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Hull

Kingston upon Hull, commonly known as Hull, is a unitary authority and port city in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England, located on the northern bank of the Humber Estuary at its confluence with the River Hull.^[1]^[2] Founded as Wyke on Hull in the late 12th century by the monks of Meaux Abbey, it was acquired by King Edward I in 1299 and renamed Kingston upon Hull to serve as a royal port for military and trade purposes, establishing its enduring maritime identity.^[3]^[4] With a population of approximately 267,014 as recorded in the 2021 census, Hull developed into a major center for fishing, whaling, and international trade by the 18th and 19th centuries, handling significant volumes of goods through its docks and contributing to Britain's industrial expansion.^[5] The city played pivotal roles in historical events, including sparking the English Civil War in 1642 when royal forces attempted to seize its arsenal, and as the birthplace of William Wilberforce, whose parliamentary efforts led to the abolition of the slave trade in 1807.^[3]^[6] In modern times, Hull has transitioned toward cultural and regenerative economies, earning designation as the UK City of Culture in 2017 and featuring landmarks such as the Humber Bridge—the world's longest single-span suspension bridge upon its 1981 opening—and The Deep, one of Europe's largest aquariums.^[7]^[8] Despite its historical prominence, the city has faced economic challenges post-deindustrialization, with higher-than-average deprivation indices reflecting shifts from heavy industry to services and renewables.^[7]

Engineering Structures

Watercraft Hulls

The hull of a watercraft constitutes the watertight structural body that provides buoyancy, supports the vessel's weight including cargo and passengers, and withstands hydrostatic and hydrodynamic forces.^[9] It forms the primary interface with water, influencing resistance, stability, and propulsion efficiency through its shape and form. In engineering terms, the hull must resist static pressures from immersion and dynamic loads from waves, motion, and impacts while maintaining integrity to prevent flooding.^[10] Hull designs are categorized primarily by their interaction with water displacement and speed capabilities. Displacement hulls, the most fundamental type used in canoes, sailboats, and large ships, displace a volume of water equal to the vessel's weight per Archimedes' principle, enabling efficient low-speed travel but limiting top speeds to hull speed (approximately 1.34 times the square root of the waterline length in feet, in knots).^[11] These hulls typically feature rounded or V-shaped bottoms for smooth passage through waves, though they exhibit rolling motion in swells due to lower initial stability.^[12] Planing hulls, conversely, incorporate flatter or modified-V sections to generate lift at high speeds, allowing the vessel to rise partially out of the water and reduce drag, suited for powerboats exceeding 15-20 knots but less stable in rough conditions without ballast.^[13] Semi-displacement hulls blend traits of both, permitting speeds up to 1.5 times hull speed for applications like trawlers.^[11] Multi-hulled configurations, such as catamarans with twin parallel hulls or trimarans with a central hull and outriggers, enhance stability and reduce heeling by increasing beam and buoyancy distribution, though they demand precise weight centering to avoid capsizing risks.^[13] Materials for hull construction have evolved from natural fibers and timber to synthetics for durability and performance. Early hulls, dating to circa 4000 BCE in Egyptian reed-bound vessels, transitioned to plank-on-frame wooden assemblies by Phoenician and Greek eras, relying on mortise-and-tenon joints for watertightness.^[14] Modern hulls predominantly use steel for large commercial ships due to its high strength-to-weight ratio and weldability, enduring tensile stresses up to 400-500 MPa; aluminum alloys for lighter vessels like ferries, offering corrosion resistance in saltwater; and fiber-reinforced polymers (e.g., fiberglass with polyester resin) for recreational boats, which minimize weight (densities around 1.5-2.0 g/cm³) and electrolytic corrosion while providing impact absorption.^[10] Composite materials like carbon fiber, with moduli exceeding 200 GPa, are increasingly applied in high-performance yachts for superior stiffness and fatigue resistance, though higher costs limit widespread adoption.^[15] Design principles prioritize hydrodynamic efficiency, structural optimization, and operational context. Hull form coefficients, such as the block coefficient (volume of hull displaced divided by enclosing rectangular prism), typically range from 0.5-0.6 for efficient cargo carriers to minimize wetted surface area and frictional drag, which constitutes 60-80% of total resistance at low speeds. Deep-V hulls (dead rise angles of 20-25 degrees) excel in rough seas by slicing waves, reducing pounding, whereas flat-bottomed designs (near 0 degrees) prioritize shallow draft and stability in calm inland waters but amplify slamming forces.^[16] Finite element analysis and computational fluid dynamics now simulate load distributions, ensuring factors of safety above 1.5 against buckling under combined bending and shear from wave-induced moments up to millions of Nm in ocean-going vessels.^[9] Stability is quantified via metacentric height (GM), ideally 0.5-1.0 m for initial upright recovery, with dynamic assessments accounting for free surface effects from sloshing liquids.^[17]

