Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Display

A display is a visual representation or presentation of information, signals, or objects, serving various purposes across technology, biology, and commerce. In electronics, it refers to an output device that presents processed and unprocessed data to a user in the form of text, images, video, or graphical representations, acting as a critical interface between computing systems and human perception.^[1] Other contexts include behavioral displays in biology, such as animal signaling for mating or territory, and physical or digital displays in marketing and retail for product promotion and advertising, as covered in later sections. These technologies encompass a range of methods for generating light or modulating existing light to form visible content, evolving from early mechanical systems to sophisticated digital screens integral to computers, televisions, smartphones, and digital signage.^[2] The history of display technology traces back to the late 19th century, with foundational concepts like Paul Nipkow's 1884 mechanical scanning disk enabling the serialization of images for transmission, which laid the groundwork for television.^[3] Key milestones include the invention of the cathode-ray tube (CRT) in the early 20th century for oscilloscopes and televisions, the development of the plasma display in 1964 at the University of Illinois for computer terminals, and the liquid crystal display (LCD) patented in 1964 at RCA Laboratories, which revolutionized portable and flat-panel applications with its twisted-nematic mode discovered in 1970.^[4]^[5] By the late 20th century, advancements in light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and organic LEDs (OLEDs) shifted the industry toward thinner, more energy-efficient panels, replacing bulkier CRTs in consumer electronics.^[2] Major types of display technologies include emissive and non-emissive categories, with prominent examples such as CRTs, which use electron beams to excite phosphors for color generation but are now obsolete due to size and power demands; LCDs, which rely on liquid crystals to modulate backlight through polarization for widespread use in monitors and TVs; and plasma displays, which ionize gas cells to produce light but consume high power.^[2] Self-emissive technologies like OLEDs generate light directly from organic materials, offering superior contrast, viewing angles, and flexibility, while inorganic LED-based displays, including microLEDs, provide high brightness. Emerging variants such as quantum-dot-enhanced LCDs (QLEDs) improve color accuracy for high-resolution applications.^[6]^[7] Reflective displays, including electronic ink (e-ink), mimic paper by using ambient light and charged particles, excelling in low-power scenarios like e-readers.^[2] As of 2025, electronic display trends emphasize miniaturization, flexibility, and immersion, with microLEDs gaining traction for their high efficiency, brightness exceeding 1,000,000 nits in specialized applications, and potential in transparent, free-form, and near-eye devices like augmented reality glasses.^[8] Innovations include rollable OLED screens for expandable laptops and e-paper achieving 75 Hz refresh rates for smoother video playback, alongside photonic integrated circuits enabling laser-based flat-panel displays with enhanced color depth.^[9]^[10] These advancements address demands for higher resolutions beyond 8K, sustainable manufacturing, and integration with sensors for interactive functionalities like in-display fingerprint recognition.^[11]^[12]

