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Ordnance

Ordnance is a term with multiple meanings, most commonly referring to military materiel such as weapons, ammunition, combat vehicles, artillery, munitions, and explosive devices, along with the systems for their production, storage, and deployment.^[1]^[2] It also appears in non-military contexts, including surveying and mapping (e.g., the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain) and in the names of geographical locations and facilities. In military applications, ordnance is essential for logistics, sustainment, and operational readiness, encompassing maintenance, explosive ordnance disposal (EOD), and safety functions. Historically, it has evolved from early artillery and cannon production to support for advanced weaponry across global armed forces.

Etymology and Definition

Etymology

The term "ordnance" emerged as a variant spelling of "ordinance" in late 14th-century Middle English, originally denoting any authoritative order, decree, or arrangement.^[3] This broader sense derived from Old French ordonnance, meaning "order" or "disposition," which itself stemmed from Medieval Latin ordinantia and ultimately from Latin ordinare, "to put in order."^[4] The earliest recorded use of "ordnance" appears before 1393 in the poetry of John Gower, reflecting its initial alignment with general regulatory or organizational meanings.^[5] By the late 14th century, the word began shifting toward a specialized military connotation, with the first documented usage in this context appearing in English records to refer to military equipment or provisions.^[6] This evolution accelerated during the 15th and 17th centuries, influenced by the French ordonnance in its sense of "arrangement" or "equipment," as military logistics increasingly emphasized ordered supplies and artillery in European conflicts.^[3] The term's association with martial resources solidified as English armies formalized procurement and deployment practices, distinguishing it progressively from non-military applications. In the 17th century, "ordnance" narrowed further to specifically encompass artillery, munitions, and related military stores, a specialization driven by the growing prominence of gunpowder weaponry in England and continental Europe.^[5] This development is traced in Oxford English Dictionary entries from 1530 onward, which document its refinement in official and literary texts amid expanding royal armories and ordnance boards.^[5] Unlike "ordinance," which retained primary associations with civil laws and decrees, "ordnance" became indelibly linked to defensive and offensive matériel.^[4]

Core Definitions

In contemporary usage, ordnance primarily refers to military materiel, encompassing weapons, ammunition, combat vehicles, and the associated maintenance tools and equipment essential for their operation and sustainment.^[1] This definition aligns with its role in military logistics, where ordnance constitutes the tangible assets required for armed forces to engage in combat effectively.^[2] In a broader sense, ordnance extends to any large-scale artillery pieces, explosive devices, or munitions integrated into defense supply chains, emphasizing heavy weaponry and related explosive ordnance disposal systems.^[7] These elements are critical for strategic deterrence and operational readiness, distinguishing ordnance from lighter infantry equipment.^[8] Rarely in modern contexts, ordnance retains an archaic extension to authoritative military regulations or decrees, derived from its historical overlap with the term "ordinance" denoting official orders.^[9] This usage, now largely obsolete, underscores the word's evolution from governance to matériel.^[3] Key distinctions arise when "ordnance" functions as a proper noun, such as in "Ordnance Survey," the official British government agency responsible for national mapping and geospatial data, which operates independently of military connotations despite the shared etymology.^[10] To illustrate the global scale of ordnance-related activities, total world military expenditure—which includes procurement and maintenance of ordnance—reached $2,718 billion in 2024, marking a 9.4 percent increase from the previous year and reflecting heightened geopolitical tensions.^[11]

