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KM

Knowledge management (KM) is the systematic application of processes, technologies, and practices to identify, capture, organize, store, share, and apply knowledge within organizations to enhance decision-making, innovation, and performance.^[1]^[2] Emerging in the late 1980s as a response to the growing recognition of knowledge as a critical asset in knowledge-intensive economies, KM gained prominence through early implementations at firms like McKinsey & Company, where it addressed inefficiencies in information handling and dissemination.^[3]^[4] Key components include distinguishing between explicit knowledge (codified and easily shared, such as documents and databases) and tacit knowledge (personal expertise embedded in individuals, requiring techniques like mentoring and communities of practice to transfer), with effective KM strategies integrating both to mitigate risks like knowledge loss from employee turnover.^[5]^[6] Notable benefits encompass improved operational efficiency, reduced redundancy in problem-solving, and fostered innovation, as evidenced by organizations employing KM frameworks to accelerate learning cycles and competitive advantage.^[7]^[8] While KM has evolved with digital tools like knowledge bases and AI-driven search, challenges persist in measuring return on investment and overcoming cultural barriers to knowledge sharing, underscoring its ongoing refinement as a discipline rather than a static methodology.^[9]^[10]

Units of measurement

Kilometre

The kilometre is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to 1,000 metres, and is recognised in the International System of Units (SI) with the symbol km.^[11] ^[12] Although the metre serves as the SI base unit of length, the kilometre functions as a decimal multiple for practical measurements of longer distances, such as in transportation and geography.^[11] The spelling "kilometre" follows British English conventions, while "kilometer" is used in American English; both refer to the identical unit.^[13] The term derives from the French kilomètre, a compound of kilo- (thousand, from Greek) and mètre, first appearing in English translations around 1799 amid the metric system's development.^[14] This system emerged in France during the late 18th century to replace inconsistent traditional measures, with the provisional metre defined in 1793 based on Earth's meridian arc and the kilometre standardised as 1,000 metres by 1795.^[15] Adoption spread internationally, becoming mandatory in France by 1801 and later in nations like the Netherlands in 1867 for official use.^[15] In equivalences, 1 km equals exactly 1,000/1,609.344 statute miles (approximately 0.621371 miles) or about 0.539957 nautical miles, facilitating conversions in non-metric contexts.^[15] Usage includes road signage and vehicle speeds in most countries (e.g., km/h), scientific data, and athletics, though the United States retains customary units like miles for everyday distances while employing kilometres in technical fields.^[15] ^[16] The SI recommends spacing between the number and symbol (e.g., 5 km) and avoids abbreviations like "kph" for rates, preferring km/h or km⋅h⁻¹.^[17]

Science, technology, and mathematics

Knowledge management

Knowledge management (KM) encompasses the systematic practices organizations employ to identify, create, capture, distribute, and apply knowledge as a strategic asset to enhance decision-making, innovation, and operational efficiency.^[18] Central to KM is the recognition that an organization's intellectual capital—residing in employees' expertise, documents, and processes—represents its most critical resource, requiring deliberate mechanisms to prevent loss from turnover or silos while fostering reuse and amplification.^[19] Unlike mere information management, KM emphasizes the conversion and contextual application of both tacit knowledge (intuitive, experience-based) and explicit knowledge (codified, articulable), enabling adaptive responses to complex challenges over rote data handling.^[20] The conceptual foundations of KM trace to the mid-1990s, building on earlier ideas in organizational learning but formalized through empirical studies of Japanese firms excelling in product innovation. Ikujiro Nonaka and Hirotaka Takeuchi introduced the SECI model in their 1995 book The Knowledge-Creating Company, positing knowledge creation as a dynamic spiral process: socialization transfers tacit knowledge via direct interaction, such as apprenticeships; externalization articulates it into explicit forms like models or manuals; combination integrates explicit elements into more comprehensive systems; and internalization embeds explicit knowledge back into tacit capabilities through practice, expanding organizational knowledge iteratively.^[21] This model, derived from case analyses of companies like Honda and Canon, underscores that knowledge emerges from interactions rather than isolated repositories, challenging static views of information storage prevalent in pre-1990s management literature.^[22] KM processes typically involve structured activities such as knowledge mapping to inventory assets, communities of practice for sharing, and technology-enabled repositories for retrieval, often guided by maturity frameworks from bodies like the American Productivity & Quality Center (APQC).^[23] APQC's KM framework outlines progressive stages from ad-hoc efforts to optimized, measurable programs integrating governance, metrics like reuse rates, and cultural incentives to mitigate barriers like reluctance to share due to perceived ownership loss.^[24] Empirical implementations, as in U.S. Department of Defense directives since 2022, define KM as enabling knowledge flow for shared understanding and learning, with protocols for validation to ensure accuracy over unvetted proliferation.^[25] Success hinges on aligning these with causal drivers of knowledge dynamics—such as trust-building interactions—rather than top-down mandates alone, as evidenced by Nonaka's observations of failure in environments suppressing serendipitous exchange.^[18]

Michaelis constant

The Michaelis constant, denoted as K_m, is a parameter in the Michaelis-Menten equation describing enzyme kinetics, defined as the substrate concentration at which the initial reaction velocity equals half the maximum velocity V_{\max}.^[26] This equation, v = \frac{V_{\max} [S]}{K_m + [S]}, models the hyperbolic relationship between substrate concentration [S] and reaction rate v under steady-state conditions, assuming rapid equilibrium or quasi-steady-state approximation for the enzyme-substrate complex.^[26] Experimentally, K_m is determined by fitting velocity data to this model, often via Lineweaver-Burk or Eadie-Hofstee plots, with units typically in molarity (e.g., mM or μM).^[27] In mechanistic terms, K_m = \frac{k_{-1} + k_2}{k_1}, where k_1 and k_{-1} are the association and dissociation rate constants for substrate binding, and k_2 is the catalytic rate constant; thus, K_m reflects both binding affinity and catalytic turnover, approximating the dissociation constant K_d = \frac{k_{-1}}{k_1} when k_2 \ll k_{-1}.^[28] A lower K_m indicates higher enzyme-substrate affinity, enabling efficient catalysis at low substrate levels, as seen in enzymes like hexokinase (Km ≈ 0.1 mM for glucose), whereas higher K_m values, such as for glucokinase (Km ≈ 10 mM), suit high-substrate environments like liver metabolism.^[27] This affinity metric aids in comparing enzyme efficiencies but does not directly measure catalytic speed, which is captured by k_{\cat} = \frac{V_{\max}}{[E]_t}.^[26] The concept originated in the 1913 paper by Leonor Michaelis and Maud Menten, who applied steady-state analysis to invertase kinetics, building on Victor Henri's 1903 equilibrium model but introducing pH-adjusted experimental validation to linearize data and confirm the hyperbolic curve.^[29] Their work formalized K_m (originally as the dissociation constant in equilibrium terms) amid early 20th-century debates on enzyme mechanisms, predating Briggs-Haldane's 1925 steady-state derivation that generalized it beyond rapid equilibrium assumptions.^[30] Subsequent refinements, including computational fitting in modern assays, have upheld its utility despite limitations like ignoring allostery or inhibition, for which extensions like Hill coefficients apply.^[31]

Km and Km.t (Kemet hieroglyphs)

The hieroglyph km (Gardiner I6), illustrated as crocodile skin, operates as a biliteral phonogram conveying the sounds /k/ and /m/, while also serving ideographically to denote "black". This sign frequently appears in lexical items evoking darkness, completion, or the color black, such as in descriptions of ink, hair, or soil.^[32] Km.t, transliterated as kmt or vocalized approximately as Kemet, represents the indigenous ancient Egyptian term for their homeland, Egypt. Formed from the root km "black" with the feminine ending -t (indicating a collective noun like "land"), it is commonly appended with determinatives for "place" or "territory" (e.g., crossed roads Gardiner M23 or city walls O49), yielding the literal sense "the black land". This designation specifically evokes the rich, dark alluvial silt annually replenished by Nile floods, which rendered the floodplain arable and life-sustaining, sharply contrasting with the sterile, reddish desert expanses termed dšr.t "the red land". Attestations of km.t as a proper name for the civilized Nile region date to the Old Kingdom, including Pyramid Texts from circa 2400 BCE, where it demarcates the core inhabited zone under pharaonic rule.^[33] In Egyptian worldview, black (km) carried auspicious associations with regeneration, fertility, and cosmic renewal—tied to Osiris's resurrection and the Nile's inundation—beyond mere pigmentation. Although some Afrocentric scholars interpret km.t as alluding to the dark skin tones of the population, the prevailing Egyptological view, supported by consistent geographical determinatives, absence of ethnic qualifiers in parallel toponyms, and ecological context in textual corpora, affirms the primary reference to soil fertility rather than human complexion.^[33]^[34]

Geography and codes

Comoros

The ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code for the Union of the Comoros is KM.^[35]^[36] The Union of the Comoros is a sovereign archipelagic nation comprising three volcanic islands—Grande Comore (Ngazidja), Anjouan (Nzwani), and Mohéli (Mwali)—located in the Indian Ocean at the northern entrance to the Mozambique Channel, approximately 300 km off the coast of Mozambique and 1,000 km northwest of Madagascar.^[37] The total land area spans 1,862 square kilometers, with Grande Comore being the largest at 1,148 km² and home to the active shield volcano Mount Karthala (elevation 2,361 m), which last erupted in 2005 and poses risks of lava flows and ash fallout.^[37] The archipelago's geography features rugged terrain, narrow coastal plains, and dependence on rainfall for agriculture, though cyclones and soil erosion limit arable land to about 45% of the territory.^[37] Comoros also claims the nearby island of Mayotte, administered by France as an overseas department with a population exceeding 300,000, leading to ongoing territorial disputes recognized by the UN but unresolved.^[37] As of 2025, the population is estimated at approximately 883,000, with a density of over 470 people per km² and an annual growth rate of about 2.4%, driven by high fertility (around 3.5 births per woman) and net migration losses.^[38]^[39] The capital and largest city, Moroni, lies on Grande Comore and houses roughly 50,000 residents, serving as the political and economic hub.^[40] Ethnically diverse, the population mixes Bantu, Arab, Malagasy, and Indian Ocean influences, with nearly all adhering to Sunni Islam; official languages include Arabic, French, and Comorian (Shikomor, a Bantu dialect).^[37] Comoros achieved independence from France on July 6, 1975, following referendums where three islands voted to secede while Mayotte opted to remain French.^[40] It operates as a federal republic under President Azali Assoumani, who has held power since a 2016 referendum shifted to a presidential system amid cycles of coups and instability, including 20 attempted overthrows since independence.^[37] The economy, among the world's smallest and poorest, relies on subsistence farming (vanilla, cloves, ylang-ylang exports), fishing, and remittances; nominal GDP is projected at $1.61 billion in 2025 with per capita income under $2,000, hampered by inadequate infrastructure, political volatility, and vulnerability to natural disasters.^[41]^[37] Real GDP growth is forecast at 3.8%, supported by IMF extended credit facility programs, though structural challenges like limited diversification persist.^[41]^[42]

Businesses and brands

K-Mart

Kmart Corporation traces its origins to the S. S. Kresge Company, founded on March 1, 1899, by Sebastian S. Kresge as a chain of five-and-dime variety stores in Detroit, Michigan.^[43] The company incorporated in Delaware in 1912, by which time it operated 85 stores generating $10.3 million in annual sales.^[44] Under president Harry B. Cunningham, Kresge pivoted to discount department stores, opening the first Kmart location on March 1, 1962, in Garden City, Michigan, followed by 17 additional stores that year.^[45] This model emphasized low prices on general merchandise, apparel, and household goods in large-format stores, leading to rapid expansion; in 1976, Kmart opened a record 271 new stores, adding 17 million square feet of retail space.^[46] The company rebranded fully as Kmart Corporation in 1977, peaking in the early 1990s with over 2,000 U.S. stores and annual revenues exceeding $37 billion by 1994.^[47] However, profitability eroded due to intensified competition from Walmart's superior supply chain efficiency and Target's focus on curated merchandise, alongside Kmart's outdated store layouts, inventory mismanagement, and failure to invest adequately in technology or e-commerce.^[48] Under CEO Charles Conaway from 2000 to 2002, aggressive expansion via debt-financed acquisitions like Borders and Sports Authority, combined with alleged accounting fraud inflating vendor rebates, precipitated a Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing on January 22, 2002—the largest U.S. retail bankruptcy at the time, with $5.2 billion in debts.^[49] Kmart emerged from bankruptcy in May 2003 under hedge fund manager Edward Lampert's ESL Investments, which later orchestrated a 2005 merger with Sears, Roebuck and Co. to form Sears Holdings Corporation, valued at $11 billion initially.^[50] Lampert's strategy prioritized financial engineering, including real estate sales and stock buybacks over store modernization, contributing to ongoing sales declines amid shifting consumer preferences toward online shopping and big-box rivals.^[49] Sears Holdings filed for bankruptcy in October 2018, leading to the liquidation of most assets; Kmart operations transferred to Transformco (later ESL Investments), which shuttered thousands of stores. By September 2024, Kmart closed its last full-size mainland U.S. store in Bridgehampton, New York, leaving only one smaller continental location in Ohio and a handful of outlets in U.S. territories like Guam and the U.S. Virgin Islands, with primary business now online via kmart.com.^[47]^[51]

Konica Minolta

Konica Minolta, Inc. is a Japanese multinational corporation headquartered in Tokyo, specializing in digital imaging, office equipment, production printing, healthcare systems, and related business solutions. The company traces its origins to Konica, established in 1873 by Rokusaburo Sugiura as a seller of photographic materials, and Minolta, whose precursor began operations in 1928 developing photographic equipment. These entities merged on August 5, 2003, forming Konica Minolta to combine expertise in optics, electronics, and imaging technologies amid declining demand for traditional film products.^[52]^[53]^[54] Following the merger, Konica Minolta shifted focus from consumer photography—exiting that market entirely in 2006—to business-oriented technologies, including multifunction printers under the bizhub brand introduced in 2005, which integrate printing, scanning, and copying functions. The firm expanded into managed print services, IT solutions for workflow automation, video security, and healthcare imaging systems like digital X-ray equipment. By fiscal year 2021, it employed approximately 39,121 people globally and reported revenue of around ¥911 billion, with operations spanning offices in over 40 countries.^[53]^[55]^[56] In recent years, Konica Minolta has emphasized sustainable operations and digital transformation, launching initiatives like AI-driven SaaS services for business process management and production print innovations for resource-efficient printing. As of 2025, the company continues to prioritize enterprise solutions, including paper handling expansions and workplace trends focused on green technologies, while maintaining a workforce of about 35,631 consolidated employees.^[57]^[58]^[59]^[60]

Other uses

Kiss me

KM is an abbreviation in text messaging and online slang denoting "kiss me," typically conveying a flirtatious or romantic request for affection, often virtually through digital communication.^[61]^[62] This usage appears in casual exchanges between partners or admirers, where the sender expresses excitement or desire for a kiss without physical proximity.^[63]^[64] The term gained documentation in slang compilations around the mid-2010s, aligning with the rise of shorthand in SMS and social media platforms, though its informal nature predates widespread online tracking.^[64] It contrasts with more literal abbreviations like "km" for kilometer, relying on context to distinguish intent, and is listed among common texting acronyms in lifestyle references.^[65] Unlike formal language, its adoption stems from brevity in personal digital interactions rather than standardized lexicon.^[66]

References

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Knowledge management (KM) is the application of a structured process to help information and knowledge flow to the right people at the right time.Missing: sources | Show results with:sources
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Knowledge management is the process of creating, gathering, storing, “making available,” and using knowledge to assure the organization's future growth based on ...Missing: credible | Show results with:credible
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What is KM? Knowledge Management Explained - KMWorld
Jan 15, 2018 · This aspect of KM might be described as Librarianship 101, putting your organization's information and data up online, plus selected external ...
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Aug 9, 2025 · This paper traces the history of knowledge management from its modest beginnings in the early/mid eighties to its current status.
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Knowledge management is a process of creating, storing, using and sharing knowledge within an organization.What is knowledge... · Types of knowledge
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Knowledge management is the process of creating, curating, sharing, using, and managing knowledge across an organization and even across industries.Missing: credible | Show results with:credible
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Rating 4.7 (2,500) Knowledge Management is the approach you might take to capturing, organizing and sharing your company knowledge with both internal and external stakeholders.Missing: credible | Show results with:credible
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Share ; 10 meters, = 1 dekameter (dam) ; 10 dekameters, = 1 hectometer (hm) ; 10 dekameters, = 100 meters ; 10 hectometers, = 1 kilometer (km) ; 10 hectometers, = ...
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The concept of base units and derived units was used to define the SI until 2018. ... For example, we may write: kilometre, km; microvolt, µV; or femtosecond, fs.
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Kilometre, from French kilomètre (1795), combines kilo- and meter; meaning "one thousand meters," first used in 1799 in English translations.
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Knowledge management is about using the brain power of an organization in a systematic and organized manner in order to achieve efficiencies, ensure competitive.
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Mar 2, 2024 · Therefore, K M is equal to the concentration of the substrate when the rate is half of the maximum velocity.
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Michaelis Constant - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
The Michaelis constant, denoted as K_m, is defined as a measure of the binding affinity of an enzyme for its substrate, with higher K_m values indicating ...<|separator|>
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Michaelis Constant - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
The Michaelis constant (Km) is defined as a measure of the affinity of an enzyme for its substrate, with high Km values indicating a lower affinity.
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Here we introduce the translation, describe the historical context of the work, and show a new analysis of the original data.
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Sep 2, 2013 · Michaelis and Menten are by far the best known of the scientists who created the subject of enzyme kinetics, but what was their real contribution?
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Sep 4, 2020 · It does indeed refer to the color of the soil. The Egyptians were extremely fond of dualities and distinguished between kmt ("the black (land)") and dšrt ("the ...
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KM - Komori - ISO
Alpha-2 code. KM ; Short name. COMOROS ; Short name lower case. Comoros (the) ; Full name. the Union of the Comoros ; Alpha-3 code. COM.
[36]
List of country codes by alpha-2, alpha-3 code (ISO 3166) - IBAN
Country Codes Alpha-2 & Alpha-3 ; Comoros (the), KM, COM ; Congo (the Democratic Republic of the), CD, COD ; Congo (the), CG, COG ; Cook Islands (the), CK, COK ...
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Comoros 2025 population is estimated at 882,847 people at mid-year. Comoros population is equivalent to 0.011% of the total world population. Comoros ranks ...
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Total population in millions, 2025: 0.9. Population annual doubling time, years, 2025: 38. Population aged 0-14, per cent, 2025: 37.
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Real GDP growth. Annual percent change. 3.8 ; GDP, current prices. Billions of U.S. dollars. 1.61 ; GDP, current prices. Purchasing power parity; billions of ...
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Konica Minolta's history dates back to 1873 when Rokusaburo Sugiura began selling photographic materials (the founding of Konica).
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Konica started in 1873, Minolta's precursor in 1928, and the merger of Konica and Minolta occurred in 2003. Konica Minolta's journey started 150 years ago.
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Konica began in 1873 selling photographic materials, developed its first camera by 1900, and merged with Minolta in 2003. The company celebrated its 150th ...
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What does KM stand for? - Slang.net
The acronym KM is a request to "kiss me." It is typically sent by excited SOs who want to receive a virtual kiss. While kissing someone via text or chat ...
[62]
KM Meaning & Definition - NoSlang.com
The abbreviation 'KM' is often used in texting to mean 'kiss me'. It's usually used as a flirty or romantic way to express a desire for physical affection.
[63]
KM Love Abbreviation Meaning - All Acronyms
KM in Love commonly means Kiss Me, a playful expression often used in romantic or flirty contexts to convey affection or desire. This abbreviation is frequently ...
[64]
KM Meaning - Slang.org
Oct 31, 2016 · KM. What does KM mean? Keep Mum. KM. Other definitions of KM: Kiss Me. All of our slang term and phrase definitions are made possible by our ...
[65]
113 Common Text Abbreviations - The Pioneer Woman
Mar 29, 2023 · KM meaning: kiss me. NBD meaning: no big deal. ROFL meaning: rolling on floor laughing. TFTI meaning: thanks for the invite. TLC meaning: ...
[66]
KM Meaning in Text Revealed for Modern Chat Lovers - Other Vize
Oct 9, 2025 · It usually stands for “Keep Moving,” “Kiss Me,” or “Kilometer,” depending on context. Is KM slang or an abbreviation? It's both—a short form ...