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Shock

Shock is a life-threatening state of circulatory failure in which inadequate oxygen delivery to tissues results in cellular hypoxia, organ dysfunction, and potential multi-organ failure if untreated.^[1] It arises from disruptions in the cardiovascular system's ability to maintain perfusion, often involving reduced cardiac output, vasodilation, or volume loss, leading to systemic hypoperfusion.^[2] While the term "shock" can evoke emotional or psychological responses, in physiological terms it denotes a critical imbalance where tissue oxygen demand exceeds supply, progressing through compensatory, progressive, and refractory phases if not reversed.^[3] The condition is classified into four primary types based on underlying mechanisms: hypovolemic shock from absolute or relative fluid loss (e.g., hemorrhage or dehydration); cardiogenic shock due to primary pump failure (e.g., myocardial infarction); distributive shock involving maldistribution of blood flow, such as septic shock from infection-induced vasodilation, anaphylactic shock from allergic reactions, or neurogenic shock from spinal injury; and obstructive shock from mechanical impediments like pulmonary embolism or cardiac tamponade.^[1] Distributive forms, particularly septic shock, account for a significant proportion of cases in intensive care settings and carry high mortality rates, often exceeding 40% despite interventions.^[3] Causes are diverse, encompassing trauma, infection, allergic responses, myocardial damage, and obstructions, with early recognition hinging on physiological derangements rather than isolated symptoms.^[4] Key clinical features include hypotension, tachycardia, altered mental status, oliguria, and cool, clammy extremities in non-septic forms, though distributive shock may present with warm skin due to vasodilation.^[5] Diagnosis relies on hemodynamic monitoring, lactate levels as a marker of tissue hypoperfusion, and targeted imaging or labs to identify etiology, with treatment prioritizing restoration of perfusion via fluids, vasopressors, inotropes, or source control (e.g., antibiotics for sepsis).^[1] Untreated shock rapidly escalates to irreversible damage, underscoring its status as a medical emergency requiring immediate intervention to avert death, with outcomes influenced by prompt reversal of the inciting pathophysiology.^[2]

Medicine and physiology

Circulatory shock

Circulatory shock is a syndrome of acute circulatory failure characterized by inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygenation, resulting in cellular metabolism shifting to anaerobic pathways, lactic acidosis, and potential multiorgan dysfunction if untreated.^[1] ^[2] This condition arises when cardiac output or vascular resistance fails to maintain sufficient blood flow relative to tissue oxygen demands, often progressing through compensatory, progressive, and irreversible stages.^[1] Early recognition is critical, as delays increase mortality; for instance, septic shock, a common subtype, carries a mortality rate exceeding 40% in severe cases despite interventions.^[1] ^[3] Classification divides circulatory shock into four main types based on hemodynamic profiles and etiologies: hypovolemic, cardiogenic, distributive, and obstructive.^[1] ^[2] Hypovolemic shock stems from absolute or relative intravascular volume depletion, such as acute hemorrhage (e.g., trauma-induced blood loss of over 20% of total volume) or fluid losses from vomiting, diarrhea, or burns, leading to reduced preload and cardiac output.^[1] Cardiogenic shock involves primary myocardial dysfunction impairing pump efficacy, commonly from acute myocardial infarction (accounting for 80-90% of cases), arrhythmias, or cardiomyopathies, with cardiac index falling below 2.2 L/min/m² despite adequate filling pressures.^[1] ^[6] Distributive shock features peripheral vasodilation and maldistribution of blood flow, encompassing septic shock (driven by infection-induced cytokine release and endothelial dysfunction), anaphylactic shock (from massive histamine release causing capillary leak), and neurogenic shock (from spinal cord injury disrupting sympathetic tone); distributive is the most prevalent type overall.^[1] Obstructive shock results from mechanical impedance to blood flow, including pulmonary embolism (occluding >30% of pulmonary vasculature), cardiac tamponade (pericardial pressure exceeding diastolic filling), or tension pneumothorax, each elevating right ventricular afterload or impeding venous return.^[1] ^[2] Pathophysiologically, all types converge on reduced oxygen delivery (DO₂ = cardiac output × arterial oxygen content), triggering compensatory mechanisms like sympathetic activation (tachycardia, vasoconstriction) and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system upregulation to preserve vital organ perfusion.^[1] Failure of compensation leads to hypotension (systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg), tissue hypoperfusion evidenced by elevated serum lactate (>2 mmol/L), and end-organ damage, including acute kidney injury from renal hypoperfusion.^[2] In distributive forms, relative hypovolemia from vasodilation exacerbates maldistribution, while cardiogenic and obstructive types often present with elevated central venous pressure distinguishing them from hypovolemic shock.^[1] Clinical manifestations include tachycardia (>100 bpm), tachypnea, altered mental status, oliguria (<0.5 mL/kg/h), and skin changes—cool and mottled in hypovolemic/cardiogenic/obstructive shock, but warm and flushed in early distributive shock due to hyperdynamic circulation.^[1] ^[2] Diagnosis relies on history, physical exam, and adjuncts like arterial blood gas (showing metabolic acidosis), echocardiography (to assess cardiac function and obstructions), and invasive monitoring (e.g., pulmonary artery catheter for mixed venous oxygen saturation <65%).^[1] Laboratory markers such as elevated blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio aid in differentiating hypovolemia from other causes.^[2] Treatment prioritizes airway management, oxygen supplementation (target SpO₂ >94%), and rapid volume resuscitation with crystalloids (e.g., 20-30 mL/kg boluses in hypovolemic shock, monitored via dynamic indices like stroke volume variation to avoid overload).^[1] ^[7] Vasopressors (e.g., norepinephrine as first-line for septic shock to maintain mean arterial pressure >65 mmHg) are indicated for refractory hypotension, while inotropes (e.g., dobutamine) support cardiogenic shock.^[1] ^[8] Underlying causes demand targeted interventions: antibiotics and source control for sepsis, mechanical reperfusion for myocardial infarction, or pericardiocentesis for tamponade.^[1] Early goal-directed therapy, including lactate clearance as a resuscitation endpoint, improves outcomes, though evidence from trials like PROCESS and ARISE emphasizes individualized fluid strategies over rigid protocols.^[7] Mechanical circulatory support (e.g., intra-aortic balloon pump) may be required in refractory cardiogenic cases, with overall prognosis hinging on prompt reversal of the inciting pathology.^[8]