Technology

Display Devices

Display devices are output hardware components that convert electrical signals into visual representations, such as text, images, or video, for human observation.^[13] These devices serve as the primary interface between electronic systems and users, enabling the presentation of information in a comprehensible format.^[14] The historical evolution of display devices began with cathode-ray tubes (CRTs) in the late 19th century, which became the dominant technology for televisions and monitors by the mid-20th century due to their ability to produce bright, high-detail color images at low cost.^[15] CRTs, however, were bulky and heavy—for instance, a 36-inch CRT screen could exceed 100 kg—and required high voltages, typically 25–30 kV, limiting portability and posing safety risks like X-ray emissions.^[15] The shift to modern flat-panel displays accelerated in the 1960s amid advances in transistors and integrated circuits, with liquid crystal displays (LCDs) emerging in the 1970s through innovations like the twisted nematic mode patented in 1970.^[15] By the 1980s, amorphous silicon thin-film transistors (TFTs) enabled active matrix addressing for higher resolution, leading to widespread adoption of LCDs over CRTs by the early 2000s; organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays followed in the late 1980s, offering superior contrast and flexibility.^[15] Display devices are classified into fixed, mobile, and wearable categories based on form factor and intended use. Fixed displays include stationary units like computer monitors and television screens, designed for desk or wall mounting in homes or offices.^[14] Mobile displays are integrated into portable gadgets such as smartphones and tablets, prioritizing compactness and battery efficiency. Wearable displays appear in devices like smartwatches, emphasizing small size, durability, and low power draw for on-body use. Key specifications of display devices include resolution, which measures image sharpness via pixels per inch (PPI) or total pixel count—such as 4K (approximately 8.3 million pixels) versus 8K (over 33 million pixels) for ultra-high-definition viewing.^[16] Refresh rate, expressed in hertz (Hz), indicates how often the screen updates per second, with 60 Hz as a standard for smooth motion and higher rates like 120 Hz reducing blur in fast-paced content.^[14] Aspect ratio defines the screen's proportional dimensions, with 16:9 established as the widescreen standard for modern media to match film and video formats.^[17] Brightness, quantified in nits (cd/m²), determines visibility in varying lighting, typically ranging from 250 nits for indoor use to over 1,000 nits for outdoor applications.^[16] Display devices are integrated across various applications, including televisions for home entertainment, laptops for mobile computing, digital billboards for outdoor advertising, and automotive heads-up displays (HUDs) that project information onto windshields to enhance driver safety without diverting attention.^[18] In televisions and laptops, displays combine with processors to deliver interactive visuals, while digital billboards use large-scale arrays for dynamic content in public spaces.^[18] Automotive HUDs, often employing transparent OLED or LCD layers, overlay speed and navigation data directly in the driver's line of sight. Performance metrics for display devices encompass viewing angle, which specifies the range of positions from which the image remains undistorted—typically up to 178° for LCDs and wider for OLEDs to maintain color accuracy off-axis.^[19] Response time, measured in milliseconds (ms), indicates how quickly pixels change states, with values under 5 ms minimizing motion blur in gaming or video.^[17] Power consumption varies by technology and size, for example, active-matrix OLED displays achieving lower draw than LCDs in small formats due to self-emissive pixels, often below 1 W for wearable units. These metrics rely on basic principles of light emission and modulation to optimize user experience.^[14]

Underlying Technologies

The underlying physics of display technologies primarily revolves around electroluminescence, a process where an electric current excites materials to produce light emission without generating significant heat. In this phenomenon, electrons and holes recombine in a luminescent material, releasing energy as photons, enabling efficient conversion of electrical energy into visible light.^[20] A key metric for evaluating display efficiency is luminous efficiency, defined as the ratio of luminous flux (measured in lumens) to electrical power input (in watts), expressed by the equation:

\eta_v = \frac{\Phi_v}{P}

where \eta_v is the luminous efficacy in lumens per watt, \Phi_v is the total luminous flux, and P is the power consumption; this quantifies how effectively a display converts electricity into perceptible light, with modern technologies achieving values up to 100 lm/W or higher in optimized conditions.^[21] Among major display technologies, liquid crystal displays (LCDs) operate by modulating light from a backlight using twisted nematic liquid crystal cells, where rod-like molecules align in a helical structure to control polarization and thus light transmission through polarizers.^[22] These cells twist light by 90 degrees in the off state, blocking transmission, and untwist under voltage to allow passage, relying on a constant backlight source for illumination. Light-emitting diode (LED) displays, in contrast, generate light directly through electroluminescence in semiconductor materials; inorganic variants use gallium nitride or similar compounds for blue and green emission, while organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays employ carbon-based polymers or small molecules sandwiched between electrodes, offering self-emissive pixels with perfect blacks due to individual pixel control.^[22] Plasma displays, now largely obsolete, produce light via gas ionization in neon-xenon mixtures within microcells, where high-voltage discharges excite gas atoms to emit ultraviolet light that phosphors convert to visible colors, though their high power use and bulkiness led to decline.^[23] Emerging technologies address limitations in brightness, color, and power. MicroLED displays utilize arrays of microscopic inorganic LEDs (typically under 100 μm), providing superior brightness exceeding 1,000,000 nits and longer lifespans over 100,000 hours compared to OLEDs, due to the robustness of semiconductor structures.^[24] Quantum dot displays enhance color by incorporating nanoscale semiconductor particles that emit precise wavelengths upon excitation by blue LEDs, achieving wider color gamuts with purities up to 100% of Rec. 2020 standards through size-tunable emission.^[25] Electrophoretic e-ink displays, used in reflective applications, rely on charged pigment particles suspended in a fluid that migrate under electric fields to form images, consuming power only during state changes and reflecting ambient light for low-power operation suitable for e-readers.^[26] Key processes in these technologies include pixel structure, where each pixel comprises red, green, and blue (RGB) subpixels that mix additively to produce a full color spectrum via spatial dithering or temporal modulation.^[26] Backlight systems in LCDs vary between edge-lit, where LEDs along the panel edges guide light via waveguides for thin profiles, and direct-lit, with LEDs distributed across the rear for uniform illumination and better local dimming, though at higher cost and thickness.^[27] Touch integration often employs **capacitive** sensing, detecting finger proximity via changes in electrostatic fields for multi-touch support, or resistive layers that complete circuits under pressure for stylus compatibility, integrated as overlays without significantly impacting display physics.^[28] Challenges persist in material sustainability and performance. OLEDs suffer from burn-in, where static images cause uneven pixel degradation due to charge trapping; innovations like pixel shifting and compensation algorithms mitigate this by dynamically adjusting drive currents and refreshing subpixels.^[27] Recycling of rare earth elements, such as europium in phosphors or indium in ITO electrodes, is critical due to supply constraints, with hydrometallurgical processes recovering up to 95% from electronic waste through selective leaching.^[29] Scalability for large-scale video walls demands precise alignment of modular panels to minimize seams, with innovations in laser transfer printing enabling high-yield assembly of MicroLED arrays spanning meters.^[24] Mathematical concepts underpin color reproduction, particularly the CIE 1931 color space, which represents visible colors using tristimulus values X, Y, Z derived from human vision experiments, with chromaticity coordinates x = X/(X+Y+Z), y = Y/(X+Y+Z), and z = 1 - x - y plotting the gamut on a horseshoe-shaped diagram. Display gamuts are polygons within this space, such as sRGB covering about 35% of CIE 1931, illustrating limitations in reproducing spectral colors.^[30]^[31]

