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Horon

Horon (Pontic Greek: χορόν, romanized: khorón; Turkish: horon) is a group of traditional folk dances from the Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. Performed in a circle or line formation, it involves groups of dancers executing rapid footwork, jumps, and energetic movements that symbolize the region's rugged mountains and lively community spirit. The dance is typically accompanied by fast-paced music from instruments such as the kemençe (a bowed lyre), davul-zurna (drum and shawm), and tulum (bagpipe).^[1] Originating from the Pontic Greek communities historically present in the area, Horon has become an integral part of Turkish cultural heritage, especially in provinces like Trabzon, Rize, and Artvin. It is commonly danced at weddings, festivals, and social gatherings, fostering communal bonds and preserving regional identity. Variations of the dance reflect local styles and historical influences from Byzantine and Ottoman eras.^[2]

Name and Terminology

Etymology

The term "horon" derives from the ancient Greek word choros (χορός), meaning "dance" or "round dance," which encompassed both the act of dancing in a circle and the group performing it. This linguistic root reflects the communal and rhythmic nature of early Greek performative traditions, where dance was integral to religious and theatrical contexts. In the Black Sea region, where Pontic Greeks historically resided, the term evolved into horoi or choroi in the Pontic Greek dialect (Romeika), denoting similar group dances that retained the core meaning of collective movement.^[3]^[4] The earliest documented Turkic usage of "horon" appears in the Codex Cumanicus, a 14th-century linguistic manuscript compiled around 1303 CE for Franciscan missionaries interacting with Cuman-Kipchak Turkic peoples. In this text, "horon" is listed as a borrowing from Greek, explicitly translating to "dance," marking its adaptation into Turkic languages during cultural exchanges in the Eurasian steppes and Anatolia. This entry highlights the term's transmission through multicultural contacts, bridging Greek-speaking communities and emerging Turkic groups in the region.^[4] Alternative etymological theories propose pagan origins for "horon," linking it to the ancient "koron-horon," derived from "hur-kor," a term signifying sun worship in pre-Christian rituals of the Black Sea coast. These roots suggest the dance may have emerged from solar ceremonies honoring agricultural cycles and fertility, common in indigenous and Hellenized traditions before Islamic influences. In Turkish contexts, the term solidified as "horon" by the Ottoman era, while Pontic Greek variants preserved closer ties to choros, illustrating a shared yet divergent linguistic path amid historical migrations and assimilations. Such theories connect briefly to broader ancient practices like the Pyrrhic dance, but focus on symbolic rather than martial elements.^[5]

Regional Variants

In the provinces of Ordu and Giresun along Turkey's Black Sea coast, the traditional dance is commonly known as "Horan" instead of the more widespread term Horon.^[6] This localized naming convention underscores the phonetic influences of regional dialects in central Black Sea communities.^[6] Across various Black Sea locales, additional spellings such as Horom, Horum, Foron, Oran, and Korum appear, reflecting adaptations shaped by local linguistic traditions and cultural exchanges in the Karadeniz region.^[7] These variant forms demonstrate how the dance's nomenclature evolves with the diverse dialects spoken in coastal areas like Trabzon, Rize, and Artvin, where subtle shifts in pronunciation and orthography preserve community-specific identities.^[7] Documentation reveals over 50 named variations within a single Black Sea region, illustrating the profound impact of local dialects on the dance's terminology and its embedded role in regional folklore.^[5] Such multiplicity in naming highlights the dance's adaptability to the heterogeneous linguistic landscape of the area, from eastern mountainous dialects to central coastal inflections.^[5]