Military Applications

Historical Evolution

The historical evolution of ordnance as a military concept originated in ancient civilizations with the emergence of organized siege warfare. In Mesopotamia during the Early Bronze Age, circa 2000 BCE, textual and artistic evidence from sites like Ebla describes the use of siege engines, including battering rams and mobile assault towers, to breach fortified urban centers during conflicts between city-states.^[12] These early devices represented the foundational shift toward mechanical aids in assaulting defenses, prioritizing engineering over individual prowess in battle. The Romans further refined ordnance through standardization and integration into legionary tactics. By the late Republic and early Empire periods, the ballista—a large, torsion-powered crossbow-like engine capable of hurling bolts or stones over 400 meters—became a core component of Roman military equipment, produced in workshops for consistent deployment during sieges such as those in Gaul and Britain.^[13] This emphasis on uniformity and mass production foreshadowed modern ordnance systems, enabling the Roman army to maintain logistical superiority across vast territories. The medieval era marked a pivotal transformation with the advent of gunpowder weaponry in 13th-century Europe, likely transmitted via Mongol invasions from China, where it had been developed centuries earlier for fireworks and incendiaries.^[14] By the early 15th century, this innovation spurred institutional responses; in 1414, King Henry V of England established the Office of Ordnance—later evolving into the Board of Ordnance—to centralize cannon casting, powder production, and supply chains at the Tower of London, supporting campaigns like the Hundred Years' War.^[15] Industrialization in the 19th century amplified ordnance's scale and precision, aligning it with national military establishments. The United States created its Ordnance Department on May 14, 1812, via congressional act, to procure and maintain arms and ammunition in anticipation of the War of 1812, evolving from ad hoc colonial practices into a permanent branch.^[16] During the American Civil War, rifled artillery emerged as a key advancement; the Parrott rifle, invented by Captain Robert Parker Parrott and first produced in 1861 at the West Point Foundry, featured a wrought-iron banded muzzle-loader that fired elongated shells with greater accuracy and range than smoothbore predecessors, influencing Union and Confederate field tactics.^[17] The 20th century's world wars accelerated ordnance into an era of industrialized mass production and global supply chains. In World War II, the U.S. Ordnance Department, under intensified mobilization, manufactured over 47 million tons of artillery ammunition between 1940 and 1945, achieving high output rates such as over 500,000 shells monthly for key calibers by the mid-1940s to equip Allied forces in Europe and the Pacific.^[18]^[19] This surge was facilitated by the 1942 reorganization of the U.S. Army Ordnance Corps, led by Major General Levin H. Campbell Jr., who coordinated over 15,000 private contractors and government arsenals to deliver weapons, vehicles, and munitions at unprecedented volumes.^[18] The Cold War extended ordnance's scope to include nuclear integration, with the U.S. developing tactical nuclear artillery such as the W9 and W19 warheads for 280mm cannons in the 1950s, designed for battlefield use against armored formations and enhancing NATO's forward deterrence against Soviet conventional superiority.^[20] Post-1991, following the Gulf War's demonstration of laser- and GPS-guided bombs—which achieved significantly higher hit rates, such as 80% for key stealth aircraft strikes, compared to unguided ordnance—the U.S. military pivoted to precision-guided munitions as the doctrinal standard, reducing reliance on massed firepower and emphasizing networked targeting to limit civilian casualties in asymmetric conflicts.^[21]^[22]

Components and Types

Ordnance in military inventories is broadly classified into functional categories based on their design, deployment, and purpose, encompassing conventional items like small arms and artillery shells, explosive munitions such as bombs and missiles, and vehicular platforms including tanks and armored carriers equipped with integrated weapon systems.^[23] These categories ensure standardized management and operational compatibility across forces.^[24] Conventional ordnance primarily includes non-guided or low-technology ammunition designed for direct fire or impact, such as small arms cartridges and artillery shells that rely on ballistic trajectories for delivery. For instance, 5.56mm rifle rounds for infantry weapons and 155mm howitzer projectiles represent staples in this category, providing reliable, high-volume firepower in ground operations.^[25] The 155mm rounds, standardized under NATO protocols, are fired from systems like the M777 howitzer and deliver high-explosive fragmentation effects over a 30-kilometer range, emphasizing scalability in conventional engagements.^[26] Explosive ordnance comprises munitions with self-contained detonators and propellants for area denial or precision strikes, including aerial bombs, guided missiles, and torpedoes that incorporate warheads for enhanced lethality. Aircraft-delivered examples, such as the AGM-65 Maverick, are air-to-surface missiles weighing approximately 670 pounds and equipped with electro-optical or infrared seekers for targeting armored vehicles up to 17 nautical miles away.^[27] In naval applications, the Mk 48 torpedo serves as a heavyweight, wire-guided weapon launched from submarines, featuring acoustic homing and a 650-pound warhead capable of engaging surface ships or underwater threats at speeds exceeding 40 knots.^[28] Vehicular ordnance integrates weapon systems into mobile platforms for combined arms maneuver, such as main battle tanks like the M1 Abrams and armored personnel carriers like the M113, which mount machine guns, cannons, or missile launchers for defensive and offensive roles. These vehicles, often classified under ordnance logistics due to their combat armament, enhance mobility while delivering integrated firepower, with tank main guns typically chambered in 120mm calibers standardized for interoperability.^[23] Logistics for ordnance handling adheres to international and national standards to promote safety and alliance compatibility, including NATO STANAG 4385, which specifies dimensions and performance for 120mm smoothbore tank ammunition to ensure cross-platform usability among member states.^[29] Safety protocols for storage mandate separated facilities with reinforced construction, minimum inhabited building distances (e.g., 1,200 meters for large explosive quantities), and environmental controls to mitigate risks of accidental ignition, as detailed in U.S. Army guidelines.^[30] Modern advancements in ordnance include drone-delivered systems like the Switchblade loitering munitions, introduced by the U.S. military in 2012 as a man-portable, tube-launched weapon weighing under 6 pounds, capable of 10-40 minute flight times for real-time target acquisition and kamikaze strikes.^[31]