Biology

Behavioral Displays

In ethology, behavioral displays refer to stereotyped visual signals or postures that animals use to convey information to conspecifics, distinguishing them from auditory or chemical forms of communication.^[32] These displays often involve exaggerated movements or morphological features that enhance visibility and signal intent, such as aggression, submission, or reproductive readiness.^[33] The mechanisms underlying behavioral displays include morphological adaptations, such as colorful feathers, iridescent scales, or expandable appendages, which amplify visual impact, alongside behavioral patterns like rhythmic dancing, body inflation, or rapid flashing of colors.^[34] For instance, male peacocks fan their elaborate tails during courtship, revealing iridescent eyespots that catch light to attract females, while stickleback fish develop a vibrant red belly coloration during breeding to signal territorial ownership and mating availability.^[35]^[36] Similarly, male birds-of-paradise perform intricate plumage displays, combining feather fluffing and acrobatic poses to showcase genetic quality to potential mates.^[37] These displays occur in key social and survival contexts, including courtship driven by sexual selection, territorial defense to ward off rivals, and predator deterrence to appear larger or more threatening.^[34] In courtship, the peacock's tail fanning and the stickleback's red belly serve to entice females by highlighting the male's health and vigor.^[35]^[36] For territorial defense, birds-of-paradise use bold plumage postures to intimidate competitors, while the frill-necked lizard flares its expansive neck frill, accompanied by open-mouthed hissing, to deter predators by mimicking a larger, more formidable opponent.^[37]^[38] Observational studies have been pivotal in documenting these displays, with ethologist Konrad Lorenz identifying innate releasing mechanisms that trigger fixed action patterns in response to specific visual stimuli, as seen in his analyses of bird and fish behaviors.^[39] Lorenz's work on species like greylag geese and sticklebacks highlighted how displays function as instinctive signals, later extended to elaborate rituals in birds-of-paradise through field observations of their synchronized dances and color shifts.^[39]^[37] Factors influencing behavioral displays encompass environmental conditions like lighting and habitat structure, which affect signal visibility; seasonal hormonal changes that intensify coloration or activity during breeding periods; and genetic heritability, where traits like tail length in peacocks show moderate to high inheritance rates across generations.^[34]^[36]^[35] These elements ensure displays adapt to immediate contexts while maintaining evolutionary consistency.

