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Legio II Augusta

Legio II Augusta was a prominent legion of the Imperial Roman army, originally raised during the late Roman Republic around 43 BCE by consuls Gaius Vibius Pansa and Octavian (later Augustus), possibly as the Legio II Sabina before being redesignated Augusta in honor of the emperor.^[1]^[2] Its emblems included the Capricorn, symbolizing Augustus, along with the Pegasus and occasionally Mars, reflecting its enduring service under the Julio-Claudian and Flavian dynasties.^[3]^[4] The legion played a crucial role in expanding Roman frontiers, participating in key campaigns such as the Cantabrian Wars in Hispania (29–19 BCE), Germanicus' expeditions across the Rhine (14–16 CE), and the Claudian invasion of Britain in 43 CE, where it was commanded by the future emperor Vespasian.^[1]^[2] After the invasion, Legio II Augusta was instrumental in consolidating Roman control over southern Britain, establishing fortresses at sites like Isca Dumnoniorum (Exeter) around 50–75 CE and later Glevum (Gloucester), before permanently basing at Isca Augusta (Caerleon) from approximately 75 CE onward.^[3]^[4] It faced significant challenges, including a controversial delay during Boudicca's revolt in 60–61 CE, which led to the suicide of its praefectus castrorum, Poenius Postumus, out of shame for not aiding the governor, and later involvement in suppressing the rebellion alongside other legions.^[1] The legion contributed to major engineering projects, such as constructing sections of Hadrian's Wall (c. 122 CE) and the Antonine Wall (139–142 CE), and participated in Septimius Severus' campaigns in Caledonia (208–211 CE).^[2]^[3] During the Year of the Four Emperors in 69 CE, the legion's loyalty was tested when its centurions were demoted by Vitellius for refusing to support him, only to be reinstated and rewarded by Vespasian, whom they had backed in his bid for the throne.^[1]^[2] Under Emperor Caracalla, it received the honorific title Antoniniana, underscoring its continued service in Britain's defense against Saxon raids into the 4th century CE.^[4]^[3]^[5] Archaeological evidence from Caerleon, including amphitheaters, barracks, and inscriptions, attests to its long-term presence and role in Romanizing the province.^[2]

Origins and Republican Service

Formation and Naming

The Legio II Augusta traces its origins to the turbulent years of the Second Triumvirate, when it was likely raised in 43 BC by Octavian (the future emperor Augustus) and the consul Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus near Rome. Some scholars suggest it may derive from a Legio II raised by Julius Caesar ca. 48 BC, though the 43 BC recruitment is more widely accepted.^[1] This new formation, initially designated as Legio II Sabina, drew its name from the Sabine region, a rural area east of Rome known for providing hardy recruits during the late Republic.^[6] An inscription from Venafrum (modern Venafro) commemorates a veteran of this Sabina legion, confirming its existence and service in the civil wars of the period.^[7] The legion's initial ranks were filled primarily with Italian volunteers, reflecting the reliance on local manpower amid the manpower shortages following Julius Caesar's assassination, though it may have incorporated veterans from earlier units such as the Legio II Gallica stationed in Gaul.^[6] As Octavian consolidated power after the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, the legion underwent reorganization during the transition from Republic to Empire, adopting a more standardized structure typical of the early Principate. This included ten cohorts of approximately 480-600 men each, organized into maniples that would evolve into the cohort-based system under Augustus, supported by auxiliary troops for cavalry and specialized roles. Around 30-27 BC, coinciding with Octavian's assumption of the title Augustus, the legion was renamed Legio II Augusta to honor its patron and signify its loyalty to the new regime.^[6] This renaming was part of a broader imperial practice of bestowing honorific titles on legions that had proven reliable in the civil conflicts. The adoption of the Augusta cognomen was accompanied by symbolic emblems that reinforced ties to Augustus, including the Capricorn—his zodiac birth sign, symbolizing perseverance and imperial favor—along with the Pegasus and Mars.^[1] These insignia, borne on standards and shields, helped foster unit identity and imperial propaganda during the legion's early years.^[1]