Electric shock

Electric shock refers to the physiological injury resulting from the passage of electric current through the body, primarily causing disruption to neuromuscular, cardiac, and respiratory functions via electrochemical effects on cell membranes and tissues.^[9] The current, governed by Ohm's law (I = V/R, where I is current, V is voltage, and R is body resistance), induces depolarization of excitable cells, leading to involuntary muscle contractions, potential cardiac arrhythmias, and thermal damage from resistive heating.^[10] Body resistance typically ranges from 1,000 ohms (dry skin) to under 1,000 ohms (wet or broken skin), amplifying current flow in moist conditions.^[11] Severity hinges on current magnitude, exposure duration, current pathway, frequency, and waveform (alternating current [AC] versus direct current [DC]). Currents below 1 mA are imperceptible, while 1-10 mA produce tingling; 10-20 mA cause painful sensations and muscle tetany, often preventing voluntary release from the source (let-go threshold).^[12] ^[13] Currents of 30 mA can induce respiratory paralysis by fatiguing diaphragmatic muscles, and 50-100 mA frequently trigger ventricular fibrillation, a chaotic heart rhythm incompatible with life, especially with hand-to-hand or hand-to-chest paths traversing the myocardium.^[14] ^[9] AC at 50-60 Hz is particularly hazardous due to its ability to sustain tetanic contractions and exceed let-go thresholds more readily than DC.^[15] Cardiac effects dominate lethality, with currents as low as 100 mA for 1-3 seconds across the heart sufficient to cause fibrillation or asystole; survival rates drop below 50% for high-voltage exposures exceeding 1,000 volts.^[12] ^[14] Neuromuscular stimulation leads to violent contractions, potentially fracturing bones or dislocating joints, while respiratory arrest arises from prolonged tetany or central nervous system depression. Thermal burns occur at entry/exit points and internally via Joule heating (P = I²R), with deeper tissues vulnerable despite superficial appearances; associated complications include rhabdomyolysis, compartment syndrome, and myoglobinuric renal failure.^[9] ^[16] Long-term sequelae encompass neurological deficits (e.g., peripheral neuropathy, cognitive impairment from hypoxia), cataracts from lens protein denaturation, and psychological trauma, though empirical data on incidence varies due to underreporting in low-severity cases.^[9] Prevention emphasizes grounding, insulated tools, and circuit breakers limiting fault currents to under 5 mA, as occupational data from 2010-2020 indicate over 400 U.S. fatalities annually from such incidents, predominantly among electricians.^[14] Immediate medical evaluation post-exposure is critical, even asymptomatically, to detect occult arrhythmias via ECG monitoring.^[9]

Physics and engineering

Shock wave

A shock wave is a propagating disturbance in a medium that travels faster than the local speed of sound, characterized by an abrupt, nearly discontinuous change in properties such as pressure, density, temperature, and particle velocity across a thin front.^[17]^[18] This discontinuity arises because the wave's supersonic speed prevents information from the disturbance from propagating ahead via sound waves, leading to a sudden compression.^[19] Shock waves form when a source, such as an object accelerating beyond the speed of sound or an explosive release of energy, compresses the medium faster than acoustic waves can dissipate the disturbance.^[18] The speed of the shock wave exceeds the local sound speed, defined by the Mach number M = v / v_s, where v is the source or shock speed and v_s is the speed of sound; shocks require M > 1./Book%3A_University_Physics_I_-Mechanics_Sound_Oscillations_and_Waves(OpenStax)/17%3A_Sound/17.09%3A_Shock_Waves) Across the shock front, downstream flow becomes subsonic relative to the front, with increased pressure and temperature but decreased velocity.^[20] The thermodynamic state changes obey the Rankine-Hugoniot jump conditions, derived from conservation of mass, momentum, and energy in the shock frame, relating upstream (1) and downstream (2) quantities: \rho_1 (u_1 - s) = \rho_2 (u_2 - s) for mass, \rho_1 (u_1 - s)^2 + p_1 = \rho_2 (u_2 - s)^2 + p_2 for momentum, and h_1 + \frac{1}{2}(u_1 - s)^2 = h_2 + \frac{1}{2}(u_2 - s)^2 for energy, where \rho is density, u is flow speed, p is pressure, h is enthalpy, and s is shock speed.^[21] For ideal gases, these yield explicit relations, such as pressure ratio p_2 / p_1 = 1 + \frac{2\gamma}{\gamma + 1} (M^2 - 1), where \gamma is the adiabatic index, confirming irreversible entropy increase downstream.^[22] In nature, shock waves occur in supersonic flows like those from lightning strikes or asteroid impacts, and in astrophysics from supernova remnants propagating through interstellar gas.^[23] Engineered examples include the conical shock trailing supersonic aircraft, producing audible sonic booms when reaching the ground, and blast waves from detonations where initial spherical expansion decays into a strong shock.^[18]^[24] In engineering, shock waves enable applications like high-speed wind tunnel testing for aerodynamics and focused extracorporeal shock wave therapy for non-invasive tissue treatment, leveraging controlled pressure pulses.^[25]

Mechanical shock

Mechanical shock refers to a sudden, nonperiodic mechanical disturbance that abruptly alters a system's velocity or acceleration, typically induced by impacts such as drops, collisions, or explosions.^[26] This transient event transfers kinetic energy rapidly, often exceeding the system's design limits and leading to stress concentrations.^[27] Unlike sustained vibrations, mechanical shock pulses are brief, usually lasting milliseconds, and are characterized by high peak accelerations measurable in g-forces (multiples of Earth's gravity).^[26] Common causes include handling mishaps, transportation jolts, or operational impacts in environments like aerospace or military applications, where equipment may experience accelerations up to 100g or more.^[28] For instance, a free-fall drop from 1 meter onto a hard surface can generate a half-sine shock pulse with peak accelerations around 50-100g, depending on the material and geometry involved.^[27] In engineering contexts, such shocks propagate as stress waves through materials, potentially causing localized failures before dissipating.^[29] Effects on materials and components vary by properties: brittle substances like ceramics may fracture due to tensile stresses exceeding their strength, while ductile metals can deform plastically or fatigue over repeated exposures.^[29] In electronic systems, shocks often loosen solder joints, misalign connectors, or rupture insulation, leading to intermittent failures; for example, accelerations above 500g have been observed to crack microchips in high-reliability devices.^[30] Cumulative damage from multiple low-level shocks can also degrade performance, such as in batteries where internal separators delaminate, reducing capacity by up to 20% after simulated crash impacts.^[31] Measurement involves accelerometers capturing pulse waveforms, with key parameters including peak acceleration, duration (e.g., 0.5-11 ms for classical shocks), and velocity change.^[26] Testing replicates real-world scenarios using shock machines that apply controlled half-sine, sawtooth, or trapezoidal pulses to evaluate resilience.^[27] Relevant standards include MIL-STD-810H Method 516.8, which specifies functional shock tests at 15-40g for equipment durability during transit, and IEC 60068-2-27, defining shock severity classes from 15g/11ms to 1000g/0.5ms for electrotechnical products.^[28]^[32] MIL-STD-883 Method 2002 tailors tests for microelectronic devices, requiring survival at 1500g/0.5ms to ensure suitability for severe environments.^[33] These protocols prioritize empirical validation over simulation, often mandating three shocks per axis for statistical reliability.^[34]