Evolutionary Significance

Visual displays in animals have evolved primarily through sexual selection, as articulated by Charles Darwin in his seminal work The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871), where he described such traits as secondary sexual characteristics that enhance mating success by attracting mates or intimidating rivals, often at the expense of survival.^[40] These displays, ranging from elaborate plumage to ritualized postures, function as signals in mate choice, driving the divergence of sexes beyond what natural selection alone would predict. Darwin's framework emphasized that female preferences for conspicuous traits could perpetuate their elaboration, laying the groundwork for understanding displays as adaptations shaped by reproductive competition rather than solely by environmental pressures. The adaptive advantages of visual displays lie in their role as honest signals of genetic quality and overall fitness, where costly traits reliably indicate an individual's health because only high-quality animals can afford the energetic or survival burdens they impose.^[41] For instance, bright coloration or vigorous movements demand resources that correlate with physiological condition, allowing receivers to assess potential mates or competitors accurately. Complementing this, runaway selection, proposed by Ronald Fisher in 1930, explains how arbitrary preferences for exaggerated traits can escalate through genetic linkage between female choice and male display genes, leading to self-reinforcing evolution of ornate features independent of direct viability benefits.^[42] This mechanism has been invoked to account for the rapid diversification of display traits across lineages, where female bias amplifies male ornaments until balanced by opposing natural selection forces. Empirical evidence from paleontology supports the deep evolutionary roots of visual displays, with fossil records revealing iridescent feathers in theropod dinosaurs dating back over 100 million years, suggesting that such signaling predates modern birds and likely served communicative functions in ancestral mating systems.^[43] Genetic studies further link display traits to immune competence, as analyses in birds show associations between major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene diversity and ornamental features like plumage vibrancy, implying that displays advertise pathogen resistance and mate compatibility through heritable immune profiles.^[44] These findings underscore how displays integrate viability and sexual selection, with MHC-mediated traits providing receivers cues to offspring immunocompetence. Despite their benefits, visual displays entail significant costs and trade-offs that enforce their honesty, including high energy expenditure for maintenance and heightened predation risk from conspicuous signals like bright colors that attract hunters.^[45] Amotz Zahavi's handicap principle (1975) formalizes this by positing that only fit individuals can bear such handicaps without detriment, rendering low-quality cheaters unable to mimic them effectively and thus stabilizing signal reliability in evolutionary equilibria.^[46] Comparative biology reveals displays' ubiquity and convergent patterns across taxa, from the bioluminescent flashes of fireflies—evolved as species-specific courtship signals around 100 million years ago in beetles—to the antler clashes of deer, where size honestly advertises sperm quality and competitive prowess in mammals.^[47]^[48] Such convergences in unrelated groups, like iridescent structures in insects and vertebrates, arise from shared perceptual biases favoring symmetric or dynamic signals, highlighting how universal sensory constraints drive parallel evolution of display forms despite divergent ancestries.^[49] In contemporary contexts, habitat loss disrupts the effectiveness of visual displays, as fragmentation reduces encounter rates for signaling and alters light environments that impair signal transmission, exacerbating population declines in display-dependent species.^[50] Conservation efforts increasingly target these vulnerabilities, such as restoring contiguous habitats to facilitate courtship in lekking birds or mitigating urban light pollution for bioluminescent insects, thereby preserving evolutionary processes reliant on intact visual communication networks.^[51]

Marketing and Retail

Physical Displays

Physical displays in retail refer to static, non-powered structures such as shelves, stands, and cases that enhance product visibility and accessibility for consumers, facilitating self-service browsing and selection without direct salesperson intervention.^[52] These fixtures are integral to visual merchandising, positioning merchandise to attract attention and encourage handling, thereby influencing purchasing decisions at the point of sale.^[53] The historical development of physical displays traces back to the late 19th century, when advancements in plate glass production enabled large department store windows in cities like London and New York, allowing retailers to create captivating exterior showcases that drew pedestrians inside.^[54] By the mid-20th century, the rise of self-service retail innovations, particularly in the 1950s and 1960s following World War II consumer booms in the U.S., shifted focus to interior fixtures like point-of-purchase (POP) stands, which promoted impulse buys by integrating branding directly into store layouts.^[55] This evolution emphasized accessibility and visual appeal to differentiate products in competitive environments.^[56] Common types of physical displays include counter displays, which are small-scale units placed at checkout areas to capture last-minute attention; end-cap displays positioned at aisle ends for promotional visibility; freestanding units, such as cardboard POP stands, that occupy floor space independently to highlight seasonal or new items; and window dressings that frame exterior views to entice entry.^[53]^[57] These variations allow retailers to tailor setups to specific store zones, optimizing traffic flow and product exposure.^[58] Design principles for physical displays prioritize ergonomics, such as placing key products at eye level—typically 4 to 5 feet from the floor—to maximize shopper engagement and reduce physical strain during browsing.^[59] Materials like acrylic for transparency and lightweight portability, wood for aesthetic warmth, and metal for structural strength ensure durability in high-traffic settings.^[60] Compliance with safety standards, including load-bearing capacities under UL 970 for commercial fixtures, prevents hazards like tipping or collapse in crowded retail spaces.^[61] Effectiveness of physical displays is evident in their role in driving impulse purchases, with studies indicating that approximately 70% of supermarket buying decisions are made in-store, often influenced by these setups.^[62] According to the Point of Purchase Advertising International (POPAI) 2012 Shopper Engagement Study, the in-store decision rate was 76%, and displays influence approximately 16% of brand purchases, as nearly 1 in 6 purchases occur when a brand display is present.^[63] Case studies illustrate practical applications, such as IKEA's branded fixtures that recreate room setups with freestanding shelves and stands to immerse shoppers in functional lifestyles, enhancing product context and sales through thematic integration.^[64] In supermarkets, seasonal themes like holiday setups—featuring end-cap displays with festive shelving for gifts and treats—have increased foot traffic and impulse buys during peak periods, as seen in grocery chains using coordinated cardboard units for Christmas promotions.^[65]^[66]