Role in the Late Republican Civil Wars

Following the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BC, the Legio II Sabina—recruited in 43 BC by Octavian and consul Gaius Vibius Pansa—emerged as a key unit in the ensuing civil conflicts, demonstrating early loyalty to the Second Triumvirate. The legion participated in the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC, where it fought under the command of Octavian and Mark Antony against the Republican forces led by Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus, the primary assassins of Caesar. Deployed as part of the triumvirate's army of approximately 19 legions, Legio II Sabina contributed to the decisive second engagement on October 23, which resulted in the Republicans' defeat and suicide, effectively ending major organized resistance in the east.^[1] After Philippi, the legion transferred its allegiance exclusively to Octavian amid growing tensions within the triumvirate, supporting his efforts to consolidate power in the west. The legion's steadfast support for Octavian continued into the final phase of the civil wars, playing a supporting role in the Battle of Actium on September 2, 31 BC. Stationed among Octavian's ground and reserve forces near the promontory in Greece, Legio II Sabina helped maintain the defensive perimeter while Agrippa's fleet again secured a naval triumph over the combined armada of Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII of Egypt. This victory shattered Antony's power base, leading to his and Cleopatra's suicides in 30 BC and establishing Octavian as the unchallenged ruler of Rome.^[8] In the aftermath of Actium, Octavian disbanded or reorganized Legio II Sabina ca. 30 BC as part of his broader army reforms to reduce the swollen Republican-era legions from over 50 to 28 permanent units. Veterans received land allotments in colonies such as those in Hispania, while select personnel were re-recruited into a reconstituted Legio II Augusta by 26 BC, named in honor of Octavian (now Augustus) and tasked with imperial service. This transition marked the end of the legion's Republican involvement and its integration into the professional standing army.^[1]

Early Imperial Campaigns

Cantabrian Wars in Hispania

Following the consolidation of power after the Battle of Actium, the Legio II Augusta was transferred to Hispania Citerior (later Tarraconensis) around 30-25 BC under Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa to support Augustus' efforts in subduing the remaining unconquered tribes in the peninsula.^[1] This deployment marked the legion's first major imperial service, shifting it from earlier Republican duties to the systematic pacification of northwestern Hispania.^[3] The legion participated actively in the Cantabrian Wars (29-19 BC), a protracted conflict against the Cantabri and Astures who resisted Roman expansion through guerrilla tactics and fortified hilltop settlements.^[1] As one of at least eight legions committed to the campaign, II Augusta engaged in grueling sieges of Asturican and Cantabrian strongholds amid the mountainous terrain, including the decisive assault on Mons Medullius around 22 BC, where the Astures' mass suicide underscored the war's brutality.^[3] These operations highlighted the legion's role in breaking tribal resistance, contributing to Augustus' personal oversight in 26-25 BC before Agrippa's return in 19 BC to quell lingering revolts and secure final victory. In the aftermath of the wars, the legion aided in Roman consolidation by constructing roads to facilitate troop movements and trade, exploiting mineral resources like gold mines in the Cantabrian ranges, and helping impose administrative oversight on newly pacified territories.^[1] These engineering and logistical efforts transformed the region from a frontier of rebellion into a stable province under Tarraconensian governance.^[3] The legion remained stationed in Hispania until around 9-10 CE, when it was transferred to the Rhine frontier following the defeat at Teutoburg Forest.^[1]^[3]

Rhine Frontier Operations under Augustus

Following its service in the Cantabrian Wars in Hispania, the Legio II Augusta was transferred to the Rhine frontier after the Roman defeat at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 CE. The legion was stationed at Mogontiacum (modern Mainz) in Upper Germany to help reinforce the frontier and prevent further Germanic incursions. This relocation positioned the legion as part of the reorganized forces along the Rhine under Augustus' direction to shift from expansion to defensive consolidation.^[1]^[4]^[3] In the aftermath of the Teutoburg disaster, where three legions were lost, II Augusta contributed to recovery efforts by reinforcing garrisons, conducting patrols, and aiding in the recruitment and reorganization of forces in Gaul and along the Rhine. Detachments were involved in stabilizing the frontier during Augustus' final years, focusing on securing the river line against tribes such as the Chatti and Sicambri. The legion's engineering skills were utilized in fortifying camps and improving defenses to maintain Roman control east of the Rhine.^[1]^[4] The legion remained at Mogontiacum until the Claudian era, ensuring the stability of the upper Rhine frontier into the reign of Tiberius.^[1]^[3]