Shock absorber

A shock absorber, also known as a damper, is a mechanical or hydraulic device that absorbs and dissipates shock impulses in a vehicle's suspension system by converting the kinetic energy of oscillatory motion into thermal energy through viscous friction.^[35]^[36] It works in conjunction with springs to control the compression and rebound of the suspension, limiting excessive oscillations and maintaining tire contact with the road surface for improved stability, handling, and passenger comfort.^[37]^[38] Early shock absorbers relied on friction mechanisms, such as arms connected by bolts with adjustable discs, emerging around 1900 for high-speed racing vehicles to mitigate vibrations from rigid axles.^[39] Hydraulic designs advanced with patents like the 1907 "Snubber" by John L. Foster, which used fluid resistance in a lever-operated system, marking the first direct-acting automotive damper.^[40] By 1929, Monroe introduced the first double-action hydraulic shock absorber, enabling damping in both compression and extension strokes, while the modern monotube design appeared in 1952, offering improved heat dissipation and response.^[41] The core working principle involves a piston attached to a rod that reciprocates within a fluid-filled cylinder; as the suspension moves, the piston forces hydraulic oil through calibrated valves or orifices, generating resistance proportional to velocity squared due to turbulent flow and shear forces in the fluid.^[42] This process dissipates energy as heat, with base bleed valves allowing controlled fluid bypass for varying damping rates.^[43] Gas-charged variants incorporate pressurized nitrogen above the oil to suppress foaming and cavitation under high-speed operation, enhancing consistency.^[38] Common types include twin-tube absorbers, featuring an inner working cylinder and outer reservoir for fluid expansion, suitable for standard passenger vehicles; monotube designs, which use a single tube with a larger piston for superior heat management and faster response in performance applications; and strut-integrated absorbers that combine damping with structural support in MacPherson suspension setups.^[44]^[35] Spring seat shocks merge telescopic damping with load-bearing coils for heavy-duty use.^[36] Selection depends on vehicle dynamics, with hydraulic oil-filled models prioritizing simplicity and gas-charged ones reducing fade during aggressive maneuvers.^[45]

Culture shock

Culture shock refers to the psychological disorientation and distress experienced by individuals when encountering unfamiliar cultural norms, values, and behaviors that differ markedly from their own.^[46] The term was coined by anthropologist Kalervo Oberg in a 1954 speech in Rio de Janeiro, later published in 1960, where he described it as an "occupational disease" akin to a medical condition precipitated by anxiety from the loss of familiar social cues and symbols.^[47] ^[46] Oberg emphasized that it arises from the sudden immersion in environments where everyday assumptions about communication, etiquette, and interpersonal relations no longer apply reliably.^[46] The phenomenon typically unfolds in stages, as outlined by Oberg and later refined in models like Sverre Lysgaard's U-curve of adjustment.^[48] The initial honeymoon stage involves excitement and fascination with novelty, often lasting days to weeks, where differences are perceived positively.^[49] This transitions to the frustration or crisis stage, marked by irritation, helplessness, and heightened sensitivity to cultural gaps, such as divergent hygiene practices or authority structures, potentially enduring months.^[50] Recovery follows in the adjustment stage, with gradual adaptation through learning local cues, leading to the mastery or adaptation stage where individuals function effectively bilingually and biculturally.^[49] Empirical studies confirm this non-linear progression, with variability based on individual resilience and prior exposure.^[51] Causes stem from cognitive and perceptual mismatches: the brain's reliance on ingrained schemas for interpreting reality is disrupted by alien rules, leading to information overload and ethnocentric withdrawal.^[52] Key triggers include language barriers, which hinder basic transactions; unfamiliar food, climate, or social hierarchies; and isolation from support networks.^[53] Research on international students identifies additional factors like housing instability and economic pressures exacerbating the effect.^[53] Personality traits, such as openness to experience, moderate severity, with prior intercultural contact reducing onset.^[54] Symptoms manifest psychologically as anxiety, depression, irritability, and homesickness, alongside physiological signs like insomnia, fatigue, and compulsive behaviors such as excessive hygiene rituals.^[50] ^[55] Studies on expatriates and migrants report elevated risks of emotional exhaustion and reduced concentration, with demographic factors like age and travel history influencing intensity—younger sojourners often face steeper declines in well-being.^[56] ^[55] In severe cases, untreated shock correlates with premature repatriation rates up to 10-15% among assignees.^[57] Coping strategies emphasize proactive engagement: building local social ties reduces isolation, as evidenced by longitudinal data showing support networks halve adjustment time.^[58] Language acquisition and cultural immersion training, such as pre-departure simulations, mitigate symptoms by rebuilding perceptual frameworks.^[59] Self-awareness of stages prevents overreaction, while hobbies and routine establishment maintain psychological stability.^[47] Empirical interventions, including cognitive-behavioral techniques, demonstrate efficacy in lowering distress scores by 20-30% in controlled trials.^[60] Long-term, reverse culture shock upon return can mirror initial effects, underscoring adaptation as bidirectional.^[61]

Economic shock

An economic shock refers to an unexpected or unpredictable event that disrupts an economy by altering key macroeconomic variables, such as output, employment, or prices, often leading to deviations from equilibrium trends.^[62] These shocks can originate externally, like natural disasters or geopolitical conflicts, or internally through sudden policy changes, and they propagate through interconnected markets, amplifying effects via supply chains, financial channels, or consumer behavior.^[63] Empirical analyses indicate that such disruptions typically cause short-term volatility but can induce persistent scarring, including reduced potential output and heightened inflation persistence, particularly for supply-side events.^[64] Economic shocks are classified into several types based on their transmission mechanisms. Supply shocks, such as raw material shortages, shift the aggregate supply curve leftward, raising prices while curbing production; the 1973 oil embargo by OPEC members, which quadrupled crude oil prices from about $3 to $12 per barrel between October 1973 and January 1974, exemplifies this, triggering stagflation in the U.S. with GDP contracting 0.5% in 1974 amid double-digit inflation.^[65] ^[66] Demand shocks, conversely, affect aggregate demand through shifts in consumption or investment; the COVID-19 pandemic combined demand suppression from lockdowns with supply bottlenecks, resulting in a global GDP contraction of 3.0% in 2020—the sharpest since the Great Depression.^[67] Financial shocks involve credit crunches or asset busts that impair intermediation, as seen in the 2008 crisis where subprime mortgage defaults led to a 4.3% U.S. GDP drop from peak to trough.^[68] Other categories include policy shocks from abrupt fiscal or monetary shifts and technology shocks from innovations or breakdowns that alter productivity.^[62] The macroeconomic consequences of shocks depend on their nature, magnitude, and policy responses, but evidence consistently shows they exacerbate business cycles. Supply disruptions often generate "scarring" effects, depressing long-term demand and equilibrium interest rates while inflating prices persistently, as modeled in dynamic stochastic general equilibrium frameworks with hysteresis.^[64] Demand shocks, while potentially self-correcting via automatic stabilizers, can entrench unemployment if prolonged, with vector autoregression studies revealing that negative shocks explain up to 20-30% of output variance in advanced economies.^[69] Financial shocks propagate broadly, contracting lending and investment; empirical identification via sign restrictions confirms they account for significant portions of recessions, with multipliers amplifying initial impacts by 1.5-2 times through balance sheet channels.^[70] Positive shocks, like technological breakthroughs, can boost growth but risk overheating if unabsorbed, underscoring the need for flexible institutions to mitigate asymmetric harms.^[62] Overall, shocks highlight economies' vulnerability to exogenous forces, with resilience varying by diversification and prior vulnerabilities like high debt levels, which amplified COVID-19's fiscal strain globally.^[71]