Digital and Advertising Displays

Digital and advertising displays encompass dynamic visual media designed for promotional purposes, including online banners, rich media formats, and physical digital screens that deliver targeted content to audiences. These displays leverage electronic technologies to present animated, interactive, or video-based advertisements, distinguishing them from static visuals by enabling real-time updates and audience engagement. The evolution of digital and advertising displays traces back to the 1990s with the introduction of web banner ads, exemplified by the first clickable banner created by AT&T on HotWired in 1994, which marked the shift from print to online promotion. By the 2010s, programmatic advertising emerged, automating ad purchases through real-time bidding on platforms like Google's DoubleClick, allowing for efficient scaling across websites and apps. Concurrently, the rise of LED video walls in public spaces, such as Times Square installations starting around 2000, transformed out-of-home advertising into immersive, high-resolution experiences powered by advancements in display hardware. Key types include online display ads through networks like the Google Display Network, which supports formats such as static and animated banners, expanding interstitials that appear between content pages, and native ads blending seamlessly with site designs. In-store digital signage features interactive kiosks in retail environments, allowing customers to explore products via touchscreens or video loops for promotions. Out-of-home (OOH) displays, like those on transit screens in subways or buses, deliver location-based messaging to captive audiences using networked LCD or LED panels. Supporting technologies involve ad serving platforms such as Google's Ad Manager, which distribute content across publisher networks, and targeting mechanisms using cookies for user tracking alongside AI algorithms that analyze behavioral data for precise delivery. Performance is measured by metrics including click-through rates (CTR), typically ranging from 0.05% to 0.5% for display ads, and viewability standards set by the Interactive Advertising Bureau (IAB), requiring at least 50% of ad pixels visible for one second. Effective strategies include A/B testing, where variations of ad creatives are compared to optimize engagement, and personalization driven by data analytics to tailor messages based on user demographics and preferences, enhancing relevance. Privacy regulations, such as the EU's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), mandate consent for cookie-based targeting and data processing in personalized displays, influencing global practices to balance efficacy with compliance. As of 2025, AI-driven personalization and programmatic advertising account for 96.8% of new display ad dollars, enabling more targeted and efficient campaigns.^[67] The global online display advertising market was valued at approximately USD 212 billion in 2025, driven by mobile and programmatic growth.^[68] Dynamic elements like motion and interactivity in digital displays improve memory retention, with studies showing higher brand recall compared to static formats; for example, digital billboards achieve 83% recall versus 65% for static ones.^[69]

