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KK

Krishnakumar Kunnath (23 August 1968 – 31 May 2022), professionally known as KK, was an Indian celebrated for his versatile, mellifluous voice that spanned Bollywood films and regional cinema in languages including , , , and . Born in to a Malayali family, he began his career recording over 3,500 advertisement jingles in multiple Indian languages before transitioning to film music, debuting as a on 25 October 1996 with the song "Chhod Aaye Hum" from the film . KK's includes numerous chart-topping hits that defined and Indian pop and film soundtracks, earning him acclaim for his youthful, modulated style influenced by predecessors like . He died of shortly after performing a concert in , with post-mortem reports confirming due to pre-existing heart conditions and no evidence of foul play.

Arts and entertainment

KK (singer)

Krishnakumar Kunnath (23 August 1968 – 31 May 2022), known professionally as KK, was an Indian playback singer who recorded over 500 songs in Hindi films and other Indian languages during a career spanning more than two decades. Born in Delhi to a Malayali family, he graduated from Kirori Mal College at the University of Delhi before entering the music industry through advertising jingles in the early 1990s. KK's vocal style, characterized by its emotive range and versatility in romantic ballads, earned him prominence in Bollywood, where he contributed to soundtracks for films like Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (1999) and Jannat (2008). KK debuted as a playback singer in Hindi cinema with the song "Chhod Aaye Hum Woh Galiyan" for the film Maachis (1996), composed by Vishal Bhardwaj with lyrics by Gulzar, sharing vocals with Hariharan, Suresh Wadkar, and Vinod Sehgal. His breakthrough came with "Tadap Tadap Ke Is Dil Se" in Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (1999), composed by Ismail Darbar, which showcased his ability to convey intense emotion and led to widespread recognition. Over the years, he sang hits such as "Pal" from Main Hoon Na (2004), "Dus Bahane" from Dus (2005), "Ajab Si" from Om Shanti Om (2007), and "Khuda Jaane" from Bachna Ae Haseeno (2008), collaborating with composers like A.R. Rahman, Pritam, and Anu Malik across genres including pop, rock, and ghazals. KK also performed live extensively and released solo albums like Pal (2003), expanding his reach beyond film music. His accolades included two for Best Male —for "Khuda Jaane" in 2009—and nominations for six in the same category for songs like "Tadap Tadap," "Dus Bahane," and "Ajab Si," though he did not win any . KK received additional honors such as IIFA nominations and , reflecting his influence in Indian music. KK died on 31 May 2022 at age 53 in after performing at a event, collapsing in his hotel room due to from , exacerbated by an underlying heart condition and likely worsened by venue conditions and physical strain. A post-mortem confirmed severe and liver issues alongside pre-existing cardiac problems, with initial investigation ruling out foul play but noting poor air circulation at the site. He was married to Jyothy Krishna and had two children; his death prompted tributes from the for his soulful contributions to playback .

K.K. Slider

K.K. Slider is a musician character in Nintendo's Animal Crossing video game series, portrayed as a laid-back white-furred dog who performs original acoustic guitar-based songs known as K.K. songs. He serves as a weekly entertainer, hosting live Saturday evening concerts in the player's town or island, where attendees can request tracks or receive unannounced performances. The character debuted in the original (known as Dōbutsu no Mori in ), released on September 14, 2001, for the , and has appeared in every subsequent mainline title, including (2020). In gameplay, players interact with him to acquire song recordings on tapes, vinyls, or digital formats, which can be played via in-game stereo furniture to customize home atmospheres. His performances unlock progressively as player progress advances, such as after achieving a three-star island rating in , enabling tools. K.K. Slider's design draws from Nintendo composer and sound designer , with his Japanese name "Totakeke" formed as a of "Totaka K.K."; one of his tracks, "K.K. Song," incorporates elements of Totaka's signature hidden melody found across titles. His discography exceeds 100 songs across the series, covering genres like , , and , with examples including "Bubblegum K.K.," "DJ K.K.," and secret tracks such as "Animal City" unlocked via specific requests. In spin-offs like Super Smash Bros., his music features on stages, and merchandise such as plush toys and apparel reflects his cultural footprint within 's ecosystem.