Organizational Role

The United States Army Ordnance Corps, established on May 14, 1812, as the Ordnance Department by an act of Congress, serves as a primary institutional framework for ordnance management within the U.S. military.^[32]^[33] Its responsibilities encompass the full supply chain spectrum, from procurement and production of weapons systems, ammunition, and missiles to their sustainment, maintenance, and eventual disposal, ensuring operational readiness across Army forces.^[34] The Corps also oversees explosive ordnance disposal and safety protocols, integrating logistics systems to support global deployments. Its motto, "This We'll Defend," reflects a commitment to safeguarding national interests through reliable ordnance support, aligning with broader Army values.^[35] Internationally, similar structures have evolved to handle ordnance procurement and maintenance, often adapting to national priorities and historical contexts. In the United Kingdom, the Royal Ordnance Factories (ROFs) represented a centralized government-owned network for munitions production, operating from the early 20th century until their restructuring on January 2, 1985, when most were vested into the public corporation Royal Ordnance plc for privatization, completed in 1987 to enhance competitiveness.^[36] Russia's Main Missile and Artillery Directorate (GRAU), a department under the Ministry of Defense, manages the procurement, indexing, and logistical support for all military equipment, ammunition, and rocket-artillery systems, ensuring standardized designations and operational integration across armed forces branches.^[37] These organizations highlight a common emphasis on state-controlled or semi-autonomous entities to streamline ordnance lifecycles amid varying geopolitical demands. Key functions of ordnance branches include research and development, as exemplified by the U.S. Army's Aberdeen Proving Ground, established in 1917 as the nation's first permanent testing site for field artillery, ammunition, and related systems, where ongoing evaluations ensure technological reliability and safety.^[38] Wartime mobilization underscores these roles; during World War II, the U.S. Ordnance Department coordinated production exceeding 41 billion rounds of small arms ammunition, alongside vast quantities of artillery shells and other munitions, through government-owned and contractor-operated facilities to meet Allied demands.^[39] Contemporary challenges in ordnance management involve supply chain vulnerabilities, intensified by events like Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine, which triggered global surges in ammunition demand, strained raw material availability, and disrupted defense production networks, leading to delays in procurement and heightened costs for NATO allies and other nations. As of 2025, the U.S. has aimed to address these by targeting production of 100,000 155mm artillery rounds per month, though shortfalls persist amid ongoing conflict demands.^[40]^[41]^[42] These disruptions have prompted reevaluations of resilient sourcing strategies to mitigate risks in future conflicts.