References

[1]
[DOC] https://mentor.ieee.org/2888/dcn/21/2888-21-0003-0...
display: An electronic visual display, informally a screen, is a display device for presentation of images, text, or video transmitted electronically ...
[2]
[PDF] Technology Brief 9 Display Technologies
In this Technology Brief, we will review the major technologies currently available for two- dimensional visual displays. Cathode Ray Tube (CRT). The earliest ...
[3]
[PDF] Chapter 1 The Evolution of Television Technology
The basic idea of scanning an image to create a serial signal was devised in 1884 by the German Paul Nipkow with his invention of a mechanical scanning disk.
[4]
Plasma Display - Illinois Distributed Museum
The plasma display, invented at the University of Illinois in 1964, was used in PLATO terminals, displaying a single color, and is now in modern TVs.
[5]
The history of liquid-crystal display and its industry - IEEE Xplore
Liquid-crystal display (LCD) was invented in 1964 at RCA Laboratories in Princeton, NJ. In 1970, twisted-nematic (TN) mode of operation was discovered.
[6]
Every display type compared: LCD, OLED, QLED, more
Aug 16, 2025 · Mainstream display types include LCD, TN, IPS, VA, OLED, Mini-LED, Quantum Dot, QD-OLED, and MicroLED.Liquid crystal display (LCD) · Twisted nematic (TN) · Organic LED (OLED)
[7]
Electronic Displays Comparison - Analog Devices
Comparison chart of CRT, ELD, Flip-Dot, Incandescent, LCD, LED, OLED, PLED, Nixie, PDP, and VFD displays.
[8]
Future trends of display technology: micro-LEDs toward transparent ...
Sep 22, 2025 · Future trends of display technology: micro-LEDs toward transparent, free-form, and near-eye displays.
[9]
Lenovo Makes Rollable OLED Screens a Laptop Reality
Lenovo says it will arrive at retail in the first quarter of 2025. “Unique engineering” makes rollable laptop possible. Lenovo isn't new to flexible OLED ...
[10]
E-Paper Display Refresh Rate Reaches New Heights - IEEE Spectrum
This article appears in the November 2025 print issue as “E-Paper Reaches 75-Hz Refresh Rates.”
[11]
Flat-panel laser displays through large-scale photonic integrated ...
Aug 20, 2025 · Here we introduce a laser display architecture enabled by large-scale visible photonic integrated circuits (PICs) to address these challenges.
[12]
Sensor organic light-emitting diode display, combining fingerprint ...
Jul 4, 2024 · Display has been evolving its role as a conventional optical output device into an user interactive input and output device by harnessing ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[13]
[PDF] DISPLAY DEVICES
Display devices are used for the visual presentation of information. 1. Analog display devices (cathode-ray tubes). • Oscilloscope tubes. • TV CRTs.
[14]
Display Characteristics - Video Displays, Work, and Vision - NCBI
In this chapter we summarize and evaluate the known relationships between characteristics of video display devices and observer visual performance.
[15]
Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and ...
This paper describes the history and science behind the development of modern flat-panel displays, and assesses future trends.
[16]
Display Characteristics and Their Impact on Digital Pathology
Aug 11, 2020 · Current displays vary greatly in size, shape, esthetic design, resolution, brightness, contrast ratio, refresh rate, screen reflection, viewing ...
[17]
(PDF) Display Characteristics and the Impact on Usability for Stereo
Aug 9, 2025 · Display performance issues such as brightness, contrast, flicker, image distortion, defective pixels, and mura are more critical in 3D imagery ...
[18]
https://www.eoswell.com/news/lcd-displays
[19]
[PDF] A Case Study of the Flat Panel Display Measurement Standard ...
subtlety, viewing angle, power consumption, and weight, just to name a few.‖. 21. Many technical performance limitations on TFT LCDs could only be solved by the.
[20]
[PDF] Alternating-current thin-film electroluminescent device physics and ...
Electroluminescence is the process of conversion of electrical energy into luminous energy.
[21]
Dielectrics for bright EL displays - IEEE Xplore
following equations: Vat. L = 2r. Cd Vzt (Va and. Ezt (tz + ta• ...(1). Vat). Ɛz/ ©a) (2) where the symbols are defined as follows: luminous efficiency. 36. CH ...<|separator|>
[22]
[PDF] Fabrication and characterization of organic light emitting diodes for ...
Aug 26, 2009 · Organic electroluminescence is the electrically driven emission of light from non-crystalline organic materials. OLEDs have been extensively ...Missing: equation | Show results with:equation
[23]
[PDF] Growth and Characterization of Thin Film Electroluminescent ...
The problems associated with plasma displays include: high operating voltage, low luminance and low luminous efficiency. Field emission display (FED). Field ...
[24]
[PDF] Designing Efficient Micro Light Emitting Diodes for Display ...