Psychology and mental health

Psychological shock

Psychological shock, also known as emotional shock or acute stress reaction, is an immediate psychological response to a traumatic or overwhelming event, involving a temporary state of emotional numbness, cognitive disorientation, and detachment as the mind processes the stressor.^[72] This reaction serves as an adaptive mechanism to buffer against intense distress, akin to the body's fight-or-flight response but centered on mental preservation rather than physical action.^[73] Empirical observations from trauma studies indicate it typically emerges within minutes to hours of the event and lasts from hours to several days, though it may extend into acute stress disorder if symptoms persist beyond three days.^[74] Common symptoms include disbelief or denial of the event, confusion and impaired concentration, irritability or mood swings, and somatic manifestations such as rapid heartbeat, shallow breathing, or gastrointestinal upset.^[75] In severe cases, individuals may experience dissociative symptoms like feeling detached from reality or a sense of time distortion, which help mitigate overwhelming emotions but can impair daily functioning.^[76] Research on trauma survivors, such as those from accidents or violence, shows these responses correlate with heightened activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, leading to elevated cortisol levels that facilitate short-term coping but risk dysregulation if prolonged.^[77] Causes primarily stem from sudden exposure to perceived life-threatening situations, including personal assaults, natural disasters, bereavement, or witnessing harm to others, with vulnerability increased by prior trauma history or lack of social support.^[78] Unlike chronic conditions like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which requires symptoms lasting over one month and involves persistent re-experiencing or avoidance, psychological shock is transient and does not necessarily predict long-term pathology, though unresolved cases elevate PTSD risk by up to 50% in longitudinal studies of trauma-exposed cohorts.^[74]^[79] Management focuses on immediate stabilization through psychological first aid, which entails ensuring physical safety, promoting rest, and providing empathetic listening without forcing confrontation of the event.^[80] If symptoms endure beyond a week, evidence-based interventions like cognitive behavioral therapy or eye movement desensitization and reprocessing can prevent progression to chronic issues, with meta-analyses showing efficacy rates of 60-80% in reducing acute symptoms when initiated early.^[77] Recovery is often spontaneous in resilient individuals, supported by factors such as strong pre-event coping skills and community ties, underscoring the causal role of neurobiological resilience over purely environmental narratives.^[72]

Shell shock

Shell shock, a term first used in a medical context in February 1915 by British psychologist Charles Samuel Myers in The Lancet, described acute psychological disturbances observed in soldiers during World War I, particularly following exposure to prolonged artillery bombardment. Myers documented cases involving symptoms such as loss of smell and taste, mutism, and involuntary movements in gunners who had endured shelling, initially attributing these to concussive effects on the nervous system without visible physical trauma.^[81] The condition affected an estimated 80,000 British troops by war's end, with similar reports among French and German forces, though exact figures varied due to inconsistent diagnosis and stigma against non-physical ailments.^[82] Early explanations emphasized physical causation, positing that high-explosive shells produced invisible microscopic brain lesions or toxic gas inhalation damaging neural pathways, as proposed by pathologist Frederick Walker Mott, who conducted autopsies on affected soldiers revealing no gross injuries but inferred subtle damage.^[83] However, evidence mounted that shell shock arose primarily from psychological strain, including fear of imminent death, sensory overload from constant explosions, and moral exhaustion from trench warfare's unrelenting horror, rather than direct blast effects alone; men in rear areas or non-combat roles exhibited symptoms without shell exposure.^[84] This shift aligned with emerging views in military psychiatry, recognizing it as a form of acute stress reaction akin to hysteria or neurasthenia, though debates persisted on hereditary predispositions versus environmental triggers. Symptoms encompassed a spectrum of functional disorders: motor issues like tremors, gait disturbances, and paralysis; sensory deficits including blindness, deafness, and amnesia; and emotional manifestations such as panic, nightmares, confusion, and mutism, often without organic basis upon examination. In severe cases, soldiers displayed catatonic states or compulsive movements resembling seizures, persisting weeks or months post-exposure.^[85] Diagnosis relied on exclusion of physical injury via neurological tests, but initial military responses treated it punitively, viewing it as cowardice; by 1917, dedicated facilities like Craiglockhart Hospital employed analytical approaches influenced by Freudian ideas, though empirical validation remained limited.^[86] Treatments evolved from rudimentary rest and suggestion therapies—such as hypnosis or persuasion to restore function—to more structured interventions, including graduated exposure to simulated combat noise and early forms of cognitive reframing, with recovery rates around 70-80% in forward areas via rapid return to duty. Harsh methods like faradic electrical stimulation were applied in some cases to "shock" patients out of symptoms, reflecting era-specific assumptions of willpower deficits, but these risked exacerbating trauma. Post-war, shell shock informed the 1922 War Office committee's recommendations for prevention through troop rotation and welfare, laying groundwork for modern combat stress management, though official narratives minimized its prevalence to uphold morale and discipline.^[82] The condition's legacy underscores the tension between biological and experiential models of trauma, predating formalized PTSD criteria by decades.

Military and warfare

Shock tactics

Shock tactics in military doctrine refer to offensive maneuvers that employ sudden, concentrated violence to impose psychological pressure on enemy forces, aiming to induce panic, disrupt cohesion, and erode combat effectiveness.^[87] This approach leverages rapid mobility and overwhelming force, such as cavalry charges or mechanized assaults, to exploit the human element of fear rather than solely attritional combat.^[88] U.S. Army field manuals describe shock action as integral to assaults, where firepower and momentum overrun positions before the enemy can recover.^[88] In ancient Mediterranean warfare, shock tactics often involved exotic or high-momentum units like chariots, heavy cavalry, and war elephants to shatter enemy morale through terror and disorder. At the Battle of Gaugamela in 331 BCE, Persian King Darius III deployed scythed chariots intended to carve through Macedonian lines, but Alexander the Great countered with disciplined phalanxes and flanking cavalry, turning the shock element against the Persians.^[89] Similarly, at Cannae in 216 BCE, Hannibal's Carthaginian cavalry executed a double envelopment, routing Roman forces and demonstrating how coordinated shock from mobile arms could encircle and demoralize superior numbers.^[89] Elephants, used by Pyrrhus of Epirus at Heraclea in 280 BCE, caused Roman panic with their unfamiliar roar and charge, though such tactics proved vulnerable to countermeasures like fire or disciplined infantry.^[89] During World War II, German forces adapted shock tactics to mechanized warfare through Blitzkrieg, combining tanks, infantry, and air support for rapid penetration and disruption behind enemy lines, as seen in the 1940 invasion of France where armored spearheads created chaos leading to swift capitulation.^[90] This evolution emphasized speed and surprise to amplify psychological impact, influencing post-war doctrines like the U.S. AirLand Battle, which incorporated Soviet-inspired shock mechanisms for deep strikes and operational paralysis.^[91] In contemporary strategy, concepts like "shock and awe" extend these principles to achieve rapid dominance via overwhelming precision firepower, though effectiveness depends on enemy resilience and adaptation, as evidenced by prolonged urban campaigns where initial shock dissipates against determined defenders.^[92]^[93] Historical analyses note that while shock tactics yield decisive breakthroughs against unprepared foes, they falter without follow-through exploitation, underscoring the need for integrated maneuver and sustainment.^[93]