Historical Origins

Ancient Roots

The Horon dance traces its ancient roots to the classical Greek world, particularly through its resemblance to the Pyrrhic armed dance, a martial performance executed by warriors to replicate battlefield maneuvers with swift, precise footwork and weapon simulations. Originating possibly in Dorian Crete around 1250 BCE and referenced in Homer's Iliad (8th century BCE), the Pyrrhic dance was tied to mythological figures like the Curetes, who used rhythmic movements to shield the infant Zeus from harm, and was employed in military training across ancient Greece. This war dance's emphasis on agility and group synchronization mirrors core elements of Horon, suggesting a direct lineage in the Pontic Greek traditions of the Black Sea region.^[8] Further linking Horon to antiquity is its evolution from the Pontian Greek "serra" war dance, a tradition preserved through the Byzantine era (4th–15th centuries CE) among Greek communities in Pontus. The serra, performed exclusively by men in closed circles, featured intense shoulder tremors, knee bends, and abrupt halts to evoke combat readiness, often without actual weapons until the 19th century due to Ottoman restrictions. Byzantine sources and later Pontic ethnographies describe it as a rite of passage for young warriors, maintaining Hellenistic influences amid the empire's cultural synthesis. This continuity underscores Horon's role as a vessel for ancient Greek martial heritage in the rugged Black Sea terrain.^[8] Preceding these classical and Byzantine layers, Horon's foundations lie in prehistoric pagan worship practices of the Black Sea region, where circular dances like the ancient koron-horon served as rituals honoring solar deities. Derived from terms evoking "hur-kor" (sun), these communal performances predated Turkic migrations and Christianization, symbolizing cycles of renewal and communal strength through raised arms and circular formations that invoked celestial harmony. Such rites, common among pre-Hellenic and early Indo-European groups in Anatolia and the Pontic coast, highlight Horon's deep-seated ties to animistic and astronomical veneration.^[5]

Development in the Black Sea Region

The term "horon," denoting a form of dance, first appears in Turkic languages in the Codex Cumanicus, a 1303 linguistic manuscript compiled for Kipchak Turkic speakers interacting with Latin and Persian traders in the Eurasian steppes and Black Sea periphery.^[4] This reference, borrowed from Greek "khorón" (χορόν), indicates early adoption by Turkic peoples such as the Cumans, who migrated into the Black Sea region during the medieval period, where they encountered and integrated local Pontic Greek dance practices into their cultural repertoire.^[9] Building on ancient Pyrrhic connections, this blending marked the initial consolidation of horon as a shared expressive form among diverse ethnic groups in the area.^[10] Following the Ottoman conquest of the Empire of Trebizond in 1461, which ended Byzantine rule in the Eastern Black Sea, waves of Turkish migrations and settlements from Anatolia and Central Asia reshaped the region's demographics and cultural landscape.^[11] These movements facilitated the incorporation of horon into Ottoman communal life, transforming it from isolated ethnic performances into widespread traditions at village gatherings, weddings, and festivals, where Turkish and remaining Pontic Greek communities participated jointly.^[12] The dance's vigorous, collective style became emblematic of regional solidarity amid the empire's administrative integration of the area, with Ottoman policies encouraging cultural synthesis through interethnic interactions.^[13] In the early 20th century, during the transition to the Turkish Republic, horon received systematic documentation as part of broader efforts to compile and preserve national folk heritage.^[14] Pioneering studies in the late Ottoman and early Republican periods, including notations and performances organized in People's Houses established in 1932, captured regional variants for educational and cultural promotion.^[15] These compilations, led by institutions like the Ministry of National Education, elevated horon within official folk dance anthologies, ensuring its role in fostering Turkish identity while standardizing communal traditions for public exhibitions.^[16]