Surveying and Mapping Contexts

Ordnance Survey

The Ordnance Survey (OS) was formally established in June 1791 by the Board of Ordnance, the British military department responsible for artillery and fortifications, to create accurate maps of the country for strategic defense purposes.^[43] This initiative built on earlier efforts, including a 1747-1755 military survey of the Scottish Highlands led by William Roy, who advocated for a comprehensive national triangulation-based mapping project before his death in 1790; Roy is posthumously regarded as the founding figure of the OS due to his influential proposals for precision surveying.^[44] The agency's early work focused on southern England, producing the first detailed maps amid growing European tensions that would lead to the Napoleonic Wars. Over the 19th century, the OS developed the Principal Triangulation of Great Britain, a foundational network of geodetic measurements initiated in 1783 under Roy's direction and completed by 1853, which established a standardized framework for accurate positioning across the nation.^[45] This effort transitioned the OS from ad hoc military surveys to systematic national cartography, incorporating one-inch-to-the-mile scales for topographic detail. Following World War II, the agency shifted emphasis toward civilian applications, with post-war resurveys at larger scales (e.g., 1:1,250 for urban areas) and the introduction of trig pillars in the 1930s retriangulation enhancing accessibility for public and planning uses.^[46] Today, the OS serves as the national mapping agency for Great Britain, producing key series such as the 1:50,000 scale Landranger maps for general navigation and larger-scale products for detailed analysis. Digital advancements include the launch of OS MasterMap in 2000, a comprehensive topographic database containing over 514 million geographic features as of July 2025, which receives approximately 20,000 updates daily through satellite imagery, field surveys, and GIS integration.^[47]^[48]^[49] As of 2025, OS continues to innovate with AI-driven updates and new releases such as the OS NGD Land Intertidal Areas in September 2025, enhancing geospatial intelligence.^[50]^[51] Among its key achievements, the OS provided essential mapping support during World War II, producing over 342 million maps for Allied forces, including specialized topographic sheets critical for operations like the D-Day landings in Normandy.^[52] In modern times, its geospatial data enables GIS applications in urban planning, environmental management, and infrastructure development, underpinning tools for sustainable city design and emergency response across the UK.^[44]

Ordnance Datum

Ordnance Datum Newlyn (ODN) serves as the primary vertical reference system for height measurements across Great Britain, defined as the mean sea level recorded at the Newlyn Tidal Observatory in Cornwall from hourly tide gauge readings between May 1915 and April 1921.^[53] This average level, set at 4.751 meters below the observatory's benchmark, was formally adopted in 1921 as the national zero height for surveying and mapping purposes.^[54] The datum provides a fixed orthometric height reference, against which elevations of land features, structures, and infrastructure are measured relative to this historical sea level, rather than contemporary conditions.^[54] The establishment of ODN marked a significant advancement in British geodesy, replacing the earlier Ordnance Datum Liverpool, which had been introduced in 1840 based on mean sea level observations at Liverpool's Victoria Dock and a benchmark at St. John's Church.^[54] That initial datum, adjusted in 1844 to reference Northwich due to local subsidence issues, proved inaccurate for national-scale levelling owing to regional variations in sea level and land movement, as revealed by the Principal Triangulation of Britain (1784–1853) and subsequent geodetic surveys.^[54] During the Second Geodetic Levelling (1912–1921), the Ordnance Survey selected Newlyn for its stable granite geology and sheltered location away from major estuarine influences, conducting precise spirit levelling across the country to connect the new datum to fundamental bench marks spaced approximately 30 miles apart.^[53] This transition ensured a more consistent vertical framework for the United Kingdom, with the Newlyn reference superseding the Liverpool system by the early 20th century.^[53] In practice, ODN underpins the height data for Ordnance Survey mapping products, forming the basis for contour lines that depict terrain elevation and enabling accurate representation of topography on scales from national overviews to detailed local plans.^[54] It is widely applied in civil engineering projects, such as infrastructure design and construction, where precise elevations relative to sea level are critical for stability and safety assessments.^[55] In environmental management, ODN heights inform flood risk modeling by identifying low-lying areas vulnerable to inundation, with elevations below specific thresholds (e.g., 5 meters ODN) used to delineate coastal flood zones and support planning for sea level rise scenarios.^[53] Additionally, transformations between ODN and global reference frames like WGS84 are facilitated through geoid models, allowing integration with satellite-based positioning systems for international geospatial applications.^[56] Technically, ODN establishes zero height at the adopted 1915–1921 mean sea level, with all subsequent measurements adjusted via precise levelling networks tied to permanent bench marks; however, ongoing geophysical processes necessitate periodic corrections.^[53] Isostatic rebound from post-glacial adjustment causes land uplift, particularly in Scotland, at rates of approximately 1.4 to 1.8 mm per year relative to Newlyn, requiring adjustments in northern height realizations to maintain accuracy.^[57] Since the 1980s, tide gauge operations at Newlyn have been managed by the Environment Agency, with data contributing to long-term sea level monitoring showing a rise of 1.8 mm per year from 1915 to 2014. More recent trends indicate an accelerated rise of approximately 4.6 mm per year from 1993 to 2023.^[53]^[58] By 2025, advancements in satellite altimetry and GNSS networks like OS Net have enhanced height determination, enabling real-time corrections and resurveys—such as the 2016 update to Ben Nevis's height—while preserving ODN as the core orthometric reference.^[54]