Internet and language

kk (slang)

"kk" is an abbreviation used in digital communications, particularly text messaging and online chats, to signify acknowledgment or agreement, equivalent to "okay" or "OK". It functions as a concise response indicating that a message has been received and understood, often conveying neutrality or mild affirmation without further elaboration. The term originated as a reduplication of "k", itself a shortened form of "OK", with first recorded usage appearing between 2000 and 2005. This repetition serves to soften the perceived abruptness of a single "k", which some interpret as curt or dismissive, transforming it into a more reassuring or emphatic variant. In contexts like gaming communities, such as , "kk" emerged as efficient shorthand for quick confirmations during coordinated activities, prioritizing brevity in fast-paced interactions. While primarily denoting simple assent, "kk" can carry subtle connotations depending on relational dynamics; for instance, it may signal disinterest or haste in ongoing conversations if overused. Unlike fuller forms like "okay", which imply greater engagement, "kk" prioritizes minimalism, reflecting broader trends in text-based efficiency where character limits and rapid exchange favor abbreviations. Its adoption spans demographics but remains informal, rarely appearing in professional or spoken contexts.

Places

Kota Kinabalu

is the capital city of , a state in eastern located on the island of . Situated on the northwest coast along the , it serves as the state's primary administrative, commercial, and transportation hub. The metro area population is estimated at 613,000 in 2025, reflecting steady growth from 601,000 in 2024 driven by migration and urban expansion. The city covers approximately 351 square kilometers and functions as a gateway for accessing Borneo's interior attractions, including , the highest peak in at 4,095 meters. The site's early history traces to indigenous settlements under the Bruneian Empire in the , with local communities referring to the area as Dondoung. European involvement began in the late when the British North Borneo Chartered Company established a small settlement on nearby in , which was destroyed by fire in 1897 during a rebellion led by against British rule. The company relocated the administrative center to its current mainland site on November 16, 1899, naming it Jesselton after Sir Charles Jessel, a company vice-chairman. Originally developed as a port for a proposed west coast railway from Beaufort, Jesselton endured challenges including a 1915 shelling by a submarine and a 1946 postwar fire that razed much of the town. It was officially renamed —meaning "City of Kinabalu," referencing the nearby mountain—on September 30, 1968, following Sabah's integration into in 1963. Geographically, features a backed by rugged hills and the Crocker Range, with the archipelago offshore providing marine . The is equatorial, characterized by high temperatures averaging 27–32°C year-round, relative around 80%, and abundant rainfall exceeding 2,500 mm annually, with no distinct . This environment supports lush vegetation but contributes to frequent flooding and levels that can exceed 90%. Economically, the city relies heavily on services, with as a cornerstone, drawing visitors for , , and access to Sabah's hotspots. In 2024, Sabah's sector generated RM7.28 billion in revenue from 3.14 million arrivals, surpassing targets and accounting for about 15% of the state's GDP, with as the main entry point via its . Other sectors include , fisheries, and light manufacturing, though the economy faces vulnerabilities from overreliance on natural resources amid and pressures.

People

Notable individuals with initials KK

Kris Kristofferson (June 22, 1936 – September 28, 2024) was an , , and renowned for his contributions to , including writing the hit "," which became a No. 1 single for in 1971, and for his starring role opposite in the 1976 film . Kim Kardashian (born October 21, 1980) is an American businesswoman and media personality who rose to fame through the reality TV series (2007–2021) and built a fortune primarily through her shapewear company , valued at over $4 billion in , contributing to her net worth of $1.7 billion as of April 2024. Keira Knightley is a British actress celebrated for her performances in period dramas such as Pride & Prejudice (2005), for which she received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress, and the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise, as well as biographical roles in The Imitation Game (2014). Kevin Kline (born October 24, 1947) is an American actor who won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in A Fish Called Wanda (1988) and has starred in films including The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996) and Sophie's Choice (1982).

