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Levine

Rachel Levine (born Richard Leland Levine; October 28, 1957) is an American pediatrician specializing in and a government who has served as the 17th in the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) since March 2021. Nominated by President , Levine was confirmed by the in a 52-48 vote, becoming the first Senate-confirmed federal to identify as . She concurrently holds the rank of four-star in the United States Service Commissioned Corps, the first such appointee identifying as across all U.S. . Prior to her federal role, Levine served as Pennsylvania's Physician General from 2015 to 2017 and then as Secretary of Health from 2017 to 2021, overseeing responses to crises including the and COVID-19. Levine's professional background includes a medical degree from Tulane University School of Medicine and faculty positions in pediatrics and psychiatry at institutions such as Penn State College of Medicine, where she focused on eating disorders, substance abuse, and gender-related issues in youth. Her tenure in Pennsylvania involved directing nursing home policies during the early COVID-19 pandemic, which critics attributed to elevated elderly mortality rates due to the placement of infected patients in long-term care facilities, though official investigations found no criminal wrongdoing. Her advocacy for hormonal and surgical interventions for gender dysphoria in adolescents, including testimony evading direct affirmation of minors' capacity to consent to irreversible procedures, drew scrutiny during Senate confirmation hearings, with Senator Rand Paul questioning the ethical implications of such treatments absent robust long-term evidence. More recently, unsealed documents have revealed Levine's influence on the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) to relax age minimums for youth interventions, amid growing international skepticism from bodies like the UK's Cass Review highlighting insufficient evidence for benefits and risks of puberty blockers and surgeries. These positions have positioned Levine as a polarizing figure in debates over public health policy, youth autonomy, and the medicalization of gender incongruence, often amplified in political campaigns targeting expansive interpretations of transgender healthcare.

Etymology

Origin and meaning

Levine is predominantly an Ashkenazi Jewish surname derived from the Hebrew given name Levi (לֵוִי), which translates to "joined" or "attached," referencing the biblical figure Levi, third son of Jacob and Leah, whose name derives from Leah's exclamation upon his birth that her husband would now be "joined" to her (Genesis 29:34). The surname emerged as a patronymic form among Jewish communities in Eastern Europe, particularly in regions like Lithuania and Russia, where it often appeared as a variant of Levin or Lewin, incorporating Slavic diminutive or possessive suffixes like -in. Less commonly, Levine has been linked to non-Jewish origins, such as an Anglicized form of the Old English personal name Leofwine ("beloved friend"), recorded in medieval England, or a variant of the French surname Lavigne, potentially denoting someone from a place named after vines or a "vineyard." However, genetic and demographic data indicate that over 60% of individuals bearing the surname trace ancestry to Ashkenazi Jewish populations, underscoring the Hebrew etymology as the primary source in modern usage. This predominance reflects historical patterns of Jewish surname adoption in the 18th and 19th centuries, when fixed family names became mandatory in parts of the Russian Empire and Habsburg lands, often drawing from biblical tribal affiliations like the Levites, priestly descendants of Levi.

Notable people

In music

James Levine (June 23, 1943 – March 9, 2021) was an and renowned for his work in and orchestral music. He debuted with the as a at age 10 and studied at the , graduating in 1964. Levine joined the in 1971, becoming principal conductor in 1973 and music director from 1976 to 2016, during which he conducted over 2,500 performances and elevated the company's repertoire with emphasis on works by , , and Wagner. His career concluded amid multiple public allegations of dating back decades, prompting investigations by the and his resignation from associated roles in 2017–2018. Adam Levine (born March 18, 1979) is an , and best known as the and rhythm guitarist of the band . Raised in , he co-founded the band in 1994 as Kara's Flowers while in high school, transitioning to in 2001 after a brief hiatus; the group achieved commercial success with albums like (2002), which sold over 10 million copies worldwide and earned a Grammy for Best New Artist in 2005. Levine has contributed as primary songwriter, with releasing hits such as "" and "," amassing over 27 billion streams by 2023. Mike Levine (born June 1, 1949) is a Canadian and founding member of the band , formed in 1975 in . The band released 11 studio albums between 1976 and 1992, selling over 5 million records, with Levine co-writing tracks and contributing to their sound influenced by bands like . Triumph toured extensively in the , peaking with platinum albums like (1984). Baruch Levine (born 1977) is an American Orthodox Jewish singer and composer specializing in , known for albums like Baruch of (2006) and songs such as "V'zakeini," which blend traditional niggunim with contemporary arrangements. His work has gained prominence in Hasidic and broader Jewish communities, with performances emphasizing spiritual themes.