Conquest and Early Service in Britain

Claudian Invasion of Britannia

The Claudian invasion of Britannia in 43 AD marked a significant chapter in the history of Legio II Augusta, as the legion formed a core component of the Roman expeditionary force dispatched by Emperor Claudius to conquer the island. Under the overall command of Aulus Plautius, the invasion involved four legions—II Augusta, IX Hispana, XIV Gemina, and XX Valeria Victrix—totaling approximately 20,000–40,000 troops, supported by auxiliaries.^[9] Drawing on its prior experience garrisoning the Rhine frontier, the legion landed at Rutupiae (modern Richborough in Kent), a strategic beachhead that served as the primary entry point for the Roman army after crossing the English Channel.^[2] The legion's operations were directed by the young legate Titus Flavius Vespasian, who would later become emperor, and focused on securing the southeastern and southern coasts of Britain. Vespasian led II Augusta in capturing key settlements along the south coast, including the reduction of the Isle of Wight and advances into Dumnonii territory, which facilitated control over vital harbors and trade routes.^[10] A pivotal engagement was the Battle of the Medway, a two-day confrontation near modern Rochester where the legion played a crucial role in crossing the river to outflank British forces led by Caratacus and Togodumnus.^[9] According to Cassius Dio, the Romans exploited the river crossing with the aid of Batavian auxiliaries who swam across under cover, allowing legionaries in full armor to surprise and rout the enemy chariots and infantry. Following the Medway victory, II Augusta contributed to the Roman advance toward the Thames, where the legions forced a crossing—possibly via a ford or temporary bridge—despite British resistance, leading to the dispersal of the southern tribes.^[10] This momentum culminated in the submission of the Catuvellauni capital at Camulodunum (Colchester), which surrendered without further major battle and was established as the first provincial capital of Britannia, symbolizing Roman dominance in the southeast.^[9] Claudius himself arrived briefly in 43 AD to oversee the triumph and accept the submission, as recorded by Suetonius. In the immediate aftermath, II Augusta focused on consolidation by constructing early fortifications in southeastern Britain, such as campaign forts at Noviomagus Regnorum (Chichester) and sites near modern Corfe Mullen, which integrated auxiliary units for ongoing security and supply lines.^[2] These efforts, involving timber and earthworks, supported the legion's role in pacifying the region and laying the groundwork for permanent bases, with auxiliaries like Batavian cohorts providing specialized riverine and scouting capabilities.^[9]

Suppression of Boudica's Revolt

In 60 AD, Queen Boudica of the Iceni tribe led a major uprising against Roman rule in Britain, triggered by the Roman seizure of Iceni lands and the mistreatment of Boudica and her daughters following the death of her husband, King Prasutagus.^[11] The rebels quickly overwhelmed the veteran colony at Camulodunum (modern Colchester), massacring its garrison and inhabitants before advancing to sack Londinium (London) and Verulamium (St Albans), resulting in the deaths of approximately 70,000 Romans and their allies.^[12] At the time, Legio II Augusta was stationed at its fortress in Isca Dumnoniorum (modern Exeter) in western Britain, distant from the eastern revolt's epicenter.^[1] Its acting commander, praefectus castrorum Poenius Postumus, received urgent orders from Governor Gaius Suetonius Paulinus to mobilize the legion and reinforce him with detachments from the Twentieth Legion Valeria Victrix.^[13] However, Postumus disobeyed, refusing to march his forces, possibly due to concerns over the legion's readiness or the risks of leaving the southwest undefended; this inaction left Paulinus to confront the rebels with only the Fourteenth Legion Gemina, elements of the Twentieth, and auxiliary units totaling around 10,000 men.^[1] Paulinus chose a defensive position along the narrow Roman road known as Watling Street, where the superior Roman discipline and formation turned the tide against Boudica's vastly larger force of up to 230,000 warriors, encumbered by families and wagons.^[13] The ensuing battle resulted in a decisive Roman victory, with Briton casualties estimated at 80,000 while Roman losses numbered about 400; Boudica reportedly fell ill and died shortly afterward, though some accounts suggest suicide.^[13] Legio II Augusta suffered no direct casualties in the revolt due to its non-participation in the main engagement.^[4] Following the victory, detachments from Legio II Augusta belatedly joined Paulinus, along with elements of the Ninth and Twentieth Legions, enabling him to conduct punitive expeditions against surviving rebel strongholds and restore Roman authority across the province.^[14] These operations emphasized terror and selective reprisals to deter further resistance, targeting rebel leaders while sparing some communities to foster reconciliation; the legion's western basing allowed it to secure the rear areas and contribute to overall pacification without facing the revolt's initial devastation.^[14] Shamed by his earlier refusal, Poenius Postumus committed suicide by falling on his sword upon learning of the Roman success.^[13] The revolt exposed vulnerabilities in Roman command coordination and legionary responsiveness, prompting a strategic pivot from aggressive northern expansion—such as Paulinus's campaign against Mona (Anglesey)—to provincial consolidation and milder governance under his successor, Publius Petronius Turpilianus, who prioritized order over conquest.^[14] For Legio II Augusta, the episode underscored the perils of delayed mobilization, influencing tighter imperial oversight of British legions in subsequent years.^[1]

