the Compass into maintenance and operational systems, leveraging its portability for field evaluations and avionics support under Air Force Systems Command programs.^[55] US military forces, including the Army, also employed the device for field operations, including combat net radio interfaces with encryption units like the TSEC/KY-57, enabling secure data processing in tactical environments.^[56] Following the 1993 management buyout of GRiD Systems' UK operations, GRiD Defence Systems Ltd was established in Wooburn Green, Buckinghamshire, as an independent British manufacturer focused exclusively on defense-grade rugged computing.^[2]^[6] This pivot shifted the company from distributing U.S.-made products to designing and producing hardware tailored for military exigencies, such as the GRiDCASE 1537E, a TEMPEST-accredited laptop compliant with MIL-STD-461 electromagnetic standards.^[2] A key example is the GRiDCASE 2507, a 7-inch fully rugged handheld tablet qualified for avionics integration on the Eurofighter Typhoon, supporting mission data loading, systems testing, and EJ200 engine analysis via interfaces like MIL-STD-1553 and ARINC 429. As of November 2025, GRiD Defence Systems offers deployable computing solutions for land, sea, and air domains, including IP67-sealed processors, multitouch resistive touchscreens, and rackmount PCs configurable for specific connectors and expansions.^[57] These systems provide legacy upgrades for older platforms and serve the UK Ministry of Defence (MoD) as well as allied forces, with applications in forward air control via the FireStorm system using the GRiDCASE 1510 as an end-user device. GRiD's designs contributed to the development of rugged computing standards, influencing MIL-STD-810 revisions in later decades.^[58] The company remains active in C4ISR, delivering hardware for command, control, communications, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance in harsh environments. Recent milestones include the 2023 celebration of GRiD Defence Systems' 30th anniversary, highlighting its evolution into a specialized OEM with approximately 50 employees.^[6]^[59] In 2025, the firm announced expanded support for the Eurofighter Typhoon amid new orders, such as Germany's acquisition of 20 additional jets and a UK-Türkiye deal for 20 more, alongside integrations of cybersecurity features into rugged platforms to enhance secure data handling.^[60]^[61] GRiD Defence Systems evolved from GRiD UK's sales arm of the original U.S. corporation—founded in 1979—to a standalone entity post-1993 buyout, severing U.S. ties by 1998 to prioritize sovereign UK manufacturing of defense hardware.^[2]^[6] This independence has sustained its role in supplying MIL-STD-810G-compliant systems for operational resilience, without reliance on foreign supply chains.^[2]

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The GRiD Compass Flew as One of NASA's First Notebook Computers
Jan 25, 2017 · GRiD Systems Corp introduced the device in 1982. The GRiD Compass had its own specialized operating system, the GRID-OS. According to Cooper ...
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John Ellenby, Visionary Who Helped Create Early Laptop, Dies at 75
Aug 26, 2016 · Mr. Ellenby founded Grid Systems, where the Compass was produced. It went on to become a tool for big corporations, government spies, ...
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GRiD Systems Corp. (Mountain View, Calif.) - Classic Tech
In June 1988, GRiD was acquired by Tandy Corp., the parent company of Radio Shack and manufacturer of TRS-80 computer lines. Tandy maintained the GRiD laptop ...
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Grid GRiDCase 3 Information - ClassicBits.net
GRiDCase 3 Specifications ; Class, Portable, Laptop, Semi-Rugged, Date, 1985 ; Price (MSRP), $4350.00, Size, 2.25 x 15 x 11.5 (in) 5.7 x 38.1 x 29.2 (cm) ; Weight ...
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Grid GridCase 1530 Information - ClassicBits.net
GridCase 1530 Specifications ; Class, Portable, Laptop, Semi-Rugged, Date, 10/26/1987 ; Price (MSRP), $3495.00 - $4695.00, FCC, ID: F2J1530 Applied: 6/16/1989Missing: Compass history
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Typical PCs in 1988 - DOS Days
The GRiDCase 1530 was an 80386-based laptop the same size as a Toshiba T3100 that ran at 12.5 MHz. The fastest clock speed is the Compaq which has a 20 MHz ...<|separator|>
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GRiD Systems, Introduces the GRiDPAD, the First Commercially ...
In 1989 GRiD Systems, a subsidiary of Tandy Corporation Offsite Link , Fort Worth, Texas, introduced the first commercially available tablet computer.<|control11|><|separator|>
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New Computer Can Read Handwriting - The New York Times
Sep 29, 1989 · Executives of Grid Systems, which is based in Fremont, Calif., said they believe that Gridpad can create a new market, as Tandy did when it ...
