Ligue Magnus
The Ligue Magnus, currently known as the Synerglace Ligue Magnus for sponsorship reasons, is the premier professional ice hockey league in France, serving as the top tier of the country's ice hockey pyramid. Established in 1906 as the French Ice Hockey Championship, it features 12 teams from various regions, including historic clubs like those from Rouen, Grenoble, and Chamonix, competing in a regular season that typically runs from September to March, followed by playoffs culminating in the Coupe Magnus for the national champion.[1][2][3] Governed by the Fédération Française de Hockey sur Glace (FFHG), the league has evolved significantly since its inception, operating under various names before being renamed the Ligue Magnus in 2004 to honor the Coupe Magnus trophy, which commemorates Louis Magnus, a founder of the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF).[2][3] The competition emphasizes high-level play with a mix of French and international talent, including players from Canada, Finland, and other nations, fostering development for the French national team and enabling top clubs to qualify for continental events like the Champions Hockey League.[4][1] The league's structure includes a 44-game regular season per team, with the top eight advancing to playoffs in a best-of-seven format, promoting intense rivalries and fan engagement across France's growing hockey community. Notable achievements include multiple titles by dominant teams like Rouen and Grenoble, contributing to the sport's rising popularity in the country, though it remains below global giants like the NHL in scale and resources.[1][4][5]History
Origins and Founding
The origins of the Ligue Magnus date back to the establishment of the Championnat de France in 1906, which served as the premier competition for ice hockey in France. The first official season commenced in 1907–08, following years of informal matches between clubs in Paris and Lyon that helped popularize the sport. This marked the formal organization of the national championship, positioning France as the second European country after Great Britain to hold a structured ice hockey league.[6][7] Early participation centered on elite clubs from urban centers, including the Club des Patineurs de Paris and Lyon-based teams such as the Sporting Club de Lyon, Hockey Club de Lyon, and Star Club de Lyon. The inaugural final, held on January 26, 1907, in Lyon, saw the Sporting Club de Lyon defeat the Club des Patineurs de Paris 8–2 (3–1, 5–1), securing the first national title in a preliminary phase that also featured local Lyon derbies. These matches highlighted the nascent competitive structure, with games played on natural ice rinks amid growing interest from expatriate Canadians who introduced the sport in the 1890s.[8][6] Pre-World War I expansion brought additional teams into the fold, notably the Chamonix Hockey Club, founded in 1910, which joined the championship by 1912 and contributed to the league's development in the French Alps. Paris clubs, including the Club des Patineurs de Paris, exerted early dominance by claiming titles from 1912 to 1914, while Chamonix would later emerge as a powerhouse, winning seven consecutive championships starting in 1923. The Fédération française des Sports d'Hiver, formed in 1908 under the presidency of Louis Magnus—a key figure in European ice hockey—oversaw the league's organization and standardization.[6][8] The symbolic Magnus Cup trophy, named after Louis Magnus for his foundational contributions to the sport, including his role as the first president of the International Ice Hockey Federation from 1908 to 1912, underscores the league's early international ties. Although first awarded in 1985, it honors his legacy in promoting organized ice hockey in France. The post-war period saw a revival of the championship in 1920, rebuilding on these pre-war foundations amid renewed enthusiasm.[6]Evolution and Renaming
Following the end of World War II, the French ice hockey championship underwent significant reorganization in 1945, establishing the Nationale A as the top division by merging pre-existing regional leagues into a unified national structure to resume competitive play. This restructuring allowed for a more centralized and sustainable format, with Chamonix claiming the first post-war title in 1946.[3] The league experienced multiple name changes over the subsequent decades to reflect evolving organizational priorities and formats. From the 1960s through the 1980s, it operated primarily as Division 1, emphasizing a single-division elite competition. In the 1990s, it transitioned to Élite, coinciding with broader professionalization efforts that introduced a self-governing professional league structure in 1990–91 to enhance autonomy and competitiveness among top clubs. The final major renaming occurred in 2004, when the championship adopted the Ligue Magnus moniker to honor Louis Magnus, the early 20th-century pioneer who founded the Ligue Internationale de Hockey sur Glace; this change also stabilized the league's identity after nine prior rebrandings, shifting from a rigid "Super 16" format to a flexible single-poule system with 12 teams initially.[9][10][6][11] Key developments in the late 20th and early 21st centuries further solidified the league's professional standing, including the integration into pan-European events starting with the Champions Hockey League in 2014, allowing top French teams like Rouen and Grenoble to compete against continental powerhouses. During the 2010s, the league expanded to a stable roster of 12 teams, supported by a promotion and relegation system with the second-tier Division 1 that ensures competitive balance through annual qualifiers. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted this progress, leading to the full cancellation of the 2019–20 season after the regular season and playoffs were suspended in March 2020, while the 2020–21 campaign proceeded with a shortened format, adjusted playoffs, and no relegation to mitigate health and logistical challenges.[3][12]Format and Regulations
Season and Playoff Structure
The Ligue Magnus operates with a 12-team format, where the regular season runs from early September to early March, consisting of each team playing 44 games in a quadruple round-robin schedule—two home and two away matches against each of the other 11 opponents.[13][14] This structure ensures a balanced competition, with games typically scheduled on Tuesdays, Fridays, and Sundays to accommodate fan attendance and broadcast needs.[15] Standings are determined by a points-based system: teams earn 3 points for a regulation win, 2 points for an overtime or shootout win, 1 point for an overtime or shootout loss, and 0 points for a regulation loss.[14][16] Ties in the standings are broken by head-to-head results, goal difference, and other tiebreakers as outlined in league regulations. The top 8 teams at the end of the regular season qualify for the playoffs, while the bottom 4 enter a relegation avoidance round-robin tournament.[14] The playoffs feature the top 8 teams competing in a bracket of best-of-seven series for each round—quarterfinals, semifinals, and finals—with seeding matching 1st against 8th, 2nd against 7th, and so on, granting the higher seed home-ice advantage in a 2-2-1-1-1 format.[14][17] The playoff champion is crowned the league winner and advances to represent France in the Champions Hockey League, while also qualifying for the Coupe de France postseason.[14] For the bottom four teams, a single round-robin pool is contested, with points from the regular season carried over, to determine the final standings; the last-place team in this pool is automatically relegated to FFHG Division 1.[14] Promotion to the Ligue Magnus occurs through the FFHG Division 1 playoffs, where the Division 1 champion challenges the Ligue Magnus' penultimate team in a best-of-three series for the final spot.[18] The 2025–26 season commenced on September 12, 2025, and is scheduled to conclude its regular phase on March 6, 2026, with playoffs running from March 13 to April 22.[19] Grenoble Métropole HC enters as the defending champions, having won the 2024–25 title.[20]Import and Eligibility Rules
The import and eligibility rules for the Ligue Magnus, governed by the Fédération Française de Hockey sur Glace (FFHG), prioritize the cultivation of domestic talent by imposing strict quotas on foreign and non-locally trained players. These regulations mandate that each team maintain a minimum number of Joueurs Formés Localement (JFL), or locally trained players, on their game-night rosters to ensure French ice hockey development remains central to the league's structure.[21] A JFL is defined as any player, regardless of nationality, who has been exclusively licensed with FFHG- or Fédération Française de Sports de Glace (FFSG)-affiliated clubs for at least four full seasons by age 20, with active participation in club training, friendly matches, or official competitions during that period.[21] This criterion emphasizes sustained immersion in the French system, typically requiring involvement from youth levels onward. Import players, by contrast, encompass non-French nationals as well as French players lacking sufficient domestic experience, such as those primarily trained abroad; even French citizens fully developed outside France are classified as imports.[22] Roster composition rules limit teams to a maximum of 10 import players per game night, necessitating at least 10 JFL on a full 21-player sheet (19 field players plus 2 goalkeepers), including one JFL goalkeeper.[21] For reduced rosters, the minimum adjusts proportionally—for instance, 6 JFL are required for an 11-player lineup—while overall squad limits cap field players at 19 and goalkeepers at 2.[21] These quotas apply universally across matches, with clubs required to submit "blocked lists" declaring JFL compliance before the season via the FFHG's PSQS player registration system.[21] The FFHG enforces these rules through pre-season roster verification and ongoing audits, with clubs obligated to provide supporting documentation upon request.[21] Violations, such as fielding insufficient JFL or falsifying eligibility, trigger penalties outlined in Annexe AS 1, including fines of €1,000 to €3,600 per infraction, match forfeitures scored 0-5, points deductions (up to 3 per match or week), or even title revocation in severe cases.[21] Appeals against eligibility decisions are handled by the Federal Appeals Commission.[21] The primary purpose of these regulations is to promote youth development and curb excessive foreign dominance, fostering a sustainable ecosystem for French players amid the sport's globalization.[21] This aligns with International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) guidelines encouraging member associations to integrate local talent quotas in elite leagues to strengthen national programs.[23] Historically, the rules were tightened during the 2010s as part of league-wide reforms following the 2006 establishment of an independent governing body, which introduced stricter JFL requirements (e.g., 3+ years in the system by age 21) and salary caps to counter financial instability and a prior 55% foreign player composition.[22] These changes aimed to enhance competitiveness and fan engagement by elevating homegrown stars.[22]Special Events and Outdoor Games
The Ligue Magnus has organized several special events to enhance fan engagement and promote the sport beyond traditional indoor matches. These initiatives, coordinated by the Fédération Française de Hockey sur Glace (FFHG), emphasize spectacle and accessibility, often utilizing large outdoor venues to accommodate bigger crowds while ensuring suitable conditions like temporary ice rinks in weather-proof stadiums. One of the most prominent special events has been the series of outdoor games, known as Winter Games, which marked a significant departure from the league's standard format. The inaugural Winter Game took place on December 22, 2013, at the Stade des Alpes in Grenoble, where the home team Brûleurs de Loups faced the Diables Rouges de Briançon in a regular-season matchup. This event drew a record-breaking crowd of 19,767 spectators, surpassing previous attendance highs for French ice hockey and highlighting the appeal of open-air spectacles.[24][25] The second and largest Winter Game occurred on December 30, 2016, at the Parc Olympique Lyonnais (Parc OL) in Décines-Charpieu, near Lyon. Hosted by Lyon HC against the Brûleurs de Loups de Grenoble, the game attracted 25,182 fans, establishing a new national record for ice hockey attendance in France and demonstrating the logistical feasibility of such events in modern football stadiums. Grenoble secured a 5-2 victory, further boosting the league's visibility through widespread media coverage. No additional outdoor games have been held since 2016, primarily due to the complex challenges of weather, infrastructure setup, and scheduling in the FFHG's calendar.[26][27][28] In addition to outdoor spectacles, the league has hosted sporadic All-Star Games to celebrate top talent and foster excitement among supporters. The first and only All-Star Game to date was organized on February 2, 2018, at the Patinoire Mériadeck in Bordeaux, featuring 40 players from across the Ligue Magnus in skills competitions and exhibition matches. This event, which drew positive fan response, underscored the league's efforts to create festive, non-competitive gatherings, though no subsequent editions have occurred in the 2020s.[29] These special events have collectively elevated the Ligue Magnus's profile, significantly increasing average attendance during their occurrence and inspiring similar fan-focused initiatives in European hockey. The 2016 Winter Game, in particular, remains the benchmark for impact, with its record crowd contributing to broader awareness of the sport in France.[27]Teams
Current Teams (2025–26 Season)
The 2025–26 Synerglace Ligue Magnus season features 12 teams competing in a quadruple round-robin format, with each club playing 44 regular-season games. The league includes a mix of historic powerhouses and emerging clubs, all based across France from the Alps to the Mediterranean coast. Grenoble enter the season as defending champions after winning the 2024–25 title, while Rouen, with a record 18 league championships, remain perennial contenders.[30][3]| Rank | Team | City | Home Arena | Capacity | Points (as of Nov. 19, 2025) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ducs d'Angers | Angers | IceParc | 3,520 | 39 |
| 2 | Dragons de Rouen | Rouen | Île Lacroix | 3,279 | 36 |
| 3 | Spartiates de Marseille | Marseille | Palais omnisports Marseille Grand Est | 5,600 | 29 |
| 4 | Brûleurs de Loups | Grenoble | Pôle Sud | 4,208 | 28 |
| 5 | Boxers de Bordeaux | Bordeaux | Mériadeck | 3,200 | 26 |
| 6 | Aigles de Nice | Nice | Palais des Sports Jean Bouin | 1,000 | 24 |
| 7 | Pionniers de Chamonix Mont-Blanc | Chamonix | Richard Bozon | 1,700 | 23 |
| 8 | Hormadi Élite | Anglet | Patinoire de la Barre | 1,200 | 20 |
| 9 | Gothiques d'Amiens | Amiens | Le Coliséum | 3,400 | 20 |
| 10 | Rapaces de Gap | Gap | Alp'Aréna | 2,800 | 15 |
| 11 | Diables Rouges de Briançon | Briançon | René Froger | 2,150 | 10 |
| 12 | JMP Raptors de Cergy-Pontoise | Cergy-Pontoise | Aren'Ice | 3,000 | 9 |
Former Teams
The Ligue Magnus has seen several teams depart over the years due to relegation following poor season performances or structural changes such as mergers, often influenced by financial challenges or league expansion policies. These exits have occasionally impacted regional representation and competitive balance, with some clubs maintaining operations in lower divisions like FFHG Division 1 while positioning for potential returns.[2] One prominent example is the Étoile Noire de Strasbourg, which joined the Ligue Magnus in the 2006–07 season after winning promotion from Division 1 as champions. The team enjoyed a notable era in the 2000s and early 2010s, reaching the Magnus Cup playoff final in 2011 and establishing itself as a competitive force from eastern France. However, after finishing last in the 2018–19 regular season standings, Strasbourg was relegated to Division 1, where it continues to compete as of the 2025–26 season. This departure contributed to a temporary reduction in the league's geographic diversity in the Alsace region, though the club remains eligible for promotion through Division 1 playoffs.[44][45] The Lions de Lyon (LHC Les Lions) represented another significant former participant, entering the Ligue Magnus in the 1997–98 season shortly after the club's founding and achieving third-place finishes in 1997 and 1998 during an early expansion phase. Lyon maintained a presence in the top flight for nearly two decades but faced increasing financial pressures, leading to relegation at the end of the 2014–15 season after a bottom-table finish. The team now operates in FFHG Division 2, with its exit highlighting the challenges smaller-market clubs face in sustaining elite-level operations post-2000s growth.[46][47] A key structural change occurred in 2016 when the Chamois de Chamonix and Pingouins de Morzine-Avoriaz, both long-standing Haute-Savoie clubs, merged their professional operations to form the Pionniers de Chamonix-Morzine. Chamonix, a historic power with roots dating back to the league's origins, and Morzine, promoted in 2013, combined resources amid financial strains and a league reduction from 14 to 12 teams. This merger preserved regional hockey but ended the independent identities of both squads, creating an additional promotion spot that allowed the Eagles de Nice to join the Ligue Magnus for the 2016–17 season and enhancing southern representation. The new entity competed until its own relegation in 2017, further illustrating how consolidations can stabilize but also reshape league dynamics.[48][2] The Ducs de Dijon also departed recently, withdrawing from the Ligue Magnus ahead of the 2021–22 season due to ongoing financial difficulties exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Having been a consistent mid-table team since promotion in 2011, Dijon's exit via voluntary withdrawal rather than relegation prompted the league to maintain its 12-team format without immediate replacement, underscoring the vulnerability of mid-sized clubs to economic disruptions. The club has since focused on youth development in lower divisions, with potential for future re-entry pending financial recovery.[2]Defunct Teams
The Ligue Magnus, since its origins in 1906, has witnessed the dissolution of numerous clubs that once competed at the elite level, reflecting the sport's precarious position in France amid fluctuating attendance, limited infrastructure, and economic pressures. Over 50 teams have participated in the top division only to fold permanently, often due to financial collapse, post-war disruptions, or catastrophic events, underscoring the league's historical volatility and the difficulty of maintaining professional operations in a country where ice hockey remains niche compared to soccer or basketball. These defunct clubs contributed significantly to the league's development, with many achieving titles or fostering regional talent before their demise. One of the earliest and most influential defunct teams was the Club des Patineurs de Paris, founded in 1902 and a driving force in organizing French hockey's formative years. The club won three championships (1908, 1912, and 1913) and played a key role in international matches, but it disbanded in 1937 amid economic hardships and the decline of Paris's early skating venues following World War I interruptions. Its legacy endures in the sport's Parisian roots, though no direct successor revived the original entity.[49][50] In the modern era, financial insolvency has claimed several champions, such as the Flammes Bleues de Reims, which dominated the early 2000s with back-to-back titles in 2000 and 2002 after 13 elite seasons. The club was liquidated in July 2002 with debts totaling over 1.4 million euros, exacerbated by low sponsorship and attendance, ending a promising run that included key players like Jean-François Brunelle. Similarly, the Diables Noirs de Tours captured the 1980 championship but folded in 2010 following judicial liquidation due to mounting debts and operational costs, despite a loyal fanbase; the original association was not revived, though a new entity emerged later.[51][52][53] Other examples highlight diverse challenges: the original Brest Albatros Hockey won the 1997 title but declared bankruptcy shortly after, forcing the club to restart from the third division in 1998 due to insurmountable financial burdens and low regional support. In southern France, the Castors de Perpignan, founded in 1987, qualified for national playoffs in 1991–92 before dissolving in 1992 when a rare snowstorm collapsed their arena's roof on January 22, rendering operations impossible without replacement infrastructure; this isolated the region from elite hockey thereafter. These cases illustrate how external factors like natural disasters compounded the sport's inherent risks in non-Alpine areas.[54][55][56] The legacies of these defunct teams persist through their championship contributions—accounting for at least a dozen titles across the league's history—and the talent they developed, often migrating to surviving clubs like Grenoble or Rouen. Their dissolutions emphasize ongoing issues of sustainability, prompting federation reforms in eligibility and funding to prevent further attrition.[50][51]Championships and Achievements
List of Champions
The Ligue Magnus, as the premier French ice hockey championship, has crowned a champion annually since its inception in 1906–07, though with interruptions due to world wars and other disruptions, resulting in over 100 seasons played to date. The competition evolved from early formats dominated by round-robin tournaments or single-decision finals in the pre-1950s era to more structured playoff systems, incorporating best-of-five and eventually best-of-seven series by the 2000s to determine the Magnus Cup winner. These changes reflected growing league professionalism and alignment with international standards.[9] Early championships often featured Paris-based clubs, with Chamonix Hockey Club emerging as a dominant force in the interwar and postwar periods, securing multiple titles amid wartime interruptions, with seasons played in 1941–42 and 1943–44 (no seasons from 1940–45). The postwar revival saw continued Chamonix success, but the 1970s and 1980s introduced greater parity with teams like Gap HC and Saint-Gervais rising. From the 1990s onward, Rouen HE established a dynasty, while the league integrated the Coupe de la Ligue—a knockout tournament for additional prestige—from 2006–07 until its discontinuation after the 2015–16 season.[9][57] Notable disruptions include the 2019–20 season, which was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic with no champion declared, and the shortened 2020–21 campaign limited to 20 games per team amid ongoing restrictions. Recent years have highlighted intense rivalries, such as Rouen's back-to-back titles in 2023–24 and the prior season. The following table summarizes all playoff champions chronologically, grouped by decade for clarity:| Season | Champion |
|---|---|
| 1906–07 | Sporting Club de Lyon |
| 1907–08 | Patineurs de Paris |
| 1911–12 | Patineurs de Paris |
| 1912–13 | Patineurs de Paris |
| 1913–14 | Patineurs de Paris |
| 1919–20 | Skating Club de Paris |
| 1920–21 | Sports d’Hiver de Paris |
| 1921–22 | Sports d’Hiver de Paris |
| 1922–23 | Chamonix HC |
| 1923–24 | Chamonix HC |
| 1924–25 | Chamonix HC |
| 1925–26 | Sports d’Hiver de Paris |
| 1926–27 | Chamonix HC |
| 1928–29 | Chamonix HC |
| 1929–30 | Chamonix HC |
| 1930–31 | Chamonix HC |
| 1931–32 | Stade Français |
| 1932–33 | Stade Français |
| 1933–34 | Rapides de Paris |
| 1934–35 | Stade Français |
| 1935–36 | Français Volants |
| 1937–38 | Français Volants |
| 1938–39 | Chamonix HC |
| 1941–42 | Chamonix HC |
| 1943–44 | Chamonix HC |
| 1945–46 | Chamonix HC |
| 1948–49 | Chamonix HC |
| 1949–50 | Racing Club de Paris |
| 1950–51 | Racing Club de Paris |
| 1951–52 | Chamonix HC |
| 1952–53