In and

Philip Levine (January 10, 1928 – February 14, 2015) was an American poet whose work centered on the lives of industrial workers in , drawing from his own experiences in factories and his Jewish immigrant family background. He authored over a dozen collections, including Not This Pig (1968), 7 Years from Somewhere (1979), and What Work Is (1991), often employing plainspoken language to explore themes of labor, loss, and resilience. Levine received the in 1995 for The Simple Truth, as well as two —for Ashbery in 1985 and The Simple Truth—and served as U.S. from 2011 to 2012, during which he promoted poetry's role in voicing overlooked American stories. In , (August 19, 1928 – August 7, 2004) emerged as one of Britain's most prominent columnists, writing for from 1962 to 1977 and later for , where his polemical style critiqued politics, culture, and public figures with wit and erudition. Rising from modest origins in London's , Levin broadcast on programs like That Was the Week That Was in the , influencing public discourse through sharp, libertarian-leaning commentary that challenged establishment views. His output included books such as The Power of (1966) and Conducting Without Talents (1974), blending journalistic rigor with literary flair. Matt Levine, a former investment banker and mergers-and-acquisitions lawyer, has written the Money Stuff since 2014, offering daily dissections of financial news, regulatory developments, and market anomalies with a focus on mechanics and behavioral incentives. His columns, read by professionals and investors, emphasize empirical patterns in trading, , and , often highlighting absurdities in high finance without ideological overlay. Richard M. Levine (born June 19, 1942) contributed to through true-crime nonfiction, most notably Bad Blood: A Family Murder in Marin County (1982), which detailed the 1978 slayings of a by their son and became a translated into multiple languages. Drawing on extensive reporting, the book examined psychological and familial dynamics in a high-profile case, exemplifying narrative-driven coverage of criminal .

In film, television, and theatre

Ted (born May 29, 1957) is an American actor recognized for his portrayals in both film and television, with early career roots in . He performed on stage during the 1980s at venues including Remains Theatre, Wisdom Bridge Theatre, Goodman Theatre, and Steppenwolf Theatre. gained prominence for playing the Jame Gumb, known as , in the 1991 thriller , directed by . His television work includes the role of Captain Leland Stottlemeyer in the series from 2002 to 2009, appearing in 125 episodes. Additional film credits encompass supporting roles in (1995), The Fast and the Furious (2001), and Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018). Jerry Levine (born March 12, 1957) is an American , director, and producer active across , and . As an , he is known for portraying Stiles in the 1985 teen comedy and Joe in the sitcom from 1998 to 2006. Levine transitioned to directing, helming episodes of series such as Doogie Howser, M.D. (1989–1993), (1991–1996), and 7th Heaven (1996–2007), among over 100 television credits. His theatre involvement includes acting and directing work, contributing to his multifaceted career in the . Jonathan Levine (born June 18, 1976) is an American film director and screenwriter noted for independent and studio comedies. He directed and co-wrote The Wackness (2008), a coming-of-age drama set in 1990s New York that premiered at Sundance and earned an Independent Spirit Award nomination for Best First Feature. Levine's subsequent films include 50/50 (2011), a dramedy starring Joseph Gordon-Levitt about cancer treatment; Warm Bodies (2013), a zombie romance adaptation; The Night Before (2015), a holiday comedy with Seth Rogen; and Long Shot (2019), a political romance featuring Charlize Theron. In television, he executive produced and directed the first season of Hulu's Nine Perfect Strangers (2021).