Vehicle and Aircraft Hulls

In armored fighting vehicles, such as tanks and infantry fighting vehicles, the hull constitutes the primary armored lower structure that integrates the powertrain, suspension, crew stations, and often fixed armaments, while supporting a rotatable turret atop it. This design separates the hull's role in mobility and base protection from the turret's for flexible firepower, with the hull typically featuring sloped armor plating to enhance ballistic deflection based on principles of projectile kinematics and material yield strength. For example, the hull of the M2 Bradley infantry fighting vehicle employs aluminum alloy armor augmented by reactive elements to balance weight against threat resistance. Modern hull designs in mine-resistant vehicles incorporate V-shaped or double-V underbellies to channel blast waves from improvised explosive devices outward and upward, reducing lethal overpressure and fragmentation penetration into the crew compartment through geometric redirection of force vectors. The U.S. Army's Stryker double-V hull variant, fielded since 2010, demonstrated this efficacy in Afghanistan operations by surviving over 1,000 IED encounters with minimal crew losses, attributing survivability to the hull's 20-30 degree vee angle optimizing energy dissipation.^[18] Hull materials often combine rolled homogeneous steel, composites, or ceramics, with thicknesses varying from 20-100 mm equivalent depending on threat levels, prioritizing causal factors like kinetic energy absorption over uniform mass distribution. In aircraft engineering, the term hull applies principally to specialized types like flying boats and rigid airships, where it denotes the main buoyant or enclosing structure analogous to a watercraft hull but adapted for aerodynamic and hydrodynamic loads. For flying boats, the hull functions as an integrated fuselage-float hybrid, featuring a deep-V or stepped planing bottom to generate hydrodynamic lift during water takeoffs and minimize drag via spray suppression, with beam-to-length ratios typically 1:10 to 1:12 for stability in waves up to 1-2 meters. The Curtiss Model F flying boat, operational from 1918, utilized a V-bottom hull clad in mahogany planking over spruce frames, enabling loads of 2,000 pounds at speeds of 80 mph on water surfaces. Design constraints emphasize planing efficiency, with steps positioned at 70-80% of hull length to break suction and transition to flight, as validated in NACA tests showing 15-20% drag reduction post-step.^[19] Rigid airship hulls comprise a lattice framework of girders and rings sheathed in fabric or metal, distributing lift gas pressure loads while resisting buckling under differential buoyancy and aerodynamic shear. The LZ 129 Hindenburg's hull, completed in 1936, consisted of 15 main duralumin rings spaced 18 meters apart, interconnected by 36 longitudinal girders forming triangular cells for helium containment, yielding a rigid volume of 200,000 cubic meters capable of 135 km/h cruise with 10-ton payload.^[20] Structural integrity relies on axial tension-compression balance, with wire bracing preventing torsion, though historical incidents like the 1937 fire highlighted vulnerabilities to static discharge in hydrogen-filled designs. Contemporary non-rigid airships forgo rigid hulls, using pressurized envelopes for shape, but rigid concepts persist in hybrid proposals for enhanced payload fractions up to 20% of gross lift.^[21]

Botanical Structures

Seed and Fruit Hulls

In botany, a hull refers to the outer protective covering enclosing certain seeds or fruits, typically consisting of dry, fibrous, or leathery tissue derived from the pericarp or bracts.^[22] This structure is distinct from the inner seed coat or hard shell, serving primarily as a barrier against mechanical damage, desiccation, and pathogens during seed maturation and dispersal.^[23] Hulls are commonly found in monocotyledonous grains and certain drupaceous fruits, where they facilitate dehiscence or processing for human use.^[24] For seeds, hulls often comprise the fused palea and lemma in grasses (Poaceae family), forming a persistent envelope around the caryopsis, as seen in rice (Oryza sativa) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), where the hull accounts for 20-30% of the grain's weight and is composed mainly of lignin and cellulose with low protein content (around 4%).^[25] These hulls protect the embryo from environmental stresses, such as moisture loss and insect predation, enabling viability during storage and germination.^[26] In sunflower seeds (Helianthus annuus), the hull is a thin, black pericarp layer that shields the kernel but can inhibit germination if not removed, as it contains allelopathic compounds that suppress nearby plant growth.^[27] In fruits, hulls typically form the exocarp and mesocarp layers of the pericarp, providing a fleshy or fibrous outer husk, as in pistachios (Pistacia vera), where the hull splits open at maturity to expose the endocarp shell enclosing the seed.^[28] Almond fruits (Prunus dulcis), botanically drupes, feature a green hull comprising the exocarp and mesocarp that dries and splits to release the pit, which contains the true seed; this hull is routinely removed post-harvest to prevent mold and facilitate processing.^[29] Hulls in such fruits enhance dispersal by attracting animals or aiding wind release while protecting developing seeds from desiccation and microbial invasion until ripening.^[30] Unlike softer fruit tissues, these hulls are often inedible and mechanically tough, reflecting adaptations for survival in arid or competitive environments.^[22]