Named Places and Facilities

Geographical Locations

Ordnance, Oregon, is a ghost town located in Umatilla County in northeastern Oregon, near the Columbia River, established in 1941 as a temporary settlement to support workers at the adjacent Umatilla Ordnance Depot during World War II.^[59] The community arose alongside the depot's construction, which began in January 1941 under the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to store and distribute munitions, featuring over 1,000 concrete igloos for safe storage.^[60] At its peak during the war, the town's population reached approximately 1,500 residents, primarily civilian workers and their families, contributing to the broader wartime effort in the region where employment at the depot exceeded 7,000.^[61] Following the war's end in 1945, the settlement was rapidly abandoned as the depot transitioned to peacetime operations, leaving behind remnants of housing and infrastructure that now mark it as a relic of 20th-century military expansion.^[60] Ordnance Island is a small islet situated in Hamilton Harbour within St. George's Parish, Bermuda, named in the 18th century for its role as a storage facility for British naval ordnance and gunpowder supplies to support the island's fortifications.^[62] The site served as a key depot for the Royal Army Ordnance Corps, providing munitions to nearby forts and batteries amid Bermuda's strategic importance as a British naval outpost in the Atlantic.^[63] Historically, the island gained significance during the American Revolutionary War era, notably as the location from which gunpowder was covertly supplied to American forces in 1775, an act that aided the Continental Army's campaigns.^[64] Today, it remains uninhabited with no permanent population, featuring replicas of early 17th-century ships like the Deliverance to commemorate Bermuda's colonial maritime heritage, and it underscores the island's ties to 18th- and 19th-century military logistics.^[62] Other minor geographical features named "Ordnance" include the headquarters of the Ordnance Survey in Southampton, United Kingdom, a prominent landmark relocated there in 1841 from the Tower of London to centralize mapping operations.^[65] Located at Explorer House on Adanac Drive in the Nursling area (SO16 0AS), this site represents a hub for Britain's national mapping agency, though it functions as an institutional complex rather than a settlement.^[66] Streets such as Ordnance Road in Enfield, North London, also bear the name, originating from the 19th-century Royal Small Arms Factory nearby, which produced military equipment and shaped local development with worker housing along the Lea Navigation.^[67] These locations are linked to 20th-century military and surveying expansions, serving as subtle nods to ordnance-related history in civilian contexts.^[68]