Science and mathematics

Kaluza–Klein theory

Kaluza–Klein theory is a classical unified field theory that attempts to reconcile general relativity and electromagnetism by extending spacetime to five dimensions. In this framework, the geometry of a five-dimensional manifold yields both the Einstein field equations for gravity and Maxwell's equations for electromagnetism in four dimensions, interpreting electromagnetic phenomena as manifestations of curvature in the extra dimension. The theory assumes a metric on the five-dimensional space where the fifth coordinate is spacelike, and fields are independent of this coordinate—a condition known as the cylinder hypothesis—to ensure consistency with observed four-dimensional physics. Theodor Kaluza introduced the core idea in his 1921 paper "Zum Unitätsproblem der Physik," following a 1919 manuscript shared with , who endorsed its publication. Kaluza demonstrated that the five-dimensional vacuum Einstein equations decompose into the four-dimensional Einstein equations coupled to , with the electromagnetic potential arising from off-diagonal components of the five-dimensional metric tensor. This geometric unification treats both forces as aspects of a single gravitational interaction in higher dimensions, without introducing arbitrary constants or new fields beyond the metric. However, Kaluza's original formulation imposed the cylinder condition to eliminate dependence on the fifth coordinate, which restricted the theory's dynamical content and failed to fully reproduce charged particle motion without additional assumptions. Oskar Klein advanced the theory in 1926 by proposing that the is compactified into a small circle of radius on the order of the Planck length, approximately $10^{-35} meters, rendering it imperceptible at macroscopic scales. This compactification, motivated by early quantum considerations, explains the absence of direct observation of the extra dimension and introduces a natural quantization of momentum in that direction, leading to a tower of massive Kaluza–Klein modes in effective four-dimensional theories. Klein's extension addressed some classical limitations by allowing quantum effects to stabilize the extra dimension's size, though it still struggled with issues like the incorrect prediction of charge and inconsistencies with . Despite its elegance, encountered empirical challenges, such as failing to account for the or incorporate spin naturally, and it predates ' full integration with . Nonetheless, it laid foundational concepts for higher-dimensional theories, influencing and , where multiple compact generate particle spectra and gauge symmetries. Modern generalizations relax the cylinder condition and explore non-compact or warped , but the original five-dimensional model remains a benchmark for geometric unification attempts.

Business and organizations

Kabushiki gaisha

A kabushiki gaisha (株式会社, kabushiki kaisha), commonly abbreviated as KK, is a under Japanese law, characterized by ownership divided into transferable shares and for shareholders equivalent to their invested capital. This structure enables the company to raise capital through share issuance, distinguishing it from forms. Governed by Japan's Companies Act (会社法, Kaisha-hō), enacted on June 29, 2005, and effective from May 1, 2006, the KK is defined in Articles 2 and 25–34, requiring the inclusion of "Kabushiki Kaisha" in its trade name. Formation involves drafting articles of incorporation, registering with the Legal Affairs Bureau, and appointing directors; since 2006 amendments, no exists, though one yen suffices practically. typically includes a for companies with capital over 500 million yen or meeting other criteria, with shareholders electing directors and auditors where applicable. KKs predominate in Japan, comprising over 90% of corporations due to their scalability for investment and public perception of formality over alternatives like the gōdō kaisha (GK), which lacks shares and suits smaller, flexible operations. Unlike GKs, which permit direct member management without statutory officers, KKs emphasize share-based ownership, facilitating mergers, listings, and external funding but imposing stricter compliance, such as annual audits for larger entities. The form traces to Meiji-era reforms adopting models via the Commercial Code, evolving into the current framework to support economic modernization.