Description of the Dance

Formation and Movements

The Horon dance is characteristically performed in a line, semicircle, or full circle formation, with dancers linking arms at shoulder height or holding hands to maintain tight synchronization and collective unity. This spatial arrangement emphasizes group cohesion, allowing for fluid progression around the performance area, often in open spaces during communal gatherings. In some variants, such as those from Eastern Pontos, dancers hold hands, while Western Pontos styles may involve shoulder links, adapting to the terrain and number of participants.^[17]^[18]^[19] Central to the execution are dynamic movements demanding agility and speed, including fast shoulder shimmies known as tremoulo or titreme, where participants rapidly tremble their shoulders and upper torso in a rippling motion that extends to the entire body, evoking the flickering of fish like anchovies. Sudden squats or bends, termed çökme or aşağı alma, involve abrupt lowering of the body followed by explosive rises, often synchronized across the line to build intensity. High knee lifts and sharp footwork further characterize the dance, with small, precise steps punctuated by knee bends and swaying, requiring precise timing to the underlying 7/8 or 9/8 rhythms.^[17]^[20]^[19] The lead dancer plays a pivotal role in directing the flow, initiating patterns by calling guttural signals or phrases to cue transitions, such as synchronized jumps or shifts in direction. In certain styles like Giouverlantoum, the leader holds a handkerchief to guide the group, tracing labyrinthine paths or snake-like formations that weave through the circle, enhancing the dance's spatial complexity without emphasizing individual flair over communal harmony. These elements collectively demand endurance and coordination, transforming the formation into a living, pulsating entity.^[21]^[19]

Musical Accompaniment

The musical accompaniment of Horon features uneven rhythms in time signatures such as 5/8, 7/8, 7/16, 9/8, and 9/16, often described as aksak or limping patterns that provide a distinctive, propulsive drive.^[22] These rhythms typically begin at a moderate pace in the düz horon phase before accelerating progressively into faster sections like yenlik and sert horon, mirroring the escalating intensity and speed of the dancers' movements.^[22]^[23] Central instruments include the kemençe, a three-string bowed fiddle that delivers agile, ornamented melodies essential to the Black Sea style; the tulum, a droning bagpipe favored in inland areas like Hemşin; the davul-zurna duo, where the davul drum lays down steady percussion and the zurna shawm adds piercing, melodic lines; and the kaval, an end-blown flute contributing airy, sustained tones.^[22]^[24] In some regional variants, occasional instruments like the accordion or saz provide harmonic support or plucked rhythms, though they are less traditional than the core ensemble.^[25] A key aspect of Horon's soundscape is its improvisational quality, where musicians actively respond to the dancers' energy through verbal or gestural cues—such as calls of "alaşağı" or "tak tum"—to shift tempos, extend motifs, or transition between rhythmic sections, creating a dynamic interplay between performers and audience.^[23] This responsiveness ensures the music adapts in real time, with short, repeating phrases building urgency as the dance progresses.^[22] Dancers' shoulder shimmies, for instance, align closely with the accented beats of these evolving rhythms.^[23]

Variations

Pontic Styles

Pontic styles of horon are deeply rooted in the martial traditions of the Serra dance, a war dance originating from the Pontic Greeks that emphasizes disciplined footwork and escalating intensity. These variations, influenced by the ancient Pyrrhic dance, feature small, quick, precise steps combined with syncopated knee bends, abrupt pauses, and strong foot taps that mimic combat movements. In regions like Argyroupolis (modern Gümüşhane), horons such as Serrenitsa incorporate these elements, starting with slower, measured builds that gradually accelerate into frenzied jumps and wide leg spreads, symbolizing a progression from composure to battle fervor. Similarly, Bafra horons, including the Monon Horon—a men's dance from the Bafra plain—exhibit vigor through energetic arm swings and coordinated group advances, reflecting the area's historical exposure to Pontic military customs.^[8]^[26] In some Pontic dances, handkerchiefs (mantilia) are used by the lead dancer to signal changes in rhythm or pattern, allowing for fluid transitions while maintaining the tight-knit structure of the group. Held between the first and second dancers or twirled by those at the ends, the handkerchief facilitates freer movement for the leader, who guides the circle through serpentine paths or sudden halts without breaking the hand-holding grip that underscores communal unity. This practice not only aids coordination but also reinforces social bonds, as the interlocking arms and shared signals evoke collective strength and solidarity among participants, a core value in Pontic heritage.^[26]^[27] These styles have been preserved through the efforts of Pontic Greek diaspora communities, particularly in northern Greece, where refugees from the 1923 population exchange settled in regions like Macedonia around Thessaloniki. Local associations and cultural groups organize performances and workshops to transmit the dances to younger generations, ensuring the continuity of Argyroupolis and Bafra variants amid urbanization. Festivals in areas like Drama and Kavala showcase these horons, blending traditional instrumentation with modern stages to maintain their energetic essence and cultural significance.^[28]