Shock troops

Shock troops are military formations specially selected, trained, and equipped to spearhead assaults, particularly against fortified enemy positions, employing tactics designed to overwhelm defenses through speed, surprise, and concentrated firepower.^[94] These units prioritize high morale, discipline, and offensive capability to inflict rapid casualties and disrupt enemy cohesion, distinguishing them from regular infantry by their focus on infiltration and close-quarters combat rather than sustained positional warfare.^[95] The concept gained prominence during World War I with the German Army's development of Sturmtruppen (stormtroopers), elite assault detachments formed to counter the stalemate of trench warfare.^[96] Originating from experimental units like those led by Captain Willy Rohr in 1915, these troops refined Stoßtrupp tactics—infiltration by small, decentralized groups bypassing strongpoints, using grenades, light machine guns, and flamethrowers to seize objectives before reinforcements could respond.^[97] By late 1917, approximately 30 German divisions had integrated shock troop battalions, which played a key role in the 1918 Spring Offensives, advancing up to 40 miles in initial breakthroughs despite ultimate strategic failure due to logistical overextension.^[97] Ottoman forces also adopted similar stormtrooper units in 1917, trained in Ukraine and deployed in the Middle Eastern theater for infiltration raids against British lines.^[98] In World War II, the Soviet Union formed "shock armies" as large-scale equivalents, reinforced with extra tank brigades, artillery, and rocket units to execute deep battle breakthroughs against German defenses.^[99] The 3rd Shock Army, for instance, participated in operations like the relief of Leningrad in 1943, leveraging massed armor and infantry to shatter encirclements.^[100] These formations emphasized overwhelming force over elite small-unit tactics, reflecting adaptations to mechanized warfare, though they suffered high casualties from hasty formations and poor initial command, as seen in the 2nd Shock Army's near annihilation during the 1942 Lyuban Offensive.^[101] Post-World War II, the term has occasionally described elite units in various armies, such as specialized assault groups in modern conflicts, but its core application remains tied to historical precedents where such troops disrupted static fronts through aggressive, high-risk maneuvers.

Other common uses

Collective noun

A shock denotes a bundled stack of sheaves of grain, such as wheat, rye, or corn, arranged upright in fields to facilitate drying after harvesting and prior to threshing; this practice, known as stooking, preserves the crop from ground moisture and weather damage.^[102]^[103] The term derives from Old English agricultural terminology, where sheaves were grouped in sets of 40 to 60 for manual handling and storage.^[104] In modern contexts, "shock" retains this usage in descriptions of traditional farming, though mechanized harvesting has largely supplanted stooking in industrialized agriculture.^[105] Additionally, "shock" describes a thick, tangled mass of hair, as in a "shock of white hair," emphasizing unruly volume rather than mere quantity.^[106] This figurative extension parallels the bundled density of grain shocks, appearing in literature and common parlance since at least the 16th century to evoke abundance or wild profusion.^[103]

Places

Geographical locations

Shock is an unincorporated community in Gilmer County, West Virginia, United States, situated 13 miles (21 km) southwest of the county seat, Glenville, along the Right Fork of Steer Creek.^[107] The community maintains a post office with ZIP code 26638, serving the local rural population.^[107] Named for the prominent Shock family in the area, it exemplifies small Appalachian settlements with limited infrastructure and a focus on agriculture and forestry.^[108] Gilmer County, encompassing Shock, recorded a population of 8,026 in the 2020 United States Census, reflecting the region's sparse density of approximately 24 persons per square mile.^[109] The ZIP code area around Shock reports about 122 residents with a median age of 59.2 years, indicative of an aging demographic typical of depopulating rural West Virginia locales. No other significant geographical locations worldwide bear the exact name "Shock," distinguishing this community as the primary instance.^[110]

People

Individuals with the given name or nickname Shock

Rashoderick "Shock" Linwood (born October 13, 1993) is an American former college football running back who played for the Baylor Bears from 2012 to 2015.^[111] During his tenure, he amassed 3,359 rushing yards, establishing the program's all-time record for career rushing yardage, and scored 29 rushing touchdowns.^[112] Linwood earned Big 12 Offensive Newcomer of the Year honors in 2013 after rushing for 1,132 yards and 13 touchdowns as a sophomore.^[113] Gregory "Shock G" Jacobs (August 25, 1963 – April 22, 2021) was an American rapper, musician, and producer best known as the founder and lead performer of the hip-hop group Digital Underground.^[114] Active from the late 1980s, he gained prominence with the 1990 hit "The Humpty Dance," performed under his alter ego Humpty Hump, which peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 and helped propel the group's debut album Sex Packets to platinum status.^[115] Shock G also produced early tracks for Tupac Shakur, including contributions to Digital Underground's albums and Shakur's debut 2Pacalypse Now.^[114] He died at age 57 from an accidental fentanyl and methamphetamine overdose in Tampa, Florida.^[115] Iehiro Uemura, professionally known as SHOCK EYE (born December 14, 1976), is a Japanese singer and DJ, member of the reggae band Shonan no Kaze (also known as Gaim no Kaze).^[116] He has released solo work and collaborated on theme songs, including "You are the HERO" for the 2014 Kamen Rider Gaim spin-off film.^[117] SHOCK EYE's discography includes tracks blending J-pop and reggae influences, with appearances on albums like Good Loving feat. SHOCK EYE.^[118]

Individuals with the surname Shock

Everett L. Shock is an American geochemist and professor in the School of Earth and Space Exploration and the School of Molecular Sciences at Arizona State University.^[119] His research focuses on geobiochemistry, including hydrothermal organic transformations and the stability of organic compounds in planetary environments.^[120] Shock has been cited over 23,000 times in scholarly literature and received the 2019 Geochemistry Medal from the Geochemistry Division of the American Chemical Society for his contributions to understanding geochemical processes in Earth and life sciences.^[121] He is a fellow of the Geochemical Society, the European Association for Geochemistry, and the American Geophysical Union.^[119] Maurice Shock (April 15, 1926 – July 7, 2018) was a British university administrator and educationalist knighted for his services to higher education.^[122] He served as Politics Fellow at University College, Oxford, and as Vice-Chancellor of the University of Leicester from 1990 to 1995, during which he chaired the Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals (now Universities UK).^[123] Shock was recognized for advancing university infrastructure and policy, including strategic planning for campus development and national representation of academic interests.^[124] Howard Ronald "Ron" Shock (October 19, 1942 – May 17, 2012) was an American comedian and storyteller known for long-form narratives drawn from his personal experiences, including stints as a would-be jewel thief and chain gang member.^[125] Born in Albuquerque, New Mexico, he began performing comedy at age 40 in Houston's "outlaw" scene alongside figures like Bill Hicks, later basing himself in Las Vegas.^[126] Shock died of urethral cancer at age 69.^[127] Molly Shock is an American television editor and member of American Cinema Editors, nominated twice for Emmy Awards and once for an ACE Award.^[128] Her credits include editing episodes of reality series such as Naked and Afraid, MasterChef, and RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars.^[129] Shock graduated from Loyola Marymount University and has contributed to sound editing for documentaries like Star Wars: Empire of Dreams.^[128]

