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HMS Ocean

''HMS Ocean'' has been the name of several Royal Navy ships; this article covers all of them, with primary focus on the most recent. HMS Ocean (L12) was a purpose-built amphibious assault ship and the sole Landing Platform Helicopter (LPH) of the Royal Navy, serving as the fleet's flagship from her commissioning in 1998 until decommissioning in 2018.^[1]^[2] Designed to support amphibious operations, she could embark up to 800 Royal Marines, operate a variety of helicopters including up to 18 Merlins or a mix with Chinooks, and deploy four landing craft from her well deck.^[1]^[3] With a displacement of approximately 21,500 tonnes, a length of 203.4 metres, and a top speed of 18 knots, Ocean provided versatile capabilities for troop transport, aviation support, and command functions during global deployments.^[1] Ordered in May 1993 and constructed by Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering (later BAE Systems) at Barrow-in-Furness, with her hull sections built on the River Clyde, Ocean was launched in October 1995 and commissioned on 30 September 1998 at Devonport.^[1] Her ship's company typically numbered approximately 485 personnel, including aircrew, enabling her to sustain extended operations with a range of 8,000 nautical miles.^[1] For self-defence, she was equipped with four 30mm DS30M Mark 2 guns, three Phalanx close-in weapon systems, and decoy launchers.^[1] Throughout her service, Ocean participated in key operations, including Operation Palliser in Sierra Leone in 2000 to support humanitarian efforts and evacuation; Operation Telic during the 2003 Iraq War, where she served as a base for Apache helicopters; and Operation Ellamy in Libya in 2011, launching airstrikes from her deck.^[4] She also provided maritime security for the 2012 London Olympics and conducted counter-piracy patrols in the Indian Ocean.^[4] Decommissioned on 27 March 2018 in a ceremony attended by Queen Elizabeth II, Ocean was subsequently sold to the Brazilian Navy for £84 million and recommissioned as NAM Atlântico (A140) in 2018, where she continues to serve as Brazil's flagship amphibious vessel as of 2025.^[5]^[2]

Origin of the Name

Etymology and French Roots

The name "Ocean" in British naval nomenclature derives from the French "Océan", reflecting the linguistic roots of the term from the Latin Oceanus and its adoption in French maritime tradition for a prestigious warship class symbolizing vast power and dominion over the seas. The first vessel to bear this name in the French Navy was L'Océan, an 80-gun third-rate ship of the line designed by shipwright Antoine Groignard and constructed at the Toulon dockyard between 1753 and 1756. Launched on 20 June 1756, she embodied advanced French shipbuilding techniques of the era, featuring a robust oak hull with enhanced framing for superior strength against battle damage and a sail plan optimized for speed and handling in variable winds, allowing her to carry 30 36-pounder guns on the lower deck, 32 18-pounders on the upper, and 18 8-pounders on the quarterdeck and forecastle. https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_ship&id=1973 L'Océan entered service in August 1757 amid the escalating Seven Years' War, serving as a flagship for the French Mediterranean fleet under Admiral Jean-François de La Clue-Sabran. Her design prioritized balance between firepower and seaworthiness, with a burthen of 1,900 tons and a crew of approximately 800, making her one of the most formidable ships in the French order of battle. British naval intelligence and post-battle analyses admired these innovations, as captured French vessels from the period revealed construction methods that emphasized diagonal riders for hull rigidity and refined rigging for better sail efficiency—elements that influenced Royal Navy architects in refining their own second-rate ships. https://ijnh.seahistory.org/the-decisive-blow-the-anglo-french-naval-campaign-of-1759/ On 17–19 August 1759, L'Océan led the French squadron attempting to break through the British blockade to reinforce Brest, but was engaged by Admiral Edward Boscawen's fleet in the Battle of Lagos off the Portuguese coast. After intense combat, during which she inflicted significant damage on the British flagship HMS Namur, L'Océan was forced aground near Lagos Bay and deliberately scuttled by her crew on 19 August to avoid capture, with heavy casualties among her complement. This loss highlighted the ship's resilience but also the strategic vulnerabilities of the French fleet. https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2020/june/trafalgar-seven-years-war https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_battle&id=195 The name "Ocean" was subsequently used by the Royal Navy, with the first HMS Ocean—a 90-gun second-rate of the Sandwich class—ordered in 1758 and launched on 21 April 1761 at Chatham Dockyard.^[6]