Military and Industrial Sites

In the United States, several key ordnance depots were constructed during World War II to support munitions storage and logistics. The Black Hills Ordnance Depot, located in Fall River County, South Dakota, was established in February 1942 on approximately 21,000 acres to serve as a reserve facility for storing ammunition and explosives.^[69] It featured over 700 igloo-style bunkers designed for safe munitions preservation and operated until its closure in 1967, after which the site was transferred to the General Services Administration for disposal.^[70] Similarly, the Navajo Ordnance Depot in Bellemont, Arizona, was activated on July 1, 1942, following rapid construction that included 800 igloo-style storage magazines completed in under a year.^[71] This facility played a critical role in storing ammunition for the Pacific Theater, receiving its first shipment in November 1942, and continued operations through the war until 1948, when it transitioned to other military uses as Camp Navajo.^[72] In the United Kingdom, the Royal Ordnance Factory No. 1 at Woolwich Arsenal, dating back to 1716 with the establishment of the Royal Brass Foundry, was a cornerstone of British armaments production.^[73] Expanded significantly during World War I, it covered 1,285 acres and employed nearly 80,000 workers at its peak, manufacturing heavy artillery pieces such as howitzers and field guns essential to the war effort.^[74] The site operated until 1967, contributing to the production of advanced ordnance over two centuries. During World War II, the UK expanded its network to over 40 Royal Ordnance Factories, including 24 engineering plants, 8 explosives facilities, and 10 filling factories by 1942, to meet surging demand for munitions.^[73] Canada's Ordnance Building National Historic Site in Saint John, New Brunswick—originally constructed in 1842 by British Royal Engineers—served as a secure storage facility for naval and military supplies, including gunpowder and ordnance equipment, supporting the region's coastal defenses. Designated a National Historic Site in 2015 due to its architectural and military significance, the neoclassical stone structure exemplifies 19th-century imperial logistics and remains preserved as a testament to early Canadian military infrastructure.^[75] Many former ordnance sites have been decommissioned post-war, with the Erie Ordnance Depot (also known as Erie Proving Ground) in Port Clinton, Ohio—established in 1918 for testing and storage—closing in January 1967 after serving as a maintenance and repair hub during peacetime.^[76] Today, environmental remediation addresses contamination from historical operations, including unexploded ordnance and chemical residues; for instance, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency oversees ongoing Superfund cleanups at sites like the Former Nansemond Ordnance Depot in Suffolk, Virginia, with key groundwater and landfill remediation phases, including final remedy selection, projected for December 2027 to February 2028 as of November 2025.^[77] These efforts, led by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in collaboration with the EPA, focus on munitions removal, soil excavation, and habitat restoration to mitigate long-term risks.^[78]