Mathematical Concepts

Convex Hull

The convex hull of a finite set S of points in n-dimensional Euclidean space is defined as the intersection of all convex sets containing S, equivalently the smallest convex set enclosing S.^[31] This set consists of all convex combinations of points in S, where a convex combination is a linear combination with non-negative coefficients summing to 1. In two dimensions, the convex hull forms a convex polygon whose vertices are a subset of S, specifically the extreme points not lying in the interior of any line segment connecting other points in S.^[32] Key properties include convexity by construction, compactness for finite S, and the fact that its boundary in \mathbb{R}^d is determined by at most d+1 affinely independent points via Carathéodory's theorem, which states that any point in the convex hull of S lies in the convex hull of at most d+1 points from S.^[31] The convex hull is uniquely determined and invariant under affine transformations. For example, in \mathbb{R}^2, if S has three non-collinear points, the hull is the triangle they form; collinear points yield a line segment. Computing the convex hull is central to computational geometry, with optimal algorithms achieving O(n \log n) time for n points in the plane under the real RAM model, matching the lower bound from sorting reductions.^[32] Graham's scan, introduced in 1972, sorts points by polar angle around a lowest-point pivot and builds the hull via a stack-based sweep, eliminating non-extreme points.^[33] Other methods include Jarvis's march (gift wrapping), which runs in O(n h) time where h is the number of hull vertices, suitable for small h, and divide-and-conquer approaches like Chan's algorithm combining gifts wrapping and Graham scan for O(n \log h) performance.^[34] In mathematics, convex hulls underpin convex analysis, where they characterize feasible regions in linear programming; for instance, the feasible set of a polyhedron is the convex hull of its vertices.^[31] They appear in approximation theory for bounding sets and in separation theorems, such as Farkas' lemma, which relies on hull properties for certifying infeasibility. Applications extend to stochastic geometry, where the hull models minimal enclosures for random point sets, and in duality theory, linking hulls to support functions via the Legendre transform.^[35]

Other Mathematical Hulls

In computational geometry, generalizations of the convex hull address limitations in representing non-convex point sets, such as those with indentations or holes. The alpha hull (or alpha shape) is a parameterized family of shapes that interpolate between the original point set and its convex hull, controlled by a parameter α ≥ 0. For α approaching infinity, the alpha hull coincides with the convex hull; as α decreases toward zero, it more closely approximates the discrete point set, potentially including concavities and excluding extraneous regions. This construction relies on the Delaunay triangulation of the points, where edges longer than 2√α are removed to form the boundary. Alpha hulls were formalized in the context of shape recovery from scattered data, enabling tighter enclosures than convex hulls for irregular distributions.^[36] The concave hull, also known as the α-concave hull for specific parameterizations, extends the convex hull by permitting inward dents while still forming a simple polygon enclosing the points. Unlike the convex hull, which over-approximates concave regions, the concave hull minimizes area or perimeter subject to non-convexity constraints, often computed via algorithms that iteratively add edges or use k-nearest neighbors to detect boundary features. For instance, one approach constructs the hull by starting with the convex hull and recursively "pushing in" vertices to fit concavities, ensuring no self-intersections. This concept proves useful in applications like geographic boundary delineation, where convex hulls fail to capture fjords or urban outlines. Empirical comparisons show concave hulls achieve up to 20-50% smaller areas than convex hulls for datasets with high curvature, depending on point density.^[37]^[36] Other variants include order-k hulls, which generalize to the smallest enclosure containing at least k points from the set, useful for robust outlier detection in multimodal data. The order-k alpha hull combines these ideas, adapting alpha shapes to prioritize denser clusters. These structures maintain closure under intersection and are computable in O(n log n) time for fixed k in the plane, analogous to convex hull algorithms like Graham scan. In higher dimensions, such hulls extend to polyhedra with non-convex faces, though computational complexity increases.^[38]