Arts, entertainment, and media

Films

Shock (1946) is an American film noir directed by Alfred L. Werker and produced by 20th Century Fox, centering on a woman who witnesses a murder and enters a state of psychological shock, only to be treated by the perpetrator, a psychiatrist played by Vincent Price. The film stars Lynn Bari as the protagonist Janet, Frank Latimore as her husband, and Anabel Shaw in a supporting role, with a runtime of 70 minutes and a budget of $375,000. It explores themes of institutional corruption and mental fragility in a psychiatric setting.^[130] Shock (1977), originally titled Schock in Italian, is a supernatural horror film directed by Mario Bava, marking his last theatrical release before his death in 1980. The plot follows a family—comprising Daria Nicolodi, John Steiner, and their son David Colin Jr.—relocating to a seaside home where the mother experiences hallucinations and the boy appears possessed by his late father's vengeful spirit, tied to the father's drug addiction and suicide. Produced by the Italian company Bava Films with a focus on psychological terror and ghostly apparitions, it runs 95 minutes and blends haunted house elements with giallo influences.^[131]

Music

"Shock" is the title of the eighth studio album by American hard rock band Tesla, released on March 8, 2019, via UMe. Produced and co-written by Def Leppard guitarist Phil Collen, the album features 10 tracks blending bluesy rock with heavier riffs, including the title track "Shock" issued as the lead single.^[132] New wave band The Motels released their fifth studio album, Shock, in 1985 on Capitol Records. Recorded amid lineup changes and internal tensions, it marked a shift toward synth-pop influences while retaining the band's signature melodic style, with singles like "Shame" charting modestly.^[133] "Shock" is a song by industrial metal band Fear Factory, serving as the lead single from their third album Obsolete, released in 1998 on Roadrunner Records. The track, clocking in at 4:57, exemplifies the band's aggressive groove metal sound with electronic elements and themes of rebellion against oppression.^[134]^[135] Shock was a British experimental new wave ensemble incorporating music, mime, and dance, formed in 1979 and active through the early 1980s. The troupe supported acts like Gary Numan and Adam and the Ants, releasing singles such as "Angel Face" (1980) via Tik + Tok Records, characterized by collage-style electronics and theatrical performances without live instruments.^[136]^[137]

Literature and other works

"Shock" is a 2001 medical thriller novel by Robin Cook, centering on two graduate students who donate eggs to a high-end infertility clinic, only to uncover unethical practices including cloning and organ harvesting for profit.^[138] The narrative explores themes of medical ethics and reproductive technology, drawing on Cook's background as a physician to detail procedures like oocyte donation and in vitro fertilization.^[139] "A Shock," published in 2021 by Keith Ridgway, blends elements of novel and short story collection, depicting interconnected episodes in contemporary south London involving characters navigating personal and societal disruptions, including racism, inequality, and urban alienation.^[140] Ridgway employs a fragmented structure to examine the "unacceptable becoming acceptable" in modern life, with recurring figures linking tales of quiet desperation and subtle weirdness.^[141] Dean Young's "Shock by Shock" (2018) is a poetry collection that revitalizes themes of mortality, renewal, and linguistic play following the poet's recovery from open-heart surgery, incorporating surreal imagery and rhythmic innovation to convey invigoration amid fragility.^[142] Richard Matheson's "Shock!" series comprises three collections of short speculative fiction: "Shock!" (1961), "Shock II" (1964), and "Shock III" (1966), featuring horror and science fiction stories originally published in pulp magazines like Weird Tales, often probing psychological terror and the uncanny.^[143] These anthologies highlight Matheson's early career focus on twist endings and human vulnerability.

Sports

Teams and events

The Detroit Shock was a Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) franchise based in Auburn Hills, Michigan, from 1998 to 2009, winning championships in 2003, 2006, and 2008.^[144]^[145] The team relocated to Tulsa, Oklahoma, becoming the Tulsa Shock from 2010 to 2015 before moving again to Dallas as the Wings.^[146] The Spokane Shock competed in indoor American football, initially in the af2 league starting in 2006, advancing to the Arena Football League (AFL) in 2010 where it won ArenaBowl XXV, and later joining the Indoor Football League (IFL) until its termination in 2022.^[147]^[148] The San Francisco Shock was an Overwatch League e-sports team owned by the Golden State Warriors, based in San Francisco but operating from Los Angeles like other league franchises; it secured multiple championships before the league's restructuring.^[149] The St. Louis Shock is a Premier Level team in Major League Pickleball, owned by the Chaifetz family and noted for competitive performance in the league's professional circuit.^[150]^[151] Smaller or regional teams include the St. Thomas Shock, a girls' high school basketball club in Canada founded in the early 1990s.^[152] No major professional sports events are prominently named "Shock," though various training programs like Shock Sports in Vermont focus on soccer development without league-level event status.^[153]