Later Service in Roman Britain

Establishment and Role at Isca Augusta

Following the campaigns of governor Sextus Julius Frontinus against the Silures tribe in the late 70s AD, Legio II Augusta was transferred from its temporary base at Glevum (modern Gloucester) to establish a permanent headquarters at Isca Augusta (modern Caerleon, Wales) around 75 AD during the reign of Emperor Vespasian.^[1]^[15] This relocation positioned the legion strategically in the territory of the recently subdued Silures to enforce Roman control and prevent further resistance in western Britain.^[16] The fortress, covering approximately 20 hectares, served as the legion's base for over two centuries, supporting about 5,000-6,000 soldiers in maintaining provincial stability.^[17] The legion undertook extensive infrastructure development at Isca Augusta, initially constructing the fortress in timber before transitioning to stone buildings in the late first century AD.^[18] Key facilities included an amphitheater built around 90 AD outside the fortress walls, capable of seating up to 6,000 spectators for gladiatorial games and military drills, and a large bath complex within the fortress for hygiene and recreation.^[19] Storehouses were also essential, such as the masonry structure in Priory Field, erected between 90 and 110 AD to store military equipment, provisions, and goods, reflecting the legion's logistical needs.^[20] This building, a rare example of a legionary warehouse, was partially demolished and abandoned by around 350 AD as the fortress declined.^[20] Excavations at Priory Field between 2008 and 2010 uncovered significant artifacts from the legion's daily operations, including fragments of Newstead-type lorica segmentata (segmented plate armor) and scale armor, indicating active maintenance of military gear.^[21] Among the finds were remains of an elaborately decorated leather chamfron (horse's head armor) with copper-alloy pins and plaques bearing the legion's Capricorn emblem, alongside personal items such as glass bottles, brooches, a finger ring, and a mirror fragment, which suggest the presence of soldiers' families and robust supply chains.^[22]^[1] These discoveries provide insight into the legion's equestrian elements and domestic life within the fortress.^[21] In addition to military duties, Legio II Augusta played key administrative roles from Isca Augusta, overseeing the control of Silures territory through patrols and fortlet construction, while contributing to the development of road networks that facilitated troop movements and trade across Wales.^[15] The legion's presence supported broader Roman economic activities, including oversight of local mining operations for lead and other resources vital to imperial infrastructure. This multifaceted role underscored the fortress's importance as a hub for both defense and governance in Roman Britain.^[17]

Involvement in the Year of the Four Emperors

During the chaotic opening months of 69 AD, the Legio II Augusta, stationed in Britain alongside the Legio IX Hispana and Legio XX Valeria Victrix, initially pledged its allegiance to Vitellius, following the lead of the German legions that had proclaimed him emperor after Galba's assassination.^[23] This support manifested in the dispatch of auxiliary cohorts and cavalry squadrons from British garrisons to bolster Vitellius' forces in Italy, though these detachments proved too small to decisively influence the civil war's early battles.^[24] As Vespasian's bid for the throne gained traction in the eastern provinces, sentiment in Britain shifted decisively toward him, largely due to his prior command of the Legio II Augusta during the Claudian invasion of 43 AD and his subsequent successes in subduing southern British tribes.^[25] The legion, operating from its base at Glevum (modern Gloucester), swiftly declared for Vespasian in the spring of 69 AD, overcoming minor resistance from centurions and soldiers who had received promotions under Vitellius. In retaliation, Vitellius demoted all of the legion's centurions for their disloyalty, though they were later reinstated and rewarded by Vespasian after his victory.^[25] In response, vexillations—detachments comprising several cohorts—from the three British legions, including the Legio II Augusta, were dispatched to join Vespasian's advancing armies in northern Italy, contributing to the Flavian victory at the Second Battle of Cremona and the subsequent capture of Rome.^[26] Amid these imperial intrigues, the legion remained engaged in maintaining Roman control in Britain, where the turmoil in Rome emboldened local unrest. In the north, Venutius, former consort of the client queen Cartimandua of the Brigantes, exploited the distraction to launch a revolt, fueled by personal grievances and anti-Roman sentiment among the tribe.^[27] Roman forces, including detachments of infantry and cavalry likely drawn from the Legio II Augusta and other British units, intervened to rescue Cartimandua from imminent capture, engaging in several inconclusive skirmishes before evacuating her to Roman territory.^[27] Although Venutius seized control of the Brigantian kingdom, the intervention prevented the revolt from escalating into a broader provincial uprising that could have undermined Britain's strategic stability during the civil war. Following Vespasian's triumph and consolidation of power by late 69 AD, the Legio II Augusta, as a key supporter in the Flavian cause, received imperial donatives—monetary bonuses distributed to secure military loyalty—and saw its prestige reinforced through continued stationing in Britain as a frontline defender of the province. These rewards helped restore discipline and morale within the legion, which had faced internal divisions over its shifting allegiances.