Adoption by the Royal Navy

The name "Ocean" entered the Royal Navy's list of approved ship names in 1759 and saw its first application to an original British-built vessel with the ordering of a 90-gun second-rate ship of the line in 1758, launched as HMS Ocean on 21 April 1761 at Chatham Dockyard.^[6]

Sailing Ships of the Line

HMS Ocean (1761)

HMS Ocean was a 90-gun second-rate ship of the line of the Sandwich class, designed by Sir Thomas Slade and built at Chatham Dockyard under Master Shipwright John Lock. She was ordered on 22 April 1758 and laid down on 4 August 1758, during the height of the Seven Years' War, as part of the Royal Navy's expansion to counter French naval power. Launched on 21 April 1761, Ocean measured 176 feet 1½ inches along the gundeck, with a keel of 143 feet 2 inches, a beam of 49 feet ¾ inch, and a depth of hold of 21 feet; her burthen was 1,833 tons (bm). The construction cost totaled £58,292, reflecting the substantial investment in second-rate vessels intended for fleet actions and flag duties.^[7] Her armament followed the standard configuration for a 90-gun second-rate of the period, comprising 28 32-pounder guns on the lower deck, 30 18-pounder guns on the middle deck, 30 12-pounder guns on the upper deck, and 2 9-pounder guns on the forecastle. This setup provided a broadside weight of approximately 907 pounds, emphasizing heavy firepower for line-of-battle engagements while maintaining maneuverability for a ship of her size. Ocean's complement was 750 officers, seamen, boys, and marines, enabling her to serve effectively in major fleet operations.^[7]^[8] Commissioned on 9 June 1761 under Captain William Langdon, Ocean joined the Channel Fleet for service in the closing stages of the Seven Years' War, patrolling to blockade French ports and protect British convoys. She was paid off on 21 March 1763 following the Treaty of Paris, which ended the conflict. Recommissioned on 20 October 1770, she served as guardship at Plymouth until 1777, then rejoined the Channel Fleet under subsequent captains including John Laforey. During the American War of Independence, Ocean participated in blockades of the English Channel and supported the relief convoy to Gibraltar in 1781. On 12 December 1781, she took part in the Second Battle of Ushant off Brittany, where, under Captain George Ourry, she engaged the French fleet in a tactical British success that prevented a French landing attempt, earning the battle honour Ushant. Paid off on 10 January 1783 after the war's end, she saw no further active service.^[7]^[6]^[9] Ocean was broken up at Plymouth Dockyard in October 1791, concluding 30 years of service that spanned two major wars and highlighted the durability of Sandwich-class design in maintaining naval supremacy.^[7]

HMS Ocean (1805)

HMS Ocean was the second ship of the line to bear the name in the Royal Navy, continuing the naming tradition established by the 1761 vessel. She was a 98-gun second-rate, designed for powerful line-of-battle service during the Napoleonic Wars, and served primarily as a flagship in the Mediterranean Fleet. Although she participated in blockades and convoy protection without earning major battle honours, her presence contributed to British naval dominance in the region, including troop transports and minor engagements against French and allied forces. Ordered on 31 December 1796 and laid down in 1798 at Woolwich Dockyard, Ocean was launched on 24 October 1805 and completed later that year at a cost of approximately £90,076, including fitting out. Her dimensions included a gundeck length of 196 feet 6½ inches, a beam of 51 feet 1 inch, and a burthen of 2,276 tons, making her one of the larger second-rates of her era capable of carrying a substantial crew of around 738 men.^[10] Ocean's armament as fitted reflected the heavy firepower expected of a second-rate, comprising 30 × 32-pounder long guns on the lower deck, 32 × 18-pounder long guns on the middle deck, 32 × 18-pounder long guns on the upper deck, and on the quarterdeck and forecastle 8 × 12-pounder long guns with 12 × 32-pounder carronades. Due to logistical constraints in the Royal Navy's supply of heavier ordnance, she was armed with 32-pounders on the lower deck rather than the heavier guns envisioned in earlier designs, though the configuration underscored her role in delivering devastating broadsides.^[10] Commissioned in November 1805 under Captain Francis Pender, Ocean quickly deployed to the Mediterranean, where she served as flagship for Vice-Admiral Cuthbert Collingwood from 1806 to 1809, succeeding HMS Victory after Trafalgar. Under subsequent captains Richard Thomas (1807–1809) and Robert Plampin (1812–1814), she supported fleet operations, including the blockade of Toulon and protection of British trade routes, as well as transporting troops to key theaters. After paying off in 1809 for repairs at Plymouth, she recommissioned in 1812 for further Mediterranean duties, contributing to the containment of French naval power without involvement in fleet actions. Later commissions under Captain Patrick Campbell (1827–1830) saw her support the allied intervention at the Battle of Navarino in 1827, where she acted as a hospital ship and troop transport during the Greek War of Independence.^[11]^[10] In 1819, Ocean was razeed by removing her upper gun deck, reducing her to an 80-gun third-rate to extend her utility in a post-Napoleonic era of smaller fleets. She continued in reserve until 1850, when she was converted into a receiving ship at Plymouth, serving as a depot for incoming crews and stores. Ocean was finally broken up there on 27 May 1875, marking the end of her long service spanning sail-era naval operations.^[10]