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Shock is characterized by decreased oxygen delivery and/or increased oxygen consumption or inadequate oxygen utilization leading to cellular and tissue hypoxia.
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Shock - Critical Care Medicine - Merck Manual Professional Edition
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Shock may result from trauma, heatstroke, blood loss or an allergic reaction. It also may result from severe infection, poisoning, severe burns or other causes ...
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Sep 20, 2025 · Very fast breathing. · Severe shortness of breath. · Very fast heartbeat. · Weak pulse. · Low blood pressure. · Sweating. · Cold hands or feet.
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Jul 6, 2025 · ... current is detected, typically at thresholds between 15 and 20 A. in residential settings, the let-go current for both adults and children ...
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6 to 25 Milliampere (women) Painful shocks. Loss of muscle control. 9 to 30 Milliampere (men). The freezing current or “let go” range. If extensor muscles are.
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[18]
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When an object travels faster than the speed of sound in a medium, a cone shaped region of high pressure called a shock wave trails behind it.
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Shock waves occur whenever an object moves faster than the speed of sound and the object abruptly constricts the flow. Shock waves are very small regions in a ...
[20]
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The Mach number and speed of the flow also decrease across a shock wave. If the shock wave is perpendicular to the flow direction it is called a normal shock.
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These conditions are completely analogous to the Rankine-Hugoniot equations for ordinary shocks; they are obtained by consideration of the conservation of mass, ...Missing: characteristics | Show results with:characteristics
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Shock wave in fluids could be generated by the sudden, intense disturbance of a fluid. This disturbance could be, for example, powerful explosion, or flight of ...<|separator|>
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[29]
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High strain rate elastic-plastic behavior and shock-induced damage. Shock loading techniques enable the study of the thermo-mechanical behavior of materials ...INTRODUCTION · High strain rate elastic-plastic... · Equation of state and phase...
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Component Damage: Collisions between adjacent components can cause physical damage or misalignment. · Electrical Insulation Failure: · Structural Deformation: ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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An evaluation of commonly used mechanical shock test standards for EV battery module and pack is performed in this study against the crash-induced shock ...<|separator|>
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Mechanical shock testing assesses how well a product or design can endure different forces and identifies its limitations.
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The MIL STD-883 test is intended to determine the suitability of the devices for use in electronic equipment which may be subjected to moderately severe shocks.
[34]
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Shock Absorbers Explained
Shock absorbers are hydraulic (oil) pump like devices that help to control the impact and rebound movement of your vehicle's springs and suspension.
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Shock absorber in an automobile is used to dampen and control the oscillations and vibrations of the vehicle's suspension system, thereby enhancing ride comfort ...<|separator|>
[37]
Shock Absorbers - The Basics
Shock absorbers are an integral part of a vehicle's suspension. A shock absorber is designed to absorb or dampen the compression and rebound of the springs and ...
[38]
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Shock absorbers are essential devices in the car suspension system, performing a crucial role in its correct functioning and in on-board traveler safety.
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[40]
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Types of Shock Absorbers. Shock absorbers are available as a Mono tube design or twin tube design. The basic function of both designs is the same; oil has to ...
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[48]
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Lysgaard's U-shaped model of cultural adjustment has four phases: honeymoon phase, crisis phase, recovery phase, and adjustment phase. Honeymoon Phase. This ...Causes of Culture Shock · Honeymoon Phase · Crisis Phase<|separator|>
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[54]
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[59]
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Cultural shock is a feeling of uncertainty or anxiety that affects people that are immersed in a culture that is different or new.
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[62]
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An economic shock refers to any change to fundamental macroeconomic variables or relationships that has a substantial effect on macroeconomic outcomes.
[63]
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Oct 31, 2024 · An economic shock, or macroeconomic shock, refers to any sudden, large-scale event that disrupts the economy unexpectedly.
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COVID-19 caused a surge in global debt, turning a pre-existing debt wave into a dangerous "tsunami" and increasing government and private debt.
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Aug 19, 2025 · Emotional and psychological symptoms: · Shock, denial, or disbelief. · Confusion, difficulty concentrating. · Anger, irritability, mood swings.
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[79]
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May 2, 2022 · It is also a psychological shock to individuals who are exposed to an event that involves actual and unexpected death or serious injuries ...
[80]
Development of Psychological First Aid Guidelines for People Who ...
Oct 13, 2021 · PFA prior knowledge include identifying psychological shock reactions, moving the target to mental and physical safe places, exploring disaster ...
[81]
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In this book, I define “shell-shock” as the constellation of symptoms and conditions which wartime doctors identified as a related set of psychiatric, ...
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FM3-90 Chapter 5 Attack - GlobalSecurity.org
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[89]
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Apr 9, 2014 · By the end of the year, 30 German divisions had established battalions of shock troops. Even the navy had formed a detachment. The units ...<|separator|>
[98]
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[101]
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Mar 4, 2021 · The Second Shock Army was formed in December 1941. Its first commander was General Lieutenant Sokolov a former NKVD commissar who was found to be absolutely ...
[102]
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Collective nouns for objects & things ; Condiments, Accompaniment ; Corn, Sheaf, Shock (pile of stalks) ; Cymbals, Sign ; Diamond, Cluster ; Dice, Luck.<|separator|>
[103]
50 Collective Nouns to Bolster Your Vocabulary - Mental Floss
Jan 18, 2013 · Collective nouns may seem like quirky ways to describe groups ... Shock of Corn. 30. Band of Men. 31. Knot of Toads. 32. Wedge of Swans ...
[104]
COLLECTIVE NOUNS | madbotanistofficial
A collective noun (aka company term) is a word used to describe a collection ... snitch or shock of corn (pile of stalks). ear of corn (conglomerate of ...
[105]
[PDF] Collective Noun Catalog - Miami University WordPress Sites
Page 1. The Collective Noun Collection. Page 1 of 153. Category. Subject. Collective Noun ... shock. ○. ○. ○. Food - Cereals grain shock. ○. Food - Cereals rye.
[106]
Collective Nouns - Sight Words
Jan 10, 2013 · Examples of Collective Nouns. List of Collective Nouns. academy of ... shock of hair or wheat. slew of homework. sleuth of bears. society of ...
[107]
https://www.assistedliving.com/west-virginia/shock/
[108]
West Virginia's weirdest town names - WBOY.com
Jul 8, 2022 · Shock is an unincorporated community in Gilmer County named after the Shock family. West Virginia University has a collection of glass plate ...
[109]
Gilmer County - State of West Virginia
Background Year Founded: 1845. County Seat: Glenville ; Demographics Land Area (sq miles): 338.5. Population: 8,026. Median Income: $37,175.Missing: facts | Show results with:facts
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Cities named Shock. How many places are named Shock? - Geotargit
There is one place in the world named Shock! Shock can be found in 1 country. Use the search box below to search for cities and places in the world and display ...
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Shock Linwood - Football - Baylor Athletics
Ranked seventh in Big 12 with 5.44 yards per carry and ninth in both rushing yards and rush yards per game (68.3)...Set both Baylor career rush yardage record ( ...
[112]
Shock Linwood College Stats, School, Draft, Gamelog, Splits
Shock Linwood. School: Baylor. Position: RB. 5-9, 200lb (175cm, 90kg). 32. Become a Stathead & surf this site ad-free. Shock Linwood Overview; Game Logs.
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Shock Linwood - Baylor Bears Running Back - ESPN