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GRiDPad tablet computer - CHM Revolution
The GRiDPad wasn't the first commercial tablet computer—the Linus Write-Top came earlier—but it was the first to succeed. Designed by Jeff Hawkins, ...Missing: development specifications features
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GRiDPad - Old Computers
Aug 1, 2022 · Model: GridPad 1900 ; Released: October 1989 ; Price: US$2,370 ; Weight: 4.5 lbs / 2 kg ; CPU: Intel 80C86 @ 10MHz.Missing: features adoption
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The next frontier - Macleans.ca
But the GridPad, a clunky 4.5-lb. machine with a green-hued electroluminescent screen and stylus, failed to take off, save for in a few niche sectors in ...Missing: display | Show results with:display
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Gridpad - Rhode Island Computer Museum
The GRiDPad measures 9 x 12 x 1.4 inches and weighed 4.5 pounds. The first tablet sold commerically was the Linus Write-Top. However, the Gridpad was a very ...Missing: adoption | Show results with:adoption
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TANDY's GRID LAUNCHES HANDPRINT DATA ENTRY GRIDPAD ...
Jun 26, 1990 · Called Gridpad, the computer weighs 4 lbs 6 oz and comes ... Since its introduction in the US last October, Grid says it has sold 5,000 ...
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The Long Fail: A Brief History of Unsuccessful Tablet Computers
Jan 27, 2010 · But AST (which bought GRiD Systems from Tandy, which had acquired it in 1988) ran into trouble in the mid-1990s. When it collapsed, the ...
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Computer, Onboard, GRID Compass II, Space Shuttle
Glass "Electroluminescent" display. Inventory Number. A19890006000. Credit Line. Gift of the Grid System Corporation. Data Source. National Air and Space Museum ...
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GRiDCase - IEEE Bushy Tree - Fandom
Each battery pack lasted 4 to 5 hours for the LCD models, and one hour with the plasma model. All models came with eight sockets for ROM chips. Although only ...
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DigiBarn Systems: GRiD Compass II
It won't run on batteries but the Compass II can actually be carried around without fear of developing a painful shoulder! 7. Design! GRiD understood how to ...Missing: life | Show results with:life
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GridPad 2050 Laptop Computer
The GRiDPAD line were one of the earliest tablet style computers. They had a modified MS-DOS operating system designed to work with a pen. Related Items in ...Missing: features adoption<|control11|><|separator|>
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Clamshell! The Story of the Greatest Computing Form Factor of All ...
Jul 16, 2012 · By 1979, which is when Grid began design work on the Compass, the notion of designing a portable computing device that was truly portable ...Missing: non- | Show results with:non-
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Clamshell! The story of the best computing form factor ever - CNN
Jul 17, 2012 · By 1979, which is when Grid began design work on the Compass, the notion of designing a portable computing device that was truly portable ...Missing: non- | Show results with:non-
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Laptops Emerge - CHM Revolution - Computer History Museum
GRiD Compass laptop ... The sleek, pricey Compass was the most successful early clamshell-style laptop. For years the company earned royalties on their design.Missing: specifications | Show results with:specifications
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[PDF] Computer-Based Maintenance Aids for Technicians - DTIC
Air Force/Navy Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 ... 36 Grid Compass Computer, Model 1139 .
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[PDF] Integrated Maintenance Information System (IMIS) - DTIC
Nov 27, 1987 · The commercially available GRID Compass II com- puter was selected to host the CMAS II system. ... the Air Force Systems Command. The system is ...
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[PDF] ElllEllEEEEEE EIEEEEEEEEEEEE IElllEEElhEEEE lllllEEEEEEEEE
applications packages offered by GRiD Systems. Corporation, the lower echelon ... Division, Air Force Systems Command, U.S.. Department of the Air Force ...
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https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA198283.pdf
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Case Studies - GRiD Defence Systems
The UK Ministry of Defence selected the GRiDCASE 1510 as the End-User Device (EUD) for the FireStorm system used by the UK Forward Air Controllers and Forward ...Missing: C4ISR | Show results with:C4ISR
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Grid Defence Systems Limited - Company Profile - Endole
Grid Defence Systems Limited · 20 July 1993 · 50 employees · 20 July 2025 · 20 July 2026 · 3 August 2026 · 9 years ago · 1 Jan · 31 Dec 2024 ...Missing: count | Show results with:count
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https://www.griduk.com/products/
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https://www.griduk.com/case-studies/