Steam and Ironclad Ships

HMS Ocean (1863)

HMS Ocean was a wooden-hulled armoured frigate of the Royal Navy's Prince Consort class, representing a transitional design in warship evolution from wooden ships of the line to ironclad vessels amid the mid-19th-century naval arms race.^[12] Originally ordered in 1860 as a wooden Bulwark-class ship of the line intended to carry 91 guns, her construction was altered to incorporate iron armour plating, reflecting the rapid shift toward armoured warships following the success of HMS Warrior.^[12] She was laid down on 23 August 1860 at Devonport Dockyard, launched on 19 March 1863, and completed at a cost of £298,851.^[12] With a length of 273 feet 1 inch between perpendiculars, a beam of 58 feet 5 inches, and a displacement of 6,832 long tons, Ocean was powered by a single screw propeller driven by steam engines producing 4,244 indicated horsepower, supplemented by full sailing rig for auxiliary propulsion.^[12] Her hull was sheathed in iron and protected by a belt of 3 to 4.5 inches of wrought-iron armour backed by 14 inches of teak, concentrated amidships to shield the battery.^[12] Ocean's primary armament consisted of 20 muzzle-loading rifled guns in a central broadside battery, initially comprising 24 × 7-inch (178 mm) 6.5-ton guns, though this was reduced during fitting-out.^[12] By 1867, the configuration included 4 × 8-inch (203 mm) muzzle-loaders and 20 × 7-inch guns, emphasizing firepower against armoured opponents while maintaining the traditional broadside layout.^[12] In 1871, she underwent rearmament to 7 × 9-inch (229 mm) 12-ton muzzle-loading rifles and 8 × 8-inch guns, enhancing penetration against ironclads; these were later converted to breech-loading types in the 1870s as the Royal Navy transitioned to more modern ordnance.^[12] The armour scheme, with 4.5-inch plates over teak backing on the sides and battery, provided protection equivalent to early ironclads, though her wooden hull limited speed to about 13 knots under steam.^[12] Commissioned in July 1866, Ocean initially joined the Channel Fleet for trials in steam propulsion and gunnery, evaluating the integration of sail and steam in armoured vessels.^[13] She served in the Mediterranean Fleet from 1866 to 1871 under Captain Chandos Scudamore Scudamore Stanhope, during which she became the first armoured warship to double the Cape of Good Hope under sail alone in 1867.^[12]^[13] She then transferred to the China Station as flagship under Vice-Admiral Sir Henry Kellett from 1871 to 1872, engaging in anti-smuggling operations, including sinking a junk at Amoy in 1871.^[12]^[13] Returning via the Cape due to hull deterioration, she was placed in reserve in 1872.^[12] Deemed obsolete by the late 1870s amid advances in turret ships and higher-speed designs, Ocean was sold for breaking up at Charlton in 1882.^[12]

HMS Ocean (1898)