View the profile of Baylor Bears Running Back Shock Linwood on ESPN. Get the latest news, live stats and game highlights.
[114]
Shock G, Frontman for Hip-Hop Group Digital Underground, Dies at 57
Apr 23, 2021 · Gregory Edward Jacobs, known as Shock G, the frontman for the influential hip-hop group Digital Underground, was found dead on Thursday at a hotel in Tampa, ...
[115]
Digital Underground Rapper Shock G Dead at 57 - People.com
Apr 22, 2021 · Shock G, the co-founder of the iconic hip-hop group Digital Underground, has died. He was 57. The rapper, born Gregory Jacobs, was found dead on Thursday.
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SHOCK EYE | Kamen Rider Wiki - Fandom
Iehiro Uemura (植村家浩, Uemura Iehiro), better known under his stage name SHOCK EYE (ショックアイ, SHOCK EYE) is a Japanese singer and DJ and a member of Shonan no Kaze. He performed You are the HERO, the theme song to Gaim Gaiden: Kamen Rider Gridon VS Kamen Rider Bravo.
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SHOCK EYE from GAIM NO KAZE - Apple Music
Listen to music by SHOCK EYE from GAIM NO KAZE on Apple Music. Find top songs and albums by SHOCK EYE from GAIM NO KAZE including You are the HERO (Theme ...
[118]
SHOCK EYE from 湘南乃風 - Apple Music
Listen to music by SHOCK EYE from 湘南乃風on Apple Music. Find top songs and albums by SHOCK EYE from 湘南乃風, including Good Loving feat.
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Everett Shock - ASU Search - Arizona State University
He is a fellow of the Geochemical Society and European Association for Geochemistry, and a fellow of the American Geophysical Union. His research is recognized ...
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‪Everett Shock‬ - ‪Google Scholar‬
Professor of geobiochemistry, Arizona State University - ‪‪Cited by 23589‬‬ - ‪geobiochemistry‬ - ‪hydrothermal organic transformations‬ - ‪hydrothermal‬ ...
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Everett L. Shock: 2019 Geochemistry Medalist — ACS Geochemistry ...
In Orlando, the GEOC Division awarded the 2019 Geochemistry Medal to Dr. Everett Shock, Professor in the School of Earth and Space Exploration, ...
[122]
RIP Sir Maurice Shock - University College Oxford (Univ)
Jul 10, 2018 · The College deeply regrets to report the death of Sir Maurice Shock, who died on Saturday aged 92. Sir Maurice had been our Politics Fellow ...
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Sir Maurice Shock LLD 19262018 | News - University of Leicester
Jul 10, 2018 · In his last two years at Leicester, he was Chairman of CVCP, the national body representing universities and forerunner to Universities UK.
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Sir Maurice Shock obituary - The Times
Aug 11, 2018 · Maurice Shock could stand on a university campus and see the future as much as the past. He had ideas for creating new buildings, ...
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Ron Shock - IMDb
Ron Shock was born on 19 October 1942 in Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. He was an actor and writer, known for Ron Shock (1993), Totally Baked (2007) and 4:20 ...
[126]
R.I.P. Ron Shock (1942-2012) - The Comic's Comic
May 17, 2012 · He was 69. Ron Shock began his comedy career relatively late at the age of 40 but did so in Houston where he was a fellow “Outlaw” with the late ...
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Storytelling comedian Ron Shock dies from cancer at 69 | News
May 17, 2012 · Ron Shock, a Las Vegas-based comedian known for long-form storytelling usually based on his colorful past, died Thursday of urethral cancer. He was 69.Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
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Molly Shock, ACE | Television Academy
Outstanding Sound Editing For Nonfiction Programming (Single Or Multi-Camera) - 2005. Molly Shock, ACE, Sound Editor. Star Wars: Empire Of Dreams. A&E.
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Molly Shock - IMDb
Molly Shock. Editor: Naked and Afraid. Molly Shock is known for Naked and Afraid (2013), MasterChef USA (2010) and RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (2012).
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Shock (1946) - IMDb
Rating 6.3/10 (3,608) Shock: Directed by Alfred L. Werker. With Vincent Price, Lynn Bari, Frank Latimore, Anabel Shaw. A psychologically distraught woman is committed to a ...
[131]
Shock (1977) - IMDb
Rating 6.3/10 (5,155) Shock is an original story that tells the tale of a young child who seems to possessed by his deceased father who was a serious drug addict that killed himself.Parents guide · Trailer · Horror
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Watch The Video For Title Song From Tesla's New Album, 'Shock'
Mar 12, 2019 · Legendary rockers Tesla have released the official video for 'Shock', the title song from their new album, produced by Def Leppard's Phil ...<|separator|>
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Shock - The Motels | Album - AllMusic
Rating 6.9/10 (44) Shock by The Motels released in 1985. Find album reviews, track lists, credits, awards and more at AllMusic.
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https://www.discogs.com/release/4170567-Fear-Factory-Shock
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Shock - Song by Fear Factory - Apple Music
Jul 20, 1998 · Listen to Shock by Fear Factory on Apple Music. 1998. Duration: 4:57.
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A Young Person's Guide To Shock's “Angel Face” | Post-Punk Monk
Jan 22, 2021 · With a mime troupe as the “band” it's a wonder that Shock managed to release two records in their brief career, but Tik + Tok records as ...
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“Electrophonic Phunk” by Shock - WEFUNK Radio
Shock was a United Kingdom-based experimental new wave music, dance & mime troupe, who recorded a series of singles, in the early 1980s (aka SHOCK (UK)). Two ...
[138]
Shock, Medical, Fiction, Novel, Robin Cook
Shock. Shock. By Robin Cook. Published by Berkley. Buy from: SKU: 9780425182864. checking availability... This item is not available online. Sold out! Deborah ...
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Shock (A Medical Thriller) - Cook, Robin: Books - Amazon.com
Shock (A Medical Thriller) · Opens the same content in full screen. What's it about? Two grad students donate eggs to a prestigious fertility clinic for money, ...
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A Shock by Keith Ridgway - New Directions Publishing
Jul 6, 2021 · A Shock. Fiction by Keith Ridgway. Finally, Ridgway gives us A Shock, his thrilling and unsparing, slippery and shockingly good new novel.
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A Shock by Keith Ridgway review – the real weirdness of London life
Jul 2, 2021 · In this playful yet deeply sincere novel, Ridgway squeezes into the gaps of realism and makes something beautifully new. A Shock is published by ...
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Shock by Shock by Dean Young - Copper Canyon Press
In Shock by Shock, his first collection of new poems since then, Young moves into an invigorating poetic territory, deftly folding the joy of renewed life into ...
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https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/7173333.Shock_III
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Detroit Shock among best dynasties in WNBA with 3 championships
Aug 2, 2025 · The Detroit Shock in its heyday were among the dynasties in the WNBA. Winning championships in 2003, 2006 and 2009 show their domination of ...
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WNBA files for 'Detroit Shock' trademark as city bids for team - CNBC
Jan 31, 2025 · The Detroit Shock were a WNBA team based in Auburn Hills, Michigan, from 1998 to 2009. The team won three WNBA Championships in 2003, 2006 and ...
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WNBA does not own the 'Detroit Shock' name - Detroit Free Press
Jul 12, 2025 · Ryan Reed, president and owner of the Women's Basketball League, owns the trademark to the name "Detroit Shock," according to records from the ...
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Spokane Shock - Official Website
Ticket Hub Season Tickets Single Game Tickets Group Tickets Mini Plans Touchdown Suites Ticket Map Birthday Packages Ownership Front Office Coaching Staff ...2022 Football Schedule · Ownership · General · Spokane Arena
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Spokane Shock terminated by Indoor Football League
Feb 24, 2022 · The Spokane Shock once took the Lilac City by storm, lost its name and its franchise before and then came roaring back in 2019 behind a ...
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Meet San Francisco's new e-sports team, the Shock - SFGATE
Oct 16, 2017 · The Warriors' team will be an expansion franchise based, like other League of Legends teams, in Los Angeles. The Warriors' other primary ...
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An Exclusive Look Behind the Scenes of the St. Louis Shock, One of ...
Jun 21, 2024 · The St. Louis Shock is one of the top Premier Level teams in Major League Pickleball. It is owned by the Chaifetz family, which has deep ties to St. Louis.
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St. Louis Shock Unveils New Logo and Dynamic Rebranding Ahead ...
Apr 11, 2024 · The St. Louis Shock today unveiled an all-new brand and refreshed logo set ahead of the 2024 Major League Pickleball season.
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History - St. Thomas Shock Basketball
Founded in the early 1990's and inspired by their family, Stew & Sandy Bowsher developed the St. Thomas Girls High-Tops Basketball club.
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Shock Sports US | Soccer training and development
Shock Sports specialize in year-round, custom soccer training programs designed to challenge and develop your skills with personalized attention to detail.Programs · Schedule · About Us · Winter Schedule