Turkish Regional Adaptations

In the Turkish Black Sea provinces, Horon dance manifests through localized adaptations that reflect ethnic influences, geographical contexts, and social practices, with numerous distinct styles reported across the region.^[14] These variations emphasize communal energy, often performed in circular or linear formations accompanied by instruments like the tulum in Rize or kemençe in Trabzon.^[14] While core movements such as shimmies persist, provincial tweaks introduce unique rhythms and gestures tailored to local traditions.^[14] Düz Horon, a standardized style with Pontian roots prevalent in Trabzon, features sections with call-and-response structures and is also performed in other areas like Artvin and Rize in linear or circular formations where dancers link arms or hold hands palm-to-palm, prioritizing endurance through repetitive, precise steps that test participants' stamina over extended periods.^[14] In Artvin's Vazriya style, this adaptation incorporates accordion accompaniment and adapts to tulum during communal events, allowing for flexible leadership that accommodates varying participant abilities, such as omitting squats for elders.^[14] Rize's versions, often in lines or circles, use tulum music, fostering collective cohesion in highland gatherings.^[14] These elements distinguish such horons from more circular forms, highlighting their role in building physical and social resilience.^[14] Trabzon's adaptations include upbeat variants like Sevgi Horonu, a lively dance with quick movements performed to kemençe, often in circles.^[14]^[29] Other Trabzon horons maintain endurance elements but infuse them with regional flair, such as faster rhythmic accents that align with the province's historical ties to expressive poetry and music.^[14] In Ordu, the dance is known as Horan, featuring accelerated paces and energetic patterns that heighten the overall intensity, distinguishing it from slower regional counterparts.^[14] This naming and stylistic emphasis on speed reflect local cultural identity, with performances often escalating in tempo to sustain high engagement during assemblies.^[14] Such adaptations underscore Horon's versatility across provinces, where variants—ranging from Artvin's Hemşin and Laz influences to Ordu's rapid executions—preserve and evolve the dance's communal essence.^[14]

Cultural Significance

Traditional Contexts

Horon has long served primary roles in key social occasions within the Black Sea region of Turkey, including weddings, festivals such as harvest celebrations, and community gatherings, where it promotes unity and collective participation among villagers.^[1]^[18] For instance, during the Otçu Göçü Şenliği, a traditional post-harvest feast tied to seasonal migrations to mountain plateaus, Horon performances draw hundreds of locals to celebrate the agricultural cycle and reinforce communal bonds.^[18] Historically, Horon originated as a male-only dance, linked to ancient pagan rituals and resembling the Pyrrhic war dance of the Pontic Greeks, which simulated battle preparations through synchronized movements.^[30]^[8] In rural villages, participation has evolved to include mixed-gender groups, allowing both men and women to join in line or circle formations during these events.^[31] The dance integrates seamlessly with regional customs, often preceding or accompanying feasts and occurring alongside religious holidays, enhancing the festive atmosphere in Black Sea communities.^[5]^[32]