HMS Ocean was a Canopus-class pre-dreadnought battleship built for the Royal Navy as part of the 1896 naval construction programme, designed for potential deployment in distant waters such as Asia where shallow drafts were advantageous. She was laid down on 15 December 1897 at Devonport Dockyard, launched on 5 July 1898, and completed with commissioning on 20 February 1900.^[14]^[15] Her displacement measured 12,950 long tons at normal load, increasing to 14,300 long tons at full load, with principal dimensions of 421 feet (128.5 m) in length, 74 feet (22.6 m) in beam, and a draught of 26 feet (7.9 m).^[15]^[16] Ocean's main armament consisted of four 12-inch (305 mm) guns mounted in twin hydraulically powered turrets fore and aft, capable of firing 850-pound shells to a range of about 12,000 yards. Secondary batteries included twelve 6-inch (152 mm) quick-firing guns in armoured casemates, ten 12-pounder (76 mm) quick-firing guns for anti-torpedo boat defence, and six 3-pounder (47 mm) guns, supplemented by four submerged 18-inch (457 mm) torpedo tubes. Armour protection featured a 6-inch (152 mm) waterline belt tapering to 4 inches below the waterline, with 11-inch (279 mm) faces on the main turrets, 6-inch barbettes, and 2.5-inch (64 mm) decks.^[15]^[17] Propulsion came from three triple-expansion steam engines powered by twenty Belleville boilers, delivering 13,500 indicated horsepower for a top speed of 18 knots, with a cruising range of 6,330 nautical miles at 10 knots.^[15] Upon entering service, Ocean joined the Mediterranean Fleet, where she operated until January 1901 before transferring to the China Station, serving there from 1901 to April 1905 amid ongoing concerns over regional instability following the Boxer Rebellion. Recalled to home waters, she joined the Channel Fleet from 1906 to 1908 before transferring to the Mediterranean Fleet from 1908 to 1912, participating in routine fleet exercises and manoeuvres.^[18]^[15]^[16] By 1913, she had been assigned to the Home Fleet's Third Battle Squadron at the Nore, conducting training and reserve duties until the outbreak of the First World War.^[18]^[15] At the start of the war in August 1914, Ocean was mobilized and initially deployed to the Persian Gulf as flagship of Rear-Admiral Rosslyn Wemyss's squadron, supporting Anglo-Indian forces in the Mesopotamia campaign by bombarding Ottoman positions and escorting troop convoys during the capture of Basra in November 1914, earning the battle honour "Mesopotamia 1914". In December 1914, she was redeployed to the Suez Canal to reinforce defences against a potential Ottoman advance, contributing to the repulsion of attacks and earning the "Suez Canal 1915" honour. By February 1915, Ocean arrived at the Dardanelles to support the naval bombardment phase of the Gallipoli campaign, providing gunfire support against Ottoman forts and coastal defences, which led to the "Dardanelles 1915" battle honour.^[18]^[19] On 18 March 1915, during the main Allied naval assault on the Dardanelles Narrows, Ocean was ordered to assist the damaged battleship HMS Irresistible, which had struck a mine laid by the Ottoman minelayer Nusret. While manoeuvring in the confined waters of Morto Bay under heavy shore fire, Ocean was struck by a Turkish shell that disabled her steering gear, causing her to drift uncontrollably. She then hit one of the same minefield's mines, which exploded near her engine room, flooding compartments and leading to her sinking at approximately 10:30 pm after the crew abandoned ship. Most of her complement of around 700 were rescued by destroyers and trawlers, with only two fatalities recorded—a stoker killed in the initial mine explosion and another crewman lost during evacuation.^[19]^[14] The loss of Ocean, alongside HMS Irresistible and the French battleship Bouvet on the same day, marked a significant setback for the Allied naval effort, highlighting the effectiveness of Ottoman defensive measures.^[15]

20th-Century Warships

HMS Ocean (R68)