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[46]
OS history | About us | OS
### Summary of Ordnance Survey History
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https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/blog/capturing-the-changing-face-of-great-britain
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History of the trig pillar | Blog | OS - Ordnance Survey
Apr 19, 2016 · The trig pillar was first used in the retriangulation of Great Britain on 18 April 1936. On that day, a group of surveyors gathered around a white concrete ...
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Capturing the changing face of Great Britain | Blog - Ordnance Survey
Feb 13, 2020 · In the past decade the National Geographic Database of Great Britain has grown to contain more than 500 million unique geographic features.
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OS Data Hub for the public sector - Ordnance Survey
Access data in the format you choose to work with. Every day we make 20,000 updates to our database which holds 500 million features ... Ordnance Survey ...
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The peculiar history of the Ordnance Survey - BBC
Oct 13, 2018 · Over the course of the war the teams produced at least 25 million battlefield maps for use by British troops, and a total of 342 million for the ...
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A Century of Sea Level Measurements at Newlyn, Southwest England
This tide gauge station has since provided a geodetic datum for the whole of Great Britain (Ordnance Datum Newlyn, ODN) and an important record of sea level ...
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100 years of Ordnance Datum Newlyn | Blog | OS
Nov 14, 2022 · A century ago, mean sea level was recorded here over the course of six years. The reading, known as Ordnance Datum Newlyn (ODN), would mark height zero on maps ...
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Above The Ordnance Datum - November 7, 2025 - Mapscaping.com
Jan 4, 2024 · What is the Ordnance Datum · Established as the mean sea level (MSL) recorded at the Newlyn Tidal Observatory in Cornwall between 1915 and 1921.
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[PDF] A Guide to Coordinate Systems in Great Britain - Ordnance Survey
This ensures that the Z-axis of the. WGS84 datum coincides with the International Reference Pole, and that the prime meridian of the ellipsoid (that is, the ...
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Ben Nevis and geologically driven changes in elevation - Nowell
Jul 10, 2018 · ... uplift between Ben Nevis and Newlyn is between 1.4 and 1.8 mm a year. This is thanks to Dr Richard Bingley, head of the NERC facility based ...
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[PDF] U.S. Army Depot Activity, Umatilla ... - Loc - Library of Congress
Brief account of the depot's history through the early I95us. "Historical Summary: umatiiia Ordnance Depot, Ordnance, Oregon, inception U941) to December 1942." ...
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History | Columbia Development Authority
The 17,000 plus acres was owned by local people and the BLM. Construction of the Umatilla Army Ordnance depot began in January 1941. At the peak of the 35 ...
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Workers at the Umatilla Ordnance Depot, 1943
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers began planning the construction of the Umatilla Ordnance Depot in the summer of 1940. A site near the eastern Oregon town of ...
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Official Site - Ordnance Island - Corporation of St George's, Bermuda
Outline of the sizes of ships that were built and launched in Bermuda. 17th century - Deliverance; 18th century - HMS Pickle; 19th century - George Seymour.<|separator|>
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Bermuda - Naval History and Heritage Command
Jun 25, 2015 · Bermuda, an iron-hulled screw steamer, was built in 1861 at Stockton-on-Tees, England, by Pearse and Lockwood to take advantage of the ...Missing: storage | Show results with:storage
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The Raid on Bermuda That Saved the American Revolution
Oct 1, 2018 · How colonial allies in the Caribbean pulled off a heist to equip George Washington's Continental Army with gunpowder.Missing: 1795 | Show results with:1795
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[PDF] A History of the Ordnance Survey
The Ordnance Survey's history includes its origins, the resumption of the trigonometrical survey, the birth of the topographical survey, and becoming a map ...
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Find us | About us | OS - Ordnance Survey
Our head office building in Southampton is accessible to all of our visitors. ... Ordnance Survey Limited. Explorer House, Adanac DriveNursling, Southampton ...
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Enfield: Growth after 1850 | British History Online
A terrace called Government Row was constructed on the east bank of the Lea Navigation in the shadow of the factory, while farther west in Ordnance Road ...
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[PDF] East Enfield a history
In 1855 Enfield Lock station (originally called Ordnance Factory) was opened. This was followed in 1884 by Brimsdown station.
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Igloo, SD: Black Hills Army Depot, Toxic and Radioactive Waste
Apr 15, 2015 · The former BHAD was constructed as a reserve depot in 1942 on 21,095 acres. The facility was closed in 1967 and was transferred to the General ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
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[PDF] At Home & Abroad: South Dakota in World War II
1942. Igloo Ordnance Depot. South of Edgemont stood the. Black Hills Ordnance Depot. Also called the Provo or Igloo. Ordnance Depot, the igloo-shaped buildings ...
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Camp Navajo - Department of Emergency and Military Affairs
Camp Navajo was originally established as Navajo Ordnance Depot in 1942. Total construction of the facility was completed in less than one year and included ...Missing: history WWII
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[PDF] Navajo Depot Activity, Bellemont, Arizona - DTIC
Mar 8, 1990 · From early 1945 to the end of World War II, the Navajo Depot Activity served as a prisoner- ... Letter to Charles Stotts, Navajo Ordnance Depot.
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Royal Ordnance - Graces Guide
Apr 29, 2025 · 1984 Royal Ordnance had 19 factories and 19000 employees when vested for privatization. Its largest division was ammunition followed by tanks ...
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World War One: Royal Arsenal's battle to feed the guns - BBC News
Jun 5, 2014 · The Woolwich-based factory was at its peak during WW1, covering 1,285 acres, filled with dozens of buildings and employing about 80,000 people.
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National Historic Sites | Discover Saint John
Our region is home to 18 National Historic Sites, each offering a unique glimpse into the past. Ordnance Building, Saint John Constructed in 1842 to store ...Missing: Halifax | Show results with:Halifax
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3-62 Erie Proving Ground - Remarkable Ohio
Served as a storage, maintenance, and repair facility during peacetime. Closed January, 1967.
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FORMER NANSEMOND ORDNANCE DEPOT | Superfund Site Profile
On this page: Site Milestones; Cleanup Schedule by Operable Unit. Cleaning up Superfund sites is a complex, multi-phase process. Learn more:.
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FORMER NANSEMOND ORDNANCE DEPOT | Superfund Site Profile
The Site's cleanup includes the removal of munitions, explosives, contaminated debris, and various military items, as well as the removal of contaminated soil.