In other arts and media

(born 1947) is an conceptual artist working in , , , and , best known for her appropriation of canonical images from earlier artists, such as rephotographing 's Depression-era portraits in her After Walker Evans series (1981), which challenges notions of originality and authorship in . Her practice often involves exact reproductions or transformations of modernist works, including cast bronze sculptures of Brancusi's sculptures and paintings derived from geometric patterns, exhibited widely since the 1980s at institutions like the Paula Cooper Gallery. Levine's methods, which reposition historical artifacts into contemporary contexts, have positioned her as a key figure in , influencing debates on authenticity and cultural repetition. Jack Levine (1915–2010) was an American painter and printmaker associated with , producing satirical works critiquing , , and through expressive, caricatured figures influenced by Old Masters like and as well as German Expressionism. Notable pieces include Gangster Funeral (1952–1953), an oil painting depicting a lavish mob procession to highlight moral decay in American society, and (1946), which addressed postwar veteran struggles; his style evolved from early WPA-era to later, more distorted forms amid McCarthy-era scrutiny of his leftist sympathies. Levine's oeuvre, spanning over seven decades, is held in collections like the , where it exemplifies mid-20th-century in figurative painting. Les Levine (born 1935), an Irish-American conceptual artist, pioneered video art in the 1960s and 1970s by integrating television and mass media into installations, such as Iris (1968), one of the first broadcast video artworks, exploring how electronic media shapes perception and information overload. His provocative projects, including billboard campaigns and sculptural environments critiquing consumerism, positioned him as a "theoretic artist" in New York's avant-garde scene, with works emphasizing communication technologies' societal impact over traditional aesthetics. Levine's contributions extend to early media theory, influencing subsequent generations in time-based and participatory art forms.

In business and finance

Leon Levine (June 8, 1937 – April 5, 2023) founded Family Dollar Stores, Inc., in 1959 with a single discount variety store in Charlotte, North Carolina, targeting low-income consumers with merchandise priced at $1 or less. The chain expanded rapidly, reaching over 8,000 locations across the United States by 2015 and generating billions in annual revenue before its acquisition by Dollar Tree for $8.5 billion that year. Levine served as chairman until 2003 and amassed a fortune estimated in the billions, establishing the company as a pioneer in the dollar store retail model that reshaped discount shopping for working-class families. Dennis G. Levine (born August 5, 1952) rose to managing director in the department at in the early 1980s, where he handled high-profile deals amid the era's boom. In May 1986, he was arrested on federal charges of , having used nonpublic information from over 50 corporate transactions to generate $12.6 million in illicit profits through offshore accounts in . Levine pleaded guilty to , , and , receiving a two-year sentence and a $6 million fine; his case, cracked via a Bahamian bank tip-off, triggered broader probes into practices, including those implicating Drexel and . Robert Levine, a fixed-income specialist, founded National Capital Resource Analytics and Management (NCRAM), an analyst-driven firm focused on below-investment-grade securities, and authored How to Make Money with Junk Bonds in 2012, detailing strategies for high-yield debt investing. He was inducted into the Fixed Income Analysts Society Hall of Fame in 2010 for his contributions to the field, including pioneering research on non-investment-grade bonds during the 1980s junk bond surge. Levine's career emphasized quantitative analysis of credit markets, influencing institutional investors navigating default risks and yield spreads in distressed debt portfolios. Jeremy Levine joined in 2001 as a partner in its office, leading investments in software and internet companies such as (exited via 2016 acquisition by for $26.2 billion) and . His portfolio has generated substantial returns for the firm, with early stakes in tech disruptors exemplifying a focus on scalable models and platforms amid the post-dot-com venture resurgence.

In government, law, and politics

Carl Levin (June 28, 1934 – July 29, 2021) served as a Democratic U.S. Senator from for six terms from January 3, 1979, to January 3, 2015, focusing on oversight investigations including defense procurement and . Before entering the , he acted as president of the from 1978. His brother, Sander M. Levin (born September 6, 1931), represented in the U.S. from January 3, 1983, to January 3, 2019, initially for the 17th district and later the 9th and 12th after ; he chaired and ranked the . Earlier, Levin served in the State from 1965 to 1970 as . Meldon E. "Mel" Levine (born June 7, 1943) represented California's 27th congressional district as a Democrat from January 3, 1983, to January 3, 1993, after serving in the California State Assembly from 1977 to 1982. Post-Congress, he practiced law, including at Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, and advised on international policy. Michael T. Levin has represented California's 49th congressional district as a Democrat since January 3, 2019, emphasizing environmental protection and clean energy initiatives. Richard Levine (born October 25, 1957), a pediatrician who adopted the name following and presents as female, served as Pennsylvania's Secretary of Health from 2017 to 2021 before confirmation on March 24, 2021, as the 17th in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services by a 52-48 vote; the role, equivalent to a four-star in the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, involved public health responses including but drew criticism for positions on youth medical transitions lacking empirical support for long-term benefits. Mark R. Levin, an attorney, worked in the Reagan administration including as to III from 1985 to 1987 and later led the Landmark Legal Foundation; in April 2025, President Trump appointed him to the .

In science, medicine, and academia

Philip Levine (1900–1987) was an American immunohematologist who co-discovered the Rh factor in human blood in 1939, establishing its role in . Working with Rufus E. Stetson, Levine analyzed a case of intra-group agglutination following a transfusion, leading to the identification of the Rh antigen as a distinct blood group system beyond ABO. This breakthrough enabled preventive measures like RhoGAM, reducing maternal-fetal Rh incompatibility risks, and earned him the 1946 Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research. Arnold J. Levine is a molecular recognized for co-discovering the tumor suppressor protein in 1979, a key guardian of the genome that halts in response to DNA damage and signals. Initially identified in cancer cells, 's normal function as a suppressor was clarified through Levine's subsequent research, influencing over 50% of human cancers via mutations. He held the position of president at The from 1998 to 2002, advancing biomedical research initiatives. Michael Levine is a developmental and professor of at , directing the Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics. His contributions include elucidating mechanisms of transcriptional precision and enhancer-promoter interactions in embryogenesis, such as the even-skipped stripe 2 enhancer model for spatial gene regulation. Levine received the Award in in 1996 and was elected to EMBO in 2017 for excellence in life sciences.

In sports

Jesse Levine (born October 15, 1987) is a Canadian-American former professional tennis player who reached a career-high ATP singles ranking of No. 69 on October 1, 2012. He turned professional in 2007 after one season at the University of Florida, where he went undefeated at 21-0 as the No. 1 player, and compiled a career record of 31 wins and 64 losses on the ATP Tour, winning five Challenger titles. Levine, who represented Canada in Davis Cup, earned $1,131,456 in prize money before an elbow injury forced his retirement around 2016. Al Levine (born May 22, 1968) is an American former who appeared in 416 games across 10 seasons from 1995 to 2005 with teams including the , , and San Francisco Giants. Standing 6 feet 3 inches tall and batting left-handed while throwing right-handed, he posted a career record of 24 wins and 33 losses with a 3.96 over 575.1 innings pitched, including 278 strikeouts and only 7 starts. His most effective season came in 2000 with the White Sox, where he achieved an 8-2 record and a 2.11 in relief appearances. Anthony Levine Sr. (born March 27, 1987) is an American former defensive back and special teams player who spent 10 seasons with the from 2012 to 2021 after starting his career undrafted out of . At 5 feet 11 inches and 207 pounds, he recorded 117 solo tackles, 32 assists, 4 interceptions, and 4 fumble recoveries over 142 games, primarily contributing on special teams and earning the nickname "Co-Cap" for his leadership. Levine was part of the ' XLVII-winning team in 2013 and transitioned to coaching post-retirement, including roles with the and . Nigel Levine (born April 30, 1989) is a retired track and field sprinter specializing in the 400 meters, who won gold in the 4x400m relay at the 2013 European Indoor Championships and silver at the 2014 World Indoor Championships. Representing at the 2012 , he tested positive for in 2018, resulting in a four-year ban from the sport handed down by UK Anti-Doping, ending his competitive career.

In other fields

William P. Levine (July 1, 1915 – March 29, 2013) served as a intelligence officer during with the 84th Infantry Division in . Following the war, he spent 30 years in the Army Reserve, attaining the rank of in 1970 before retiring. Levine, born in , later became active in the Jewish community and spoke publicly on , sharing insights from his military service and family background in oral histories. Irving M. Levine (c. 1930 – January 2024) was a civil rights activist and community organizer who held leadership roles at the for more than 25 years, including as director of education and . He contributed to efforts addressing , group identity, and ethnic civil rights issues in the United States during the mid-20th century. Scott J. Levine, a former executive at an internet marketing firm, was indicted in 2004 on 144 counts of and abuse for orchestrating the unauthorized download of over 1 billion consumer records from Corporation, described by authorities as the largest such case in U.S. history at the time. Convicted in 2006, he received an eight-year prison sentence in 2007 after efforts to conceal evidence were uncovered during the investigation.

References

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