Micro LED can achieve higher peak brightness, better color accuracy, faster response times and are more reliable; however one undesirable effect of scaling down ...
[25]
[PDF] Colloidal quantum dots for optoelectronics - Sargent Group
Quantum dots (QDs) are nanometre-sized semiconductor crystal- lites in which the energies of electrons and excitons are governed by nanocrystal size and shape, ...
[26]
[PDF] UCF Senior Design 1: Study Buddy Final Document - UCF ECE
displays such a backlight to allow better visibility to the display and RGB subpixels to display color. Some advantages of LCDs are that they have.
[27]
[PDF] Improving OLED Technology for Displays - DSpace@MIT
Oct 2, 2025 · Recently, use of inorganic LED backlight panels have been developed to improve the efficiency and contrast ratio of LCDs [41] [42]. Contrast ...
[28]
[PDF] ThinSight: Versatile Multi-touch Sensing for Thin Form-factor Displays
One approach is to embed a multi- touch sensor of some kind behind a surface that can have an image projected onto it. A natural technology for this is.
[29]
Electronic Waste Reduction through Devices and Printed Circuit ...
Mar 14, 2022 · Rare metal recovery. The rare-earth element (REE) or rare-earth metals (REM) are the most valuable materials in WEEE and specially in. WPCBs.Missing: video walls
[30]
CIE Color System - HyperPhysics
The CIE system characterizes colors by a luminance parameter Y and two color coordinates x and y which specify the point on the chromaticity diagram.
[31]
[PDF] The CIE XYZ and xyY Color Spaces
Mar 21, 2010 · The chromaticity gamut of the xyY color space (and thus of its parent, the XYZ color space)— the range of chromaticities it can represent—is.
[32]
Full article: A review of shark agonistic displays
A “display” is a stereotyped motor pattern involved in animal communication; displays are usually intraspecific and related species often have similar ...
[33]
A systems approach to animal communication - Journals
Mar 16, 2016 · Why animal communication displays are so complex and how they have evolved are active foci of research with a long and rich history.
[34]
A review of the evolution of animal colour vision and visual ...
The visual displays of animals and plants are often colourful, and colour vision allows animals to respond to these signals as they forage for food, ...
[35]
Animal Reproductive Strategies | Organismal Biology
... tail slows him down), so the bigger and showier the tail, the “better” the male. The peacock's tail is used on courtship displays to attract females.
[36]
Manipulations of signalling environment affect male competitive ...
Breeding adult male three-spined sticklebacks,Gasterosteus aculeatusL., develop an elaborate breeding signal, the primary component of which is ventral red ...
[37]
Evolution of correlated complexity in the radically different courtship ...
Nov 20, 2018 · Fig 1. Birds-of-paradise exhibit extreme diversity in colors, sounds, and behaviors used during courtship displays, necessitating novel methods ...
[38]
antipredator behaviour in the iconic Australian frillneck lizard
Frillneck lizards typically extend their frills in the presence of avian predators, and in some instances the display is amplified by lunging at the predator ( ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[39]
[PDF] Konrad Lorenz 1958 The Evolution of Behavior
DISPLAY BEHAVIOR of seagulls shows how behavior traits inherent in all gulls have adapted to the needs of an aberrant species. At top is a typical gull, the ...
[40]
Darwin, C. R. 1871. The descent of man, and selection in relation to ...
Aug 9, 2025 · RECORD: Darwin, C. R. 1871. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray. Volume 1. 1st edition.
[41]
What maintains signal honesty in animal colour displays used in ...
May 22, 2017 · Many of the colour displays of animals are proposed to have evolved in response to female mate choice for honest signals of quality, ...
[42]
Runaway ornament diversity caused by Fisherian sexual selection
Fisher's runaway process of sexual selection is potentially an important force generating character divergence between closely related populations.
[43]
A bony-crested Jurassic dinosaur with evidence of iridescent ...
Jan 15, 2018 · Here we report a distinctive new Yanliao theropod species bearing prominent lacrimal crests, bony ornaments previously known from more basal theropods.
[44]
Seeing‐good‐gene‐based mate choice: From genes to behavioural ...
Jul 22, 2019 · Females preferred MHC-heterozygous males, which had darker [i.e. lower total reflectance and ultraviolet (UV) reflectance] nuptial plumage.<|separator|>
[45]
https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/521964
[46]
Mate selection—A selection for a handicap - ScienceDirect.com
It is suggested that characters which develop through mate preference confer handicaps on the selected individuals in their survival.Missing: original | Show results with:original