Geographical Locations

United Kingdom

Kingston upon Hull, commonly referred to as Hull, is a port city and unitary authority in the ceremonial county of the East Riding of Yorkshire, England, situated on the north bank of the River Humber estuary approximately 150 miles (240 km) north of London. The city covers an area of 71.3 square kilometres (27.5 sq mi) and serves as a major gateway for trade between the UK and continental Europe via the Port of Hull, which handles over 10 million tonnes of cargo annually. Historically, Hull emerged as a key medieval trading hub, with its development tied to the export of wool and cloth from the 14th century onward, establishing it as one of England's principal east coast ports.^[3] The city's origins trace to the late 12th century, when the site along the River Hull was utilized by monks from nearby Meaux Abbey for a trading settlement, but it was formally established as a royal borough in 1299 by King Edward I, who renamed it Kingston upon Hull to emphasize its strategic military and commercial role, including provisioning royal fleets. By the 14th century, Hull had become England's leading wool export port, later expanding into fishing, whaling, and shipbuilding, which fueled industrial growth through the 19th and early 20th centuries. The port's dock system, initiated with the Old Dock in 1778 as Britain's first statutory dock, underscored its engineering innovations, though heavy bombing during World War II destroyed much of the historic core, leading to postwar reconstruction focused on functionality over preservation.^[3]^[4] As of mid-2023, Hull's resident population stood at 271,942, reflecting a 5.0% increase from 2013 amid modest urban growth driven by migration and natural change, though the city faces challenges from an aging demographic and lower life expectancy of 77.5 years compared to the national average. The 2021 census indicated a predominantly White population (91.8%), with Asian (2.8%) and Black (1.9%) minorities, and a high proportion of economically inactive residents aged 16-64 (around 24% in recent estimates), linked to structural shifts from traditional industries. Employment rates for this age group reached 73.2% in 2023, up from prior years, but claimant count unemployment hovered at about 10,620 in March 2024, exceeding regional norms due to deindustrialization's legacy.^[39]^[40]^[41] Economically, Hull has transitioned from fishing and manufacturing dominance—once employing tens of thousands in trawler fleets—to a mixed base including logistics, renewables, and chemicals, with manufacturing still accounting for 16.6% of jobs (21,500 positions in 2023) and growing sectors like electricity and gas supply expanding by 25% recently. The Port of Hull remains central, facilitating roll-on/roll-off ferry services to the Netherlands and Belgium, while the Humber Freeport initiative since 2021 aims to attract investment in green energy and advanced manufacturing, though productivity lags national averages due to skill gaps and infrastructure constraints. The city council, as a unitary authority, oversees local governance, with devolved powers under the Hull and East Yorkshire Combined Authority formed in 2024 to coordinate economic strategy amid national efforts to boost regional growth.^[42]^[40]^[43]

Canada

Hull is the central business district and oldest neighbourhood of Gatineau, Quebec, Canada, situated on the north shore of the Ottawa River directly across from Ottawa, Ontario, forming a key part of Canada's National Capital Region. The settlement originated in 1800 when American entrepreneur Philemon Wright led approximately 38 colonists from Woburn, Massachusetts, to the undeveloped Hull Township, establishing Wright's Town as an intended agricultural outpost that rapidly transitioned to lumber extraction amid abundant regional forests. Wright's enterprise marked the first permanent European settlement in the Ottawa Valley, with his group constructing the initial bridge over the Gatineau River and initiating timber rafting operations, including the pioneering 1806 descent of squared timber rafts to Quebec City via the Ottawa River.^[44]^[45] Industrial growth accelerated in the 19th century, leveraging the hydropower of Chaudière Falls for sawmills, pulp mills, and paper production, which attracted French-Canadian laborers and established Hull as a timber trade nexus supplying British markets. The community, initially dominated by English-speaking settlers, saw a surge in Francophone residents; by 1871, French-speakers comprised over 90% of the population due to mill employment. Wright's Town was formally incorporated as the City of Hull on January 1, 1875, separating from Hull Township to form an independent municipality.^[46]^[47] A catastrophic fire erupted on April 26, 1900, originating from a chimney spark amid high winds and dry conditions, rapidly engulfing wooden structures and lumber yards; it destroyed about two-thirds of Hull, including over 7,000 buildings, mills, and churches, displacing 14,000-15,000 residents and causing an estimated $300,000 in damages (equivalent to millions today). Embers carried across the Ottawa River ignited fires in Ottawa's LeBreton Flats, exacerbating regional losses but highlighting Hull's vulnerability to conflagrations fueled by its industrial layout. Reconstruction followed, bolstering fire prevention, though the city later contended with economic shifts as traditional industries waned post-World War II.^[48]^[49] Under Quebec's 2000 municipal reform law aiming to consolidate finances and services, Hull merged with the adjacent cities of Aylmer, Buckingham, Gatineau, and Masson-Angers on January 1, 2002, creating the expanded City of Gatineau with a unified administration at Maison du Citoyen. Pre-amalgamation, Hull's population stood at 66,246 in the 2001 census, contributing to Gatineau's total of over 240,000; the Hull sector retains cultural significance, hosting federal landmarks like the Canadian Museum of History (opened 1989 as Musée canadien des civilisations) and serving as a bilingual hub for public administration and tourism proximate to Ottawa's government core.^[50]