HMS Ocean (R68) was a Colossus-class light fleet aircraft carrier built for the Royal Navy during World War II. Her keel was laid down on 8 November 1942 by Alexander Stephen and Sons at Linthouse, Glasgow, Scotland. She was launched on 8 July 1944 and commissioned on 8 August 1945, just after the end of hostilities in Europe and the Pacific, rendering her too late to participate in wartime operations.^[20]^[21]^[22] With a standard displacement of 13,190 long tons and a length of 695 feet (212 meters), Ocean was designed as an efficient, wartime emergency carrier to support fleet operations.^[20]^[21] Initially armed with 24 × 40 mm Bofors anti-aircraft guns for self-defense, Ocean had a capacity for up to 21 aircraft, including types such as Supermarine Seafires and Fairey Fireflies for reconnaissance and fighter roles.^[20]^[21] Post-commissioning, Ocean conducted training and transport duties before entering active service in the Cold War era. Ocean's notable deployments began with the Korean War, where she served from May to October 1952 and again from May to November 1953 as part of Task Force 95, providing air support to United Nations forces with sorties from her air wing, including Sea Furies and Fireflies.^[20]^[21] This service earned her the battle honour "Korea 1952–53."^[23] During the 1956 Suez Crisis, Ocean supported Anglo-French operations by functioning as a helicopter carrier, embarking Westland Whirlwinds and Bristol Sycamores for the first large-scale ship-based heliborne assault on Egyptian airfields.^[20]^[21] She also undertook routine deployments to the Far East and Mediterranean until 1958, contributing to British naval presence in key strategic areas.^[21] Placed in reserve in 1958 following reduced operational demands, Ocean was sold for scrap in 1960 and subsequently broken up at Faslane, Scotland, in 1962.^[20]^[21]

HMS Ocean (L12)

HMS Ocean (L12) was ordered on 11 May 1993 as the lead ship of the Ocean-class landing platform helicopters (LPH) for the Royal Navy.^[3] She was laid down on 30 May 1994 at the Kvaerner Govan shipyard on the River Clyde in Scotland and launched on 11 October 1995.^[24] Following fit-out at Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering (VSEL) in Barrow-in-Furness, she was commissioned into service on 30 September 1998. The vessel measured 203.4 metres (667 feet) in length with a beam of 35 metres and displaced 21,500 tonnes at full load.^[3] Designed primarily for amphibious assault operations, Ocean featured capacity for up to 18 helicopters, including Merlin, Apache, Chinook, and Sea King types, supported by a large flight deck and hangar.^[24] She could embark up to 800 troops, along with 40 vehicles, and had provisions for four landing craft utility (LCU) or landing craft vehicle personnel (LCVP) via a stern ramp and floodable platform. In addition to her core role in troop projection and vertical envelopment, Ocean served a secondary function as a helicopter carrier, providing afloat support for rotary-wing aviation and limited anti-submarine warfare capabilities.^[25] Throughout her Royal Navy career, Ocean participated in key operations, including the 2003 Iraq War under Operation Telic, where she supported the assault on the Al Faw Peninsula and earned the battle honour "Al Faw 2003."^[26] In 2011, during Operation Ellamy in Libya, she acted as a forward operating base for Apache attack helicopters conducting strikes against Gaddafi regime targets.^[27] The ship also provided logistical and security support during the 2012 London Olympics, stationing on the River Thames to enhance counter-terrorism measures.^[28] Humanitarian efforts included deployments to the Caribbean for disaster relief following Hurricane Irma in 2017.^[3] Serving as the fleet flagship from June 2015 until her decommissioning in 2018, Ocean underwent a major refit in 2012 to extend her operational life.^[3]^[29] Ocean was decommissioned from Royal Navy service on 27 March 2018 at HMNB Devonport, with Queen Elizabeth II in attendance.^[4] In the same year, she was sold to Brazil for £84 million and transferred after modifications.^[30] Renamed NAM Atlântico (A140), she was commissioned into the Brazilian Navy on 29 June 2018 as its flagship multi-purpose helicopter carrier.^[31]^[30] As of November 2025, NAM Atlântico remains in active service, including deployment for Operation Atlas in support of COP30 security, supporting Brazil's maritime operations and training.^[32]^[33]