Symbolism

The Horon dance incorporates symbolism drawn from the maritime life of the Black Sea region, particularly through its characteristic trembling and shimmying movements that mimic the wriggling of hamsi (anchovies) ensnared in fishing nets. These rapid, synchronized shakes represent the abundance and vitality of the local fisheries, where hamsi schools are a cornerstone of coastal sustenance and culture.^[33] The dancers' collective undulations thus embody the communal harmony with the sea's rhythms, reflecting the fishermen's daily struggles and triumphs against the waves.^[34] Agricultural cycles are evoked in Horon's formations and motions, symbolizing the interconnectedness of rural labor in the Black Sea's fertile highlands. The circular arrangement of dancers, akin to bundled cornstalks (horom) tied in sheaves after harvest, signifies unity in the planting and reaping processes that define seasonal migrations to mountain pastures.^[31] Performed prominently during harvest feasts like the Otçu Göçü Şenliği, the dance's fluid bends and sways mirror the resilience of crops swaying in the wind, celebrating the cyclical renewal of land and community.^[18] Rooted in the ancient Pyrrhic war dance, certain Horon variants, such as the Serra, carry motifs of conflict and endurance, portraying warriors' defiant struggles and survival. These quick, combative steps imitate injured fighters clinging to life, symbolizing the rugged perseverance of Black Sea inhabitants amid historical invasions and harsh terrains.^[8] The progression from tense, erratic motions to triumphant circles underscores themes of resilience and collective strength forged in adversity. Pagan fertility and solar worship underpin Horon's circular patterns, tracing back to ancient rituals honoring the sun's life-giving power. The dance's name derives from "hur-kor," evoking sun-centered ceremonies of the pre-Christian Black Sea coast, where ring formations represented cosmic cycles and bountiful renewal.^[5] This elemental symbolism ties the performers to ancestral veneration of natural forces, fostering a sense of enduring spiritual continuity.

Modern Revival and Preservation

Contemporary Performances

In contemporary Turkey, Horon remains a staple in folk dance troupes such as those affiliated with cultural ensembles in the Black Sea region, where it is performed at national events including Republic Day celebrations. For instance, during the 2019 Republic Day festivities in Izmir's Konak Republic Square, groups of dancers executed Horon as part of the official program honoring the founding of the Turkish Republic.^[35] These performances highlight the dance's energetic circle formations and rapid footwork, often accompanied by traditional kemenche music, drawing crowds to public squares and stadiums across cities like Trabzon and Izmir.^[36] Internationally, Horon is actively performed by diaspora communities in Europe and North America, preserving its Pontic Greek and Turkish roots through organized troupes and festivals. In Europe, the Federation of Greek Pontian Associations (OSEPE) hosts an annual Pontic Dance Festival, with the 39th edition in Wuppertal, Germany, on June 7, 2025, attracting up to 7,000 attendees for performances of Horon and other traditional dances that emphasize communal unity and cultural heritage. In North America, Turkish communities maintain dedicated ensembles like the Horon Turkish Folk Ensemble under the Turkish American Association of California, which holds weekly practice sessions in Monterey to teach and perform the dance at local cultural events.^[37] Pontic Greek groups in the United States, such as those in Cleveland, also feature Horon in community gatherings, blending it with other regional variations for intergenerational participation.^[38] Since the 2010s, Horon has seen adaptations in digital media, with performances shared through music videos and online tutorials that introduce the dance to global audiences. The 3rd International Trabzon Horon and Music Festival in August 2025 exemplified this trend, uniting nearly 800 dancers from 20 countries—including Mexico, Ukraine, and Romania—for Horon showcases that were documented and disseminated online, fostering cross-cultural interest.^[39] These media representations often incorporate modern filming techniques to capture the dance's dynamic leaps and synchronized movements, while tutorials break down steps for beginners, extending Horon's reach beyond traditional settings. Regional variations, such as faster tempos from Trabzon styles, appear in these adaptations to add visual diversity.^[40]

Efforts to Preserve

Since the early 2000s, Turkish folk dances, including Horon, have featured prominently in discussions and safeguarding initiatives under UNESCO's 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, with Turkey ratifying the convention in 2006 and submitting periodic reports on national efforts to document and protect such traditions.^[41] Accredited non-governmental organizations, such as the Association for Promoting and Protecting Turkish Folk Dances (established in the 1950s), have advocated for recognition and institutionalization, contributing to the registration of 16 elements under the category of "Traditional Folk Dances" in Turkey's National Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage by 2019.^[41]^[42] These efforts emphasize Horon's role within broader regional repertoires, supporting research, transmission, and community involvement to counter cultural erosion. Educational programs in the Black Sea region have been instrumental in teaching Horon's traditional steps, with institutions like Giresun University offering a bachelor's degree in Turkish Folk Dance that includes practical training in regional variants such as Horon, alongside theoretical studies on its cultural context.^[43] Similarly, Anadolu University incorporates Horon into its Turkish Folk Dance Culture courses, focusing on energetic Black Sea styles accompanied by instruments like the kemençe, with examples from areas like Artvin to ensure authentic step preservation.^[44] Folk dance schools affiliated with national associations conduct trainer courses, such as those held in 2019–2020 that trained 440 participants nationwide, prioritizing Black Sea techniques to pass knowledge to younger generations through hands-on workshops and certifications.^[41] Community festivals serve as vital platforms for sustaining Horon amid urbanization pressures that threaten rural traditions in the Black Sea region, with events like the annual International Trabzon Horon and Music Festival—reaching its third edition in 2025—gathering hundreds of dancers from Turkey and abroad to perform and exchange regional variations, fostering intergenerational transmission.^[39] These gatherings, supported by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, align with broader national initiatives like the Ethnosport Culture Festival (launched in 2016), which promotes folk dances including Horon through public demonstrations and competitions to maintain visibility and participation.^[41] Complementing these, digital archiving projects under the National Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage involve systematic documentation of folk dance elements, including video recordings and field research on Horon's variations, to preserve them against modernization and demographic shifts in coastal areas.^[41]

References

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[PDF] ỉl and ḥrn: Divine Power vs. Magic. A New Look at KTU 1.100 - UB
On the chthonic character of the god Horon see Pope, M.H.-Röllig, W. 1965 ... Canaanite Religion according to the liturgical texts of Ugarit. Bethesda ...
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The Canaanite God Horon | Journal of Near Eastern Studies
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Great Sphinx: Overall view, right side
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factors determining the content of the codex cumanicus
Words borrowed from Greek include: Koron (5r) – horon (82v) ―dance, horon‖; liman ―harbor‖ (20v); üskül ―linen‖ (46r); maŋdanus ―parsley‖ (53v), and others ( ...
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[PDF] GAZİANTEP UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES The ...
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[PDF] ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ...
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[35]
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Horon dancers at Celebrations of the 29 October 2019 Republic day of Turkey, Izmir Konak Turkey. Republic Square.
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Affiliates - Turkish American Association of California (CalTurks)
Learn Turkish Folk dancing with Horon Turkish Folk Ensemble, which meets on Thursdays at 7:00 P.M. - 9:00 PM at the Monterey Senior Center at the corner of ...
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[45]
None
Below is a merged summary of the safeguarding measures for Turkish Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH), consolidating all information from the provided segments into a comprehensive response. To maximize detail and clarity, I will use a structured format with tables where appropriate, followed by narrative sections for areas that benefit from descriptive text. The response retains all mentioned details, organized by key categories: Folk Dances (including Horon), Educational Programs, Festivals, Digital Archiving, and UNESCO Discussions. Useful URLs are listed at the end.
[46]
''association for promoting and protecting turkish folk dances'' its ...
The Association for Promoting and Protecting Turkish Folk Dances appears to be one of the most serious attempts in the period when scientists dealing with folk ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Giresun University Lifelong Learning Programme
Bachelor's degree of Turkish Folk Dance is awarded when the program is completed successfully and program proficiencies are supplied. Level of Qualification.
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Turkish Folk Dance Culture Content | Anadolu University
Weeks, Dances of the Black Sea Region; Horon, energetic dances performed with the accompaniment of the fiddle and bagpipes, examples of horon from the Artvin ...