Sports

Kevin Kiermaier

is an American former who played 12 seasons in (MLB). Born on April 22, 1990, in , Kiermaier attended before being selected by the in the 31st round of the 2010 MLB Draft, 941st overall. He made his MLB debut with the Rays on September 30, 2013. Kiermaier spent the bulk of his career with the Rays from 2013 to 2022, establishing himself as an elite defender in center field. He signed with the Toronto Blue Jays as a ahead of the 2023 season, where he continued to play primarily in center field. In July 2024, he was traded to the , contributing to their championship that year before announcing his retirement at season's end. On February 8, 2025, Kiermaier joined the Blue Jays organization as a special assistant. Renowned for his defensive prowess, Kiermaier won four Rawlings Gold Glove Awards as an American League outfielder in 2015, 2016, 2019, and 2023, along with the 2015 Rawlings Platinum Glove Award for the AL's top overall defender. His career defensive WAR stands at 21.0, ranking him among MLB's historical leaders for the metric. Over 1,159 games, Kiermaier batted .246 with 905 hits, 95 home runs, 378 RBIs, 499 runs scored, and 122 stolen bases.

Transportation

Kintetsu Railway (abbreviated KK in some contexts)

Kintetsu Railway Co., Ltd. (近畿日本鉄道株式会社, Kinki Nippon Tetsudō Kabushiki-gaisha), commonly known as Kintetsu, is a major private railway operator headquartered in . It primarily serves the , including connections between , , , and , as well as extensions to and tourist areas like Ise and Yoshino. As a kabushiki gaisha (), it is abbreviated KK in formal Japanese corporate contexts, reflecting the standard designation for such entities under company law. The company's railway network spans approximately 500 kilometers of track, positioning it as Japan's largest private railway system outside the . Key routes include the Nara Line (from -Namba to Kintetsu-, opened in 1914), Osaka Line ( to Ise-Nakagawa), Kyoto Line (linking and ), and Nagoya Line ( to Ise-Nakagawa). Operations emphasize commuter services alongside trains, such as the Hinotori (-) and Shimakaze (premium service to Ise-Shima), which cater to both daily passengers and tourists visiting cultural sites. In 2022, the Kintetsu Group reported serving around 9 million passengers daily across its operations, with railway transport forming the core. Kintetsu's origins trace to 1910, when predecessor entities like the Tramway and Electric Tramway were founded to develop electric rail in the Kansai area. A pivotal merger occurred on , 1944, combining Electric Tramway with Sangu Express Electric Railway to form Kinki Nippon Railway Co., Ltd., which expanded through acquisitions including the Mie Line in 1964. The entity rebranded elements under "Kintetsu" in the post-war period to simplify naming, and in 2016, the railway division was restructured as a separate Co., Ltd. under Kintetsu Group Holdings to focus on core transport amid diversification into and . This evolution supported recovery from wartime disruptions and positioned it for modern and high-speed services, with all lines now fully electrified at 1,500 V DC. Financially, Kintetsu Railway's operations contribute significantly to the group's ¥1.38 trillion annual revenue (as of 2022), driven by passenger fares amid post-pandemic ridership recovery exceeding pre-2019 levels through fare adjustments and promotion. Commuter revenue remains stable, supplemented by non-commuter and services, though exact annual passenger figures for the railway alone are integrated into group metrics. Safety and efficiency are prioritized, with ongoing investments in like the 80000 series trains for urban routes.

Other uses

Miscellaneous abbreviations

In digital communication, particularly text messaging and online chats, "KK" is a common abbreviation for "okay" or "OK," used to signify agreement, acknowledgment, or understanding, often as an emphatic repetition of the shortened form "K." This usage emerged in informal online environments, such as instant messaging and gaming chats, where brevity is prioritized, and it conveys a casual tone similar to verbal nods or affirmations like "got it." In cryptography, "KK" denotes "Key Encrypting Key," a term from Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) referring to a key used to encrypt other keys for secure transmission or storage. In video gaming, "KK" can refer to "Koala Kong," a fictional boss character from the Crash Bandicoot series, though this is a proper noun rather than a general abbreviation.

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