Campaigns and Fortifications in the 2nd Century

During the reign of Emperor Hadrian, Legio II Augusta, stationed at its fortress in Isca Augusta (modern Caerleon), contributed significantly to the construction of Hadrian's Wall, the defensive barrier across northern Britain initiated around 122 AD.^[28] The legion, alongside Legio VI Victrix and Legio XX Valeria Victrix, built approximately 18 kilometers of the wall, as evidenced by building inscriptions and archaeological records from the period.^[29] These efforts included erecting stone sections and associated structures like milecastles and turrets, reflecting the legion's engineering expertise in fortification work.^[30] Under Emperor Antoninus Pius, the legion shifted focus northward, participating in the advance beyond Hadrian's Wall to construct the temporary Antonine Wall around 142 AD, a turf-and-stone barrier stretching from the Firth of Forth to the Firth of Clyde.^[31] Distance slabs, such as the Bridgeness Slab (RIB 2139), commemorate the legion's completion of 4,652 paces (approximately 7 kilometers) of the wall, depicting Roman soldiers and standards to mark their labor.^[32] This project supported campaigns against the Caledonian tribes, led by provincial governor Quintus Lollius Urbicus from 139 to 142 AD, aimed at subduing northern resistance and securing the frontier.^[33] In these operations, detachments of Legio II Augusta constructed or reinforced forts to consolidate Roman control, including the north gate at Balmuildy on the Antonine Wall, as recorded in a dedication to Antoninus Pius under Urbicus's command.^[33] Such fortifications, often built with local timber and stone, facilitated supply lines and troop movements against Caledonian incursions, with the legion's stamps appearing on materials used in these sites.^[34] The campaigns involved punitive expeditions into Caledonian territory, pushing the frontier northward before the wall's abandonment around 160 AD.^[35] Back at its Welsh base, Legio II Augusta maintained production of stamped tiles and bricks at Caerleon throughout the 2nd century, supplying construction materials for local and frontier projects, with over 200 known variants of the legion's stamps (e.g., LEG II AVG) dating from circa 90 AD onward.^[5] These engineering activities extended to infrastructure in Wales, including extensions of Roman roads linking Isca Augusta to northern outposts and potential bridging over the River Severn to support legionary logistics, as inferred from the legion's role in regional fortification and transport networks.^[36] Inscriptions from the period attest to the legion's service under successive emperors, including a dedication to Trajan at Caerleon honoring the unit's contributions to imperial stability.^[37] Similar epigraphic evidence under Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius records building works and dedications, such as those on the Antonine Wall slabs, though direct involvement in Marcus Aurelius's Marcomannic Wars (166–180 AD) on the Danube frontier remains unconfirmed for this Britain-based legion.^[38]

Personnel and Legacy

Notable Commanders and Soldiers

One of the most prominent early commanders of Legio II Augusta was Titus Flavius Vespasian, who led the legion as legate during the Roman invasion of Britain in 43 AD under Emperor Claudius. Vespasian directed the unit in thirty battles against British tribes, subduing two powerful nations, capturing over twenty oppida, and securing the Isle of Wight, earning him triumphal honors and rapid advancement in Roman politics.^[39] During the late 1st century AD, Gnaeus Julius Agricola, as governor of Britain from 78 to 84 AD, provided strategic oversight for Legio II Augusta stationed at Isca Augusta (modern Caerleon), integrating it into campaigns that advanced Roman control into northern Wales and southern Scotland. Agricola's administration emphasized disciplined legionary operations, including fortification building and tribal pacification, drawing on the legion's experience from earlier British service. Later commanders included legati such as those active in the Hadrianic period. Among individual soldiers, the tombstone of Lucius Valerius Geminus (RIB 3121), discovered at Alchester and dated to circa 60-80 AD, records the earliest detailed biography of a British-based legionary. A veteran from Forum Germanorum (modern San Lorenzo di Caraglio, Italy), Geminus, son of Lucius of the Pollian tribe, died at age 50 after likely participating in the 43 AD invasion; his heir arranged the monument per his will, highlighting personal legacies within the legion.^[40] Centurions like Gaius Curiatius Saturninus, attested by an altar dedication to Sulis Minerva at Bath (RIB 146, circa 2nd century AD), exemplify mid-level officers who engaged in religious dedications and local infrastructure, reflecting the legion's role in cultural integration. Inscriptions from Caerleon, such as discharge records and promotion diplomas (e.g., military diplomas like RIB 2401 fragments), document career advancements from legionary to centurion or auxiliary command, often after 25 years of service, with veterans receiving citizenship and land grants. These artifacts also reveal social structures, including family ties—veterans like Geminus with named heirs—and interactions with auxiliaries, such as cohors II Lingonum equity, integrated into legionary operations for combined arms tactics. Gaulish recruits, drawn from regions like Gallia Narbonensis and Belgica post-1st century AD, comprised a significant portion of the ranks, as seen in onomastic evidence from tombstones and dedications, underscoring the legion's role in Romanizing provincial populations.^[41]^[1]

Archaeological Evidence and Modern Depictions

The archaeological remains of Legio II Augusta are most prominently preserved at Isca Augusta, the legion's long-term base at modern Caerleon in south Wales, where the fortress's structural elements provide insight into Roman military architecture and daily operations. The fortress, constructed around AD 75, features the only visible Roman legionary barracks in Europe, consisting of narrow rooms for soldiers' sleeping quarters and equipment storage, underscoring the disciplined communal life of the legionaries. Adjacent to the fortress lies Britain's most complete Roman amphitheatre, built circa AD 100 with a capacity for approximately 6,000 spectators, used for gladiatorial contests and public executions as evidenced by excavation traces of arena sand and drainage systems. These structures, excavated and maintained by Cadw, highlight the legion's role in consolidating Roman control over western Britain through fortified infrastructure.^[42] Further evidence of the legion's northern extent emerges from inscriptions at Crichton Souterrain in the Scottish Borders, where stone blocks bear markings associated with Legio II Augusta, including the legion's emblem of a Pegasus, indicating construction or reuse by the unit during 2nd-century campaigns beyond the Antonine Wall. Highlighted in a 2018 analysis, these findings suggest the legion's temporary deployments into southern Scotland for supply storage or shelter, reflecting interactions with local Celtic populations and the limits of Roman expansion.^[43] Significant recent discoveries from the 2008–2010 excavations at Priory Field within the Caerleon fortress uncovered a courtyard storehouse, the first such structure modernly investigated in the Roman Empire, revealing details of late 2nd- to 4th-century military logistics and social dynamics. Artifacts included dismantled components of lorica segmentata armor and scale mail, pointing to on-site recycling and maintenance practices, alongside personal items such as brooches, rings, beads, and child-sized bracelets that imply the presence of families and non-combatants in the vicus. Isotope analysis of animal bones indicated trade networks extending to southern England, Devon, and Cornwall, with 25% of livestock sourced externally, demonstrating the legion's economic integration into provincial Britain until the storehouse's abandonment around AD 300–350 following a roof collapse that sealed the deposits.^[21] Post-Roman continuity at Caerleon is attested by 5th-century masonry buildings constructed atop the reused foundations of the legionary storehouse, such as a structure measuring 11.75m by 3.7m dated circa AD 500, which incorporated Roman materials and layouts, suggesting persistent cultural and architectural traditions amid the empire's withdrawal. This evidence of late occupation, including plentiful 4th-century artifacts extending into sub-Roman phases, underscores the site's enduring significance as a hub of Romano-British identity.^[21]^[44] In modern culture, historical fiction series like Adrian Goldsworthy's Vindolanda (2017) further feature a fictional centurion of Legio II Augusta, blending archaeological detail with narratives of Hadrianic-era postings.^[45] Reenactment groups actively preserve the legion's legacy through authentic reconstructions, with the UK-based Legio II Augusta society, established over 15 years ago, portraying 1st- to 2nd-century soldiers, civilians, and specialists—including artillery crews, engineers, and medics—in public displays and educational events across Britain. These groups contribute to heritage sites like Caerleon, managed by Cadw and the National Roman Legion Museum, where interactive exhibits and annual festivals draw visitors to experience the legion's daily life, reinforcing its influence on Welsh and British cultural identity.^[46]

References

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Legio II Augusta - Livius.org
Apr 23, 2020 · This legion may have been recruited by consul Gaius Vibius Pansa and Octavian (the later emperor Augustus) in 43 BCE and was called Sabina (" ...
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Legio II Augusta - Roman Britain
The legion was present in the invasion force of the imperial propraetor Aulus Plautius in AD43, during which it was placed under the command of the young ...
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Legio II Augusta - World History Encyclopedia
Mar 19, 2013 · The earliest that we know of the legion for certain is 26 BCE, when it was one of seven or more legions that Augustus led against the ...
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Legio II Augusta - Roman Legion - UNRV.com
In 43 AD, Emperor Claudius ordered an invasion of Britain with Legio II Augusta, IX Hispana, XIV Gemina and XX Valeria Victrix.Introduction · Claudian Invasion Of... · Gnaeus Julius Agricola<|control11|><|separator|>
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... legio II Augusta may be identifiable with the II Sabina reported on an inscription of a Civil War veteran at Venafrum (Venafro) and with the II Gallica, the ...
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LE NOM AQUTIUS (CIL X 4876, Venafrum, Italia) - jstor
cette inscription. Le texte même nous fournit un terminus ante quem , puisque Gallus servit dans la legio Sabina qui appartenait à l'armée des triumviri et qui.
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Legio II Augusta
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The campaign in Sicily in 36 B.C. was of the utmost importance to the Roman world, for it resulted in the complete triumph of Octavian in the west. The.
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a context for a dedication by five cavalry regiments - jstor
the same time as his father: Legio II Augusta was in Germany from Augustus to Claudius, when it went to Britain. P. Cornelius Scipio gives his career as follows ...
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Legio II Augusta - Digital Maps of the Ancient World
The Legio II Augusta, also known as the Second Augustan Legion, formed during the late Roman Republic. Its emblems were the Capricorn and Pegasus, ...
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Jan 14, 2021 · Isca Augusta, also called Isca Silurum, and Carleon Roman Fortress is an archaeological site and the remains of a large legionary fortress ...Missing: Caerleon establishment 75 Vespasian baths 2008-2010 findings lorica segmentata chamfrons Capricorn
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[PDF] survey and excavations in the legionary fortress and canabae of isca
Isca was constructed by its garrison legion, II Augusta, in the. 70s AD. There followed a long process of conversion of what were initially mainly timber ...Missing: 75 Vespasian chamfrons
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Caerleon Roman Amphitheatre | Cadw - gov.wales
Built around AD 90 to entertain the legionaries stationed at the fort of Caerleon (Isca), this impressive amphitheatre was the Roman equivalent of today's ...Missing: Legio | Show results with:Legio
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A store of secrets: Excavating Roman military kit and personal possessions at Caerleon | The Past
### Summary of 2008-2010 Priory Field Excavation at Caerleon (Legio II Augusta)
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Excavation in the Roman Legionary Fortress at Caerleon: The Priory ...
Jun 13, 2025 · These included the highly fragmentary remains of a rare example of an elaborately decorated horse's headpiece (chamfron), at least one set of ...Missing: Augusta Capricorn
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https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Tacitus/Histories/3B*.html#44
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https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Tacitus/Histories/2B*.html#100
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https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Tacitus/Histories/3B*.html#45
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https://www.nms.ac.uk/discover-catalogue/romans-in-scotland-major-archaeological-sites
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https://www.academia.edu/30592746/Brewer_Richard_J_ed_Birthday_of_the_Eagle_The_Second_Augustan_Legion_and_the_Roman_Military_Machine_Cardiff_2002_ISBN_0_7200_0514_0_XIV_212_p_ills_Archaeologia_Bulgarica_VII_2003_3_95_98
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Romans in Scotland: Major archaeological sites
The Wall was built by troops from the three legions stationed in Britain, the 2nd Augusta (based at Caerleon in South Wales), 6th Victrix (from York), and 20th ...Missing: Legio | Show results with:Legio
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(PDF) Brewer, Richard J. (ed.). Birthday of the Eagle. The Second ...
The paper reveals that Legio II Augusta contributed to the construction of 18 km of Hadrian's Wall and participated in campaigns in Scotland around A.D. 208-211 ...
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[PDF] Hadrian's Wall: A Study in Function - SJSU ScholarWorks
was realized when Claudius invaded Britain in AD 43.30 Roman rule in Britain was tenuous. In AD 47, King Prasutagus of the Iceni revolted against the. Romans ...
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What Happened in the Summer of a.d. 122? Hadrian on the British ...
The construction details provided by the Historia Augusta have been strikingly confirmed by archaeology, including the cross-beams.Footnote Hadrian apparently ...
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RIB 2139. Distance slab of the Second Legion Augusta
Support. Type of object: Dedication-slab; Material: Sandstone (buff or lighter in colour); Dimensions: (overall) W 2.743 × H 0.864 m
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LEGIO II AUGUSTA AND THE NORTH GATE AT BALMUILDY
his Country, the Second Legion, Augusta, built (this) under Quintus Lollius Urbicus, the. Emperor's Pro-Praetorian Legate'. In any consideration of the ...
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3.3 The Distance Stones
... Legio II Augusta, Legio VI Victrix and Legio XX Valeria Victrix (Keppie 1998, 72–90). Dedicated to the Emperor Antoninus Pius, they form a tightly dated ...
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Antoninus Pius 142 AD Invasion - Romans in Scotland
Jul 22, 2022 · The Governor of Britain in 139 AD was a Berber Algerian called Quintus Lollius Urbicus and he was instructed to build the Antonine Wall.
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2459: Legionary Tile-stamps of Legion II Augusta
The tile-kilns which supplied Caerleon have not been found. Other kilns used by Legion II evidently existed near Carlisle, where tiles were stamped with ...
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Production, Distribution, Use and Curation: A Study of Stamped Tile ...
Jun 9, 2017 · Legio II Augusta based at the nearby fortress of Caerleon produced the earliest, datable legionary-stamped tiles in Britain c. a.d. 90–100 ...
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Isca Augusta (Caerleon) - Rome Art Lover
Isca Augusta aka Isca Silurum, a second legionary camp in the territory of the Silures, was established in ca 74 at the time of Emperor Vespasian.Missing: storehouses | Show results with:storehouses
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Search | Roman Inscriptions of Britain
Building inscription of the Second Legion Augusta · RIB 2209, Antonine Wall, Building inscription of the Second Legion Augusta, a.d. 142-180. Building ...
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Suetonius • Life of Vespasian
### Summary of Vespasian's Military Service in Britain with Legio II Augusta
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[PDF] The fate of the Ninth - Karwansaray Publishers
Weber had drawn attention to the career inscription of Titus Pontius. Sabinus, with its mention of an expeditio. Brittanica (“British campaign”) under. Hadrian ...<|separator|>
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RIB 3121. Tombstone for Lucius Valerius Geminus
Lucius Valerius Geminus, son of Lucius, of the Pollian voting-tribe, from Forum Germanorum, veteran of the Second Legion Augusta, aged 50, lies buried here.Missing: Legio | Show results with:Legio
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RIB 2401.2. Military diploma - Roman Inscriptions of Britain
To …, son of …nis, (genitive) from …, decurion (or centurion) of cohort …num ... legio II Augusta; indeed he thought that cohors II Lingonum should be ...
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https://www.legiiavg.org.uk/
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Crichton Souterrain: The Mark of Legio II Augusta in the Scottish ...
The stone inscription found at Crichton is not just a casual marking; it is an important historical artifact that reveals much about the Roman ...
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The Fate of Late Roman Towns
Although Caerleon appears to have been abandoned by Legio II Augusta late in the third century, there was certainly plentiful evidence of late Roman occupation, ...<|separator|>
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The Eagle of the Ninth | Sutcliff Wiki - Fandom
The Second Legion stationed in Britain, in which Marcus serves, is legio II Augusta. The titles "Pia Fidelis" on Marcus's award bracelet belong to a ...
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Leg II Avg
Experience the life of the Roman legionary from the windswept borders of Britannia to the marvels of Rome itself.