[47]
Firefly genomes illuminate parallel origins of bioluminescence in ...
Today firefly luciferase is widely used in biotechnology, but the evolutionary origin of bioluminescence within beetles remains unclear. To shed light on this ...
[48]
Antlers honestly advertise sperm production and quality - PMC - NIH
Red deer antlers could signal male fertility to females, the ability to avoid sperm depletion throughout the reproductive season and/or the competitive ability ...
[49]
Physiological Basis of Convergent Evolution in Animal ...
Central to this investigation are the concepts of perceptual bias and ritualization that we propose contribute to the convergence of elaborate display designs ...
[50]
Exploiting common senses: sensory ecology meets wildlife ... - NIH
Mar 29, 2021 · We review the benefits that sensory ecology can bring to wildlife conservation and management by discussing case studies across major taxa and sensory ...
[51]
Where is the Love? When habitat fragmentation hinders the search ...
Habitat fragmentation creates isolated areas, limiting mate options and causing genetic isolation, which can reduce reproductive success and increase birth ...Missing: courtship displays
[52]
19 Popular Retail Product Displays for Your Store - Shopify
Jan 6, 2021 · Retail product displays can be broken down into three categories: standalone and point of purchase (POP) displays, store shelving displays, and clothing and ...10. Display Cases · Store Shelving Displays · 13. Retail Shelving Displays
[53]
The 14 Most Effective Types of Retail Displays, Explained - Repsly
End cap displays are the shelves at the end ... Endcaps, entryway displays, freestanding displays, and window displays get you more exposure to the shopper.Missing: physical | Show results with:physical
[54]
The History Of Retail Displays And How They Advanced Into Today's ...
Aug 9, 2023 · Early retail displays were large windows. Now, displays are interactive, allowing shoppers to see, touch, and hear products, and are more ...
[55]
A History of Retail Displays - Exactec
Dec 21, 2022 · Retail displays evolved from handwritten signs and store windows, to POP displays, neon signs, and now interactive displays and kiosks.Store Windows And... · Temporary Cardboard... · Work With Exactec
[56]
Retail Store Displays of Self-Service Shopping - Hagley Museum
In the boom of self-service shopping, designers experimented with new flat-top packaging shapes, in order to make window displays more appealing to ...
[57]
Top 7 Types of Retail Displays and What They're Used For
Jun 17, 2024 · The top 7 retail displays are: End-Caps, Free-Standing, Countertop, Pallet, Power Wing, Dump Bins, and Inline Displays.Countertop Display Units · Pallet Displays · Power Wing Displays
[58]
Types of Retail Display in Visual Merchandising: Examples, Fixtures ...
Jun 5, 2025 · Retail display types include window, end cap, freestanding, POP, mannequin, gondola, table, and digital displays.Retail Display Types · Gondola Shelving Displays · Planogram Strategies By...
[59]
Store Displays Fundamentals: Guide for New Retail Owners - iYubo
May 23, 2025 · Eye level is “buy level”—place your highest-margin or featured products between 4-5 feet from the floor; Position larger, heavier items on lower ...Missing: ergonomics standards bearing
[60]
8 Types Permanent Retail Displays: Complete Guide 2025
Aug 9, 2022 · 8 types of permanent displays · 1. Floor-standing display · 2. Display case · 3. Countertop display（Glorifier） · 4. Window display · 5. Gondola ...2. Display Case · Visual Merchandising... · 5. Gondola Display<|separator|>
[61]
Safety Requirements for Commercial Displays/Retail Fixtures
Sep 27, 2022 · In this webinar we cover latest safety requirements based on UL 970 standard, and consider some risks with best practices.
[62]
[PDF] MOST PURCHASE DECISIONS ARE MADE AT POINT OF SALE
The results show a 70% in-store decision rate in supermarkets and 74% in mass merchandising stores. Which means your advertising investment in building brand ...
[63]
2012 SHOPPER ENGAGEMENT STUDY MEDIA TOPLINE REPORT ...
The 2012 Shopper Engagement Study presents insights about the evolving behaviors of shoppers, revealing that in-store decision-making has increased from 70% ...
[64]
IKEA's Marketing Strategy Conquered the World – Find Out Why!
Feb 12, 2025 · The stores are designed to create a sensory experience, with room setups, visual displays, and even the smell of Swedish food in the air.
[65]
5 Seasonal Retail Design Display Ideas for 2025 - S-Cube Fixtures
Sep 6, 2024 · Get 5 seasonal retail design display ideas for 2025. From Christmas to back-to-school, these concepts will help you attract more shoppers.
[66]
Grocery Store Christmas Displays: How to Captivate Shoppers with ...
Oct 20, 2025 · Learn how to make your grocery store Christmas displays stand out from year's past this holiday season with these pro tips.