Battle Honours

Collective Significance

The name HMS Ocean has been applied to six vessels in the Royal Navy over more than 260 years, from the launch of the first in 1761 to the commissioning of the sixth in 1998, demonstrating its lasting prestige and selective reuse within the service's naming traditions.^[34]^[35] This infrequency of application—compared to more commonly recycled names—underscores the name's symbolic weight, originating from the capture of the French ship Océan in 1759 and evoking the vast scope of British sea power.^[10] Across these iterations, HMS Ocean ships have embodied the Royal Navy's evolving role in power projection, with several serving as frontline assets in major engagements from the age of sail through to contemporary amphibious operations. These honours were earned by various iterations of HMS Ocean, highlighting their contributions to key conflicts.^[35] Early examples, such as the 90-gun second-rate ship of 1761, formed the backbone of fleet actions during the Seven Years' War, including the Battle of Ushant, projecting naval dominance through gun broadsides and blockades. The 98-gun first-rate of 1805 served during the later Napoleonic Wars and War of 1812 as a flagship on station duties.^[6]^[11] Later vessels, such as the ironclad broadside of 1863 which represented early adoption of steam propulsion and armored hulls, alongside the Canopus-class pre-dreadnought battleship of 1898, the Colossus-class light fleet carrier of 1945, and the purpose-built landing platform helicopter of 1998, reflected the Navy's shift toward versatile, expeditionary forces.^[18]^[36] This lineage illustrates broader technological progression in British naval design, from wooden hulls reliant on wind and sail to steel-constructed platforms integrating helicopters, landing craft, and command facilities for global reach.^[35] The 1998 Ocean, for instance, marked a leap in amphibious capability, enabling the projection of Royal Marines via air and sea assaults far beyond traditional gunboat diplomacy.^[37] Culturally, the name resonates through historical commemorations, notably the 1898 Ocean's sinking by mine during the Dardanelles operation in 1915, which forms part of the Gallipoli campaign's enduring legacy in memorials, diving heritage sites, and narratives of World War I naval sacrifice.^[38]

List of Honours

The battle honours awarded to ships named HMS Ocean in the Royal Navy are as follows:

References

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Feb 19, 2018 · Sold to the Brazilian Navy for around £84M, the profit generated from the sale will be reinvested in defence at a time when the Royal Navy is being ...
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HMS Ocean was laid down on 23 August 1860 at Devonport Dockyard, launched on 19 March 1863 and commissioned in July 1866 at a cost of £298,851. She was the last ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
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Ocean (1863). Type, Broadside ironclad frigate. Launched, 19 Mar 1863. Hull, Wooden. Propulsion, Screw. Builders measure, 4047 tons. Displacement, 6832 tons.Missing: service history
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The HMS Canopus served in the Channel, then in the Mediterranean, before being assigned to Port Stanley in the Falklands at the end of 1914. She could not take ...
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Displacement: 12,950 tons. Length: 410 ft. Beam: 74 ft. Draught: 26.5 ft. Complement: 750. Armament: four 12 ins guns, twelve 6 ins guns ...
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HMS Ocean was a Canopus class pre-dreadnought battleship lost during the naval attempt to force the Dardanelles on 18 March 1915.Missing: construction service WWI
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As the fleet withdrew, he ordered Ocean to take Irresistible in tow to recover the ship, but, before this could be done, Ocean itself struck a mine and was hit ...
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History of UK HMS Ocean R68. 1942-aug-07, Ordered, Ordered. 1942-nov-08, Laid down, Laid down Yard no. 598. 1944-jul-08, Launched, Launched. 1945-aug-08 ...Missing: exact construction
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[41]
Suez Canal Defence 1915, RN despatches, killed and died, medals
Royal Navy Battle Honour - SUEZ CANAL 1915, to 4th February. (Awarded to Clio, Dufferin (RIM), Hardinge (RIM),. Himalaya, Minerva, Ocean, Proserpine, Swiftsure,.
[42]
Royal Navy Battle Honours and single-ship actions, World War 1 ...
BATTLE HONOURS and SINGLE-SHIP ACTIONS OF THE ROYAL NAVY 1914-18. with ... OCEAN, PRINCE GEORGE, PRINCE OF WALES, QUEEN, RUSSELL, SWIFTSURE, TRIUMPH ...
[43]
https://www.wired-gov.net/wg/wg-news-1.nsf/54e6de9e0c383719802572b9005141ed/75fe6eac44ca2bab802572ab004bb50f?OpenDocument
[44]
https://www.wired-gov.net/wg/wg-news-1.nsf/54e6de9e0c383719802572b9005141ed/75fe6eac44ca2bab802572ab004bb50f?OpenDocument