United States

Hull, Massachusetts, is a coastal town in Plymouth County situated on a peninsula extending into the southern portion of Boston Harbor. First settled in 1622 by an expedition led by Myles Standish of the Plymouth Colony, the area was initially known as Nantasket before its incorporation as Hull in 1644, named in honor of the English seaport Kingston upon Hull.^[51]^[52] Early European activity focused on fishing, farming, and maritime trade, with the town's strategic harbor position facilitating connections to Boston. By the 19th century, Hull developed as a resort destination, bolstered by steamboat services from Boston starting in 1818.^[53] Today, it remains one of Massachusetts' oldest settlements, emphasizing its beaches, historical sites, and proximity to Boston while facing challenges from coastal erosion and rising sea levels due to its low-lying geography.^[54] The town spans approximately 2.6 square miles of land, making it the smallest municipality in Plymouth County by area, with terrain featuring hills such as Allerton Hill and Atlantic Hill rising modestly above sea level.^[55]^[56] Hull's economy historically relied on seafood processing and tourism, with Nantasket Beach serving as a key attraction since the late 19th century; the site hosted an amusement park from 1873 to 1927. Modern governance operates under a town meeting form, with services including public schools and a library preserving local records from the colonial era.^[57] Several smaller communities named Hull exist elsewhere in the United States, including cities, villages, and hamlets in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, Ohio, Texas, and Wisconsin.^[58]^[59] Among these, Hull, Iowa, in Sioux County, represents a progressive rural municipality focused on community amenities such as parks and recreational facilities.^[60] Hull, Georgia, in Madison County, is a minor incorporated city with roots in agriculture.^[58] These locations generally lack the historical prominence or population scale of their Massachusetts counterpart, often serving as unincorporated or sparsely populated areas tied to local farming or small-scale industry.

Other Places

Hull Heads is a small coastal locality in the Cassowary Coast Region of Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 Australian Census, the area recorded a population of approximately 130 residents, predominantly older adults with a median age of 63.^[61] The settlement features public amenities including a boat ramp managed by the Cassowary Coast Regional Council, supporting local recreational fishing and access to nearby coastal waters.^[62] Hull Heads lies adjacent to the Hull River, which flows into the Coral Sea, and is part of a region prone to tropical cyclones and storm tides, as documented in Queensland government coastal observation reports from 1979 to 1988.^[63] Among other minor features, Hull Island forms part of the Northumberland Islands chain off central Queensland's coast, within a national park area unmanaged for habitation.^[64] These locations represent limited instances of the name "Hull" beyond North America and the United Kingdom, typically tied to historical or exploratory naming conventions rather than significant urban development.

People

Political and Diplomatic Figures

Cordell Hull (October 2, 1871 – July 23, 1955) served as the United States Secretary of State from March 4, 1933, to November 20, 1944, under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, marking the longest tenure in that office to date.^[65] Born in a log cabin in Pickett County, Tennessee, Hull earlier represented his state in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1907 to 1921 and 1923 to 1931, and in the Senate from 1931 to 1933.^[66] His diplomatic efforts focused on reciprocal trade agreements to combat the Great Depression and laid foundational work for postwar international organization, earning him the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945 for contributions to the United Nations Charter, despite health issues that forced his resignation amid wartime demands.^[67] Hull's policies emphasized multilateralism and economic liberalism, negotiating over two dozen trade pacts that reduced tariffs and boosted U.S. exports by 60% between 1933 and 1940, though critics noted initial isolationist leanings that delayed decisive action against Axis aggression until Pearl Harbor.^[68] His role in the 1944 Dumbarton Oaks Conference helped shape the UN's structure, prioritizing collective security over unilateralism.^[69] Other figures include William Hull (1753–1825), a Revolutionary War veteran who governed the Michigan Territory from 1805 to 1812 and briefly commanded U.S. forces during the War of 1812, surrendering Detroit in August 1812 amid supply shortages and strategic miscalculations. In diplomacy, Edmund J. Hull served as U.S. Ambassador to Yemen from 2001 to 2004, managing relations during post-9/11 counterterrorism efforts, and Thomas Neil Hull as Ambassador to Sierra Leone from 2004, focusing on post-civil war stabilization.^[70]^[71] These latter roles, while significant in their contexts, lack the global impact of Cordell's tenure.

Sports Figures

Ebenezer Cobb Morley (1831–1923), born in Kingston upon Hull, founded the Football Association on 26 October 1863 and drafted its first set of standardized rules, earning recognition as the principal founder of the modern game of association football.^[72]^[73] Karen Briggs (born 11 April 1963 in Kingston upon Hull), a judoka competing in the under-48 kg division, secured world championships in 1982, 1984, 1986, and 1989, along with European titles from 1982 to 1984 and 1987 to 1990; she also represented Great Britain at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics, where judo debuted for women.^[74]^[75] Nick Barmby (born 11 February 1974 in Kingston upon Hull), a midfielder, made 23 appearances for the England national team between 1994 and 2002 and played professionally for clubs including Liverpool (where he won the FA Cup in 1995 and UEFA Cup in 2001), Everton, Leeds United, and Hull City, for which he later managed from 2012 to 2013.^[76] Tommy Coyle (born 2 September 1989 in Kingston upon Hull), a lightweight boxer who turned professional in 2009, captured the Commonwealth title in 2018 after defeating Chris Algieri by unanimous decision on 17 June and amassed a record of 27 wins (12 by knockout), 5 losses, and 1 draw before retiring in 2019.^[77] Dean Windass (born 5 April 1969 in Gipsyville, Hull), a forward known for his physicality, scored the winning goal in Hull City's 2008 Championship play-off final victory over Bristol City on 24 May, securing promotion to the Premier League; he played over 700 career matches across clubs including Hull City, Bradford City, and Aberdeen.^[78]

Other Notable Individuals

Clark Leonard Hull (May 24, 1884 – May 10, 1952) was an American psychologist renowned for formulating a hypothetico-deductive theory of learning based on drive and habit strength, positing that behavior arises from biological needs creating drives that reinforce habit formation through reinforcement.^[79] His 1943 book Principles of Behavior systematized these ideas mathematically, influencing behaviorism until cognitive approaches supplanted it in the 1960s.^[80] Alan Hull (February 20, 1945 – November 17, 1995) was an English singer-songwriter and founder of the folk rock band Lindisfarne, whose 1971 album Fog on the Tyne topped UK charts with hits like "Meet Me on the Ledge" and "Clear White Light." He released solo albums including Puppets (1978), blending introspective lyrics with Geordie folk influences, and performed until his death from a heart attack.^[81] Rod Hull (August 13, 1935 – March 17, 1999) was a British comedian and puppeteer famous for his Emu act, a mute, aggressive hand puppet that "attacked" celebrities on shows like The Smirnoff Revue (1970s) and Emu's Pink Windmill Show (1980s). His physical comedy, involving Emu's pecking and destruction, drew millions of viewers, though Hull expressed private frustration with the character's dominance.^[82] Henry Hull (October 3, 1890 – March 8, 1977) was an American stage and film actor who originated the role of Jeeter Lester in the Broadway production of Tobacco Road (1933), playing over 3,000 performances, and starred as the lead in Universal's Werewolf of London (1935), an early horror film.^[83] His career spanned over 100 films, including Boys Town (1938) and High Sierra (1941), often in character roles.^[84]

Other Uses

[Other Uses - no content]

References

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Hull City Council
Welcome to Hull City Councils website. Get involved and help shape the city, council services, and influence decisions made on local issues.Contact us · My Hull · Council Tax · Bins and recycling
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View Census 2021 data for Kingston upon Hull on a map. Changes over time. Read how Kingston upon Hull has changed since the 2011 Census. Custom profiles.
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Not only did Hull spark the English Civil War, but it's also the birthplace of slavery abolitionist William Wilberforce, aviatrix Amy Johnson and rock legend ...
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Summary: How Has Hull Changed in 10 Years · The population reached nearly 270,000 · Median age is stable in Kingston upon Hull · Employment in Kingston upon Hull.
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Displacement hulls are usually round on the bottom with ballast placed low in the center. At rest, round hulls tend to roll with the waves and swells.
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The new underbody design, known as a "double v-hull"or DVH, was based on proven technology similar to that found on Mine Resistant Ambush ...
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Over-All P~o~ortions and Shape of Flying-Boat Hulls .. ... .. The hull “ofa flying ~oat”p.er~o~s the functlohs of fuselage,-flotation gear, and landing ...
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Hulls are the husks or thin hard shells that cover some seeds; they are often inedible. Botanically speaking, all seeds sprout and reproduce the same plant ...
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[30]
What Is a Seed? | New York Botanical Garden
Apr 2, 2021 · The seed is the embryonic stage of the plant life cycle. Most seeds consist of three parts: embryo, endosperm, and seed coat.
[31]
Convex Hull -- from Wolfram MathWorld
The convex hull of a set of points S in n dimensions is the intersection of all convex sets containing S.
[32]
Convex Hull - Algorithms, 4th Edition
Convex hull. Given set of N points in the Euclidean plane, find minimum area convex region that contains every point.
[33]
[PDF] 26 CONVEX HULL COMPUTATIONS - CSUN
Output-size sensitive algorithms for constructive problems in computational geometry. Ph.D. thesis, Dept. Comput. Sci., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, 1986. [Sei91].<|separator|>
[34]
[PDF] Lecture 3: Orientations and Convex Hulls
Convex hull: The convex hull of any set S is the intersection of all convex sets that contains S, or more intu- itively, the smallest convex set that contains S ...Missing: mathematics | Show results with:mathematics<|separator|>
[35]
Convex hull properties and algorithms - ScienceDirect.com
Convex hull (CH) is a central problem in various applications of computational geometry, such as Vornoi diagram construction, triangulation computation, etc.<|control11|><|separator|>
[36]
α-Concave hull, a generalization of convex hull - ScienceDirect.com
Nov 30, 2017 · In this paper, we explore another bounding hull, namely α-concave hull, as a generalization of convex hull.
[37]
[PDF] Alpha-Concave Hull, a Generalization of Convex Hull - arXiv
In this paper, we introduce another generalization of convex hull, named alpha-concave hull, and compare this concept with convex hull and alpha shape. We show ...
[38]
[PDF] Order-k α-Hulls and α-Shapes - ITN
As a generalization of k-hull, order-k α-hull is capable of determining “deep” points amidst samples from a multimodal distribution: it cor- rectly identifies ...
[39]
Key Facts for Hull
However, the mid-year 2023 population estimates are 271,942 for Hull, which is 0.3% higher than the population projections.
[40]
[PDF] Hull - Centre for Cities
Hull. Local authorities in PUA: Kingston upon Hull. Total. Rank. Rate. Rank population. Total population, 2023. 271,942 (37/63). Population change, 2013-23. 5.0 ...Missing: demographics | Show results with:demographics<|separator|>
[41]
How life has changed in Kingston upon Hull: Census 2021
Jan 19, 2023 · Kingston upon Hull's population increased by around 10,600 between the last two censuses (held in 2011 and 2021). This semi-automated article ...
[42]
Kingston upon Hull's employment, unemployment and economic ...
May 13, 2024 · The Claimant Count in Kingston upon Hull was 10620 in March 2024, up from March 2023, when there were 9920 claimants. The proportion of people ...
[43]
Kingston upon Hull, City of Economy | Labour Market & Industries
The 2022 labour force or working-age population in Kingston upon Hull, City of is 173,312 or 64.5% of the total population. In 2022, 97.5% of the labour market ...Economy Of Kingston Upon... · Compared To England's... · Qualifications<|separator|>
[44]
Wright, Philemon National Historic Person - Parks Canada
In 1800, American entrepreneur and colonizer Philemon Wright founded an agricultural settlement which later became Hull. Soon compelled to turn to the region's ...
[45]
PHILEMON WRIGHT (1760-1839) | QAHN
Wright led a group of 5 families and 33 labourers to the then isolated and unsettled township of Hull in March 1800, following the opening of British North ...
[46]
"A Rose by Any Other Name...." - Gatineau Valley Historical Society
1875-Separation 1975-Amalgamation. In 1875 Hull was incorporated as a city and West Hull was separated, becoming known officially as “The Municipality of the ...
[47]
Historical capsules - Tourisme Outaouais
Philemon Wright was instrumental in the development of what would become the City of Hull in 1875. ... incorporated in 1876, one year after the City of Hull.
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GREAT HULL FIRE OF 1900 | QAHN
The fire broke out around 10 o'clock, and by noon, the flames had already consumed all the dwellings on Chaudière, Wright, Church, Du Pont, Principale, ...
[49]
The Great Hull-Ottawa Fire of April 26, 1900 - Capital Chronicles
Apr 26, 2020 · The greatest fire in the history of Hull occurred on April 26, 1900. Not only was a large part of the city destroyed, but the Church and rectory were reduced ...
[50]
Historical dates - Ville de Gatineau
The cities of Aylmer, Buckingham, Gatineau, Hull and Masson-Angers (as well as the Outaouais urban community) merge to form the city of Gatineau. 1er ...<|separator|>
[51]
History of Hull, Massachusetts
Apr 29, 2021 · Originally known as Nantasket, Hull is a historic town in Plymouth County and is one of the oldest towns in Massachusetts.
[52]
Historical Records and Genealogical Research | Hull MA
Hull, Massachusetts, has a long, rich history dating back to the Mayflower Pilgrims. In 1622, Miles Standish led an expedition that landed on Hull's shores, ...
[53]
[PDF] Untitled - Town of Hull
The history of a long line of Nantasket Steamboats started when the Eagle made the first run from Boston to Hingham in 1818, only 11 years after Robert Fulton's ...
[54]
Visit and Explore Things To Do in Hull, MA - See Plymouth
Hull is known for its significant impact on the fishing and lobster industry, as well as being a perfect destination due to its sandy beaches.
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Hull - Massachusetts Municipal Association (MMA)
As the closest major beach town to Boston, located at the southern edge of Boston Harbor, Hull is the smallest town in Plymouth County in land area.
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Hills of Hull, Mass. | Hills of the Boston Basin
In 1644, the area was incorporated as a town, and its name changed to Hull, most likely for the city in England. ... All three are also peninsulas so have hill- ...
[57]
History - Hull Public Library
William Hunt chose this spot as a suitable location for his estate. About 1644 the Hunt estate house was erected to be the parsonage of Rev. Marmaduke Matthews.<|separator|>
[58]
How many cities are called Hull in America? - Geotargit
There are 11 places named Hull in America. ... All places in the world called "Hull". Location Hull: Alabama · Florida · Georgia · Illinois · Iowa ...
[59]
Places in United States named Hull - Country Maps
Places in United States named Hull ; Hull, town, Iowa ; Hull, village, Texas ; Hull, hamlet, North Dakota ; Hull, hamlet, Alabama ...
[60]
About Us | City of Hull
The City of Hull is a growing community in Northwest Iowa. Hull's growth comes from being highly progressive in areas of parks, library, fitness, recreation, ...<|separator|>
[61]
2021 Hull Heads, Census All persons QuickStats
People and population ; Median age, 63, N/A, 38, N/A ; 0-4 years, 3, 2.1, 292,452, 5.7 ; 5-9 years, 4, 2.8, 329,311, 6.4 ...
[62]
Hull Heads Boat Ramp Amenities
Venue Type: Public Recreation Area ; Location: Esplanade HULL HEADS 4854 ; Website: https://toiletmap.gov.au/ ; Accessible Parking: Yes ; Wheel Chair Access: Yes
[63]
Hull Heads, Cardwell Shire 1979 - 1988 - The Coastal Observation ...
This report provides a summary of primary analyses of COPE data on wind, wave and beach processes observed at Hull Heads in the Shire of Cardwell, ...
[64]
Northumberland Islands National Park - WetlandInfo
Northumberland Islands National Park. Access wetland mapping in PDF and KML format by selecting the desired 100K map tile below or download the data via the ...
[65]
Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Cordell Hull (1871–1955)
Cordell Hull was appointed Secretary of State by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 4, 1933, and served until November 20, 1944.
[66]
HULL, Cordell | US House of Representatives - History, Art & Archives
A Representative and a Senator from Tennessee; born in Olympus, Overton (now Pickett) County, Tenn., October 2, 1871; attended normal school and graduated from ...
[67]
Cordell Hull – Biographical - NobelPrize.org
Hull was elected U.S. senator for the 1931-1937 term but resigned upon his appointment as secretary of state by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 4, 1933 ...Missing: notable | Show results with:notable
[68]
Cordell Hull – Speed read - NobelPrize.org
Cordell Hull, known as the “father of the United Nations,” was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his part in the planning of the UN during the war.
[69]
The Legacy and Contribution of Cordell Hull | Cordellhullmuseum
Cordell Hull has the longest tenure as Secretary of State in American history. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest Secretaries and diplomats.
[70]
Edmund Hull - The American Academy of Diplomacy
Edmund J. Hull was sent as ambassador to Yemen, where he served until mid-2004. Previously, he served both Presidents Clinton and Bush as Deputy, then Acting, ...Missing: notable politicians named
[71]
Thomas Neil Hull - People - Department History
Career Foreign Service Officer State of Residence: New Hampshire. Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary (Sierra Leone) Appointed: May 12, 2004
[72]
Ebenezer Cobb Morley - Spartacus Educational
Ebenezer Cobb Morley was born in Hull in 1831. He moved to London where he worked as a solicitor. He was a keen sportsman and established Barnes Football Club ...Missing: birthplace | Show results with:birthplace
[73]
Ebenezer Cobb Morley: Football man and myth - The Hull Story
Nov 28, 2024 · Morley was born and raised in Hull, a working-class northern city. He was not educated at a public school, unlike many of football's early ...
[74]
Dr Karen Briggs MBE - History / IJF.org
Dubbed a 'pocket-sized fighting machine' in the British media, Hull-born Karen Briggs was equally adept on her feet and on the ground with a leading ...
[75]
Karen Briggs - Olympedia
Biographical information ; Karen•Briggs · 11 April 1963 in Kingston upon Hull, England (GBR) · 178 cm / 48 kg · Kingston Fairholme · Great Britain ...Missing: birthplace | Show results with:birthplace
[76]
Hull Hall of Fame & East Yorkshire Sports stars
Nick Barmby probably Hulls most famous footballer played for Liverpool, Hull City, Everton, Spurs, Middlesborough, Leeds and Nottingham Forest. He also got 23 ...
[77]
Ex-boxer Tommy Coyle nominated for Hull's highest honour - BBC
Jul 16, 2025 · A former boxer turned entrepreneur said he was "over the moon" to have been nominated for his home town's highest civic award.<|control11|><|separator|>
[78]
Footballers from Kingston upon Hull - FamousFix.com list
The list Footballers from Kingston upon Hull includes Dean Windass, Ebenezer Cobb Morley, Geoff Hunter (footballer), Nick Barmby and Andy O'Dell.
[79]
Clark L. Hull | American Psychologist, Behaviorist & Scientist
Sep 23, 2025 · Clark L. Hull was an American psychologist known for his experimental studies on learning and for his attempt to give mathematical ...
[80]
Biography of Influential Psychologist Clark Hull - Verywell Mind
Oct 19, 2023 · Clark Hull was a psychologist known for his drive theory and research on human motivation. Through his teaching, Hull also had an impact on a number of other ...
[81]
Alan Hull Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More |... - AllMusic
U.K. folk-based singer-songwriter, likely best known as a founder member of folk rockers Lindisfarne. Read Full Biography ...
[82]
Rod Hull 1935-1999 - British Puppet Guild
Rodney Stephen Hull born on 13th. August 1935 was a British comedian and popular entertainer on television in the 1970s and 1980s.
[83]
HENRY HULL, 87, STAR OF STAGE AND SCREEN
Mar 9, 1977 · Henry Hull, who created Jeeter Lester in the 1933 Broadway production of “Tobacco Road,” died yesterday at the home of his daughter in ...
[84]
Henry Hull(1890-1977) - IMDb
Henry Hull, the actor who created the role of Jeeter on Broadway in Tobacco Road, was born in Louisville, Kentucky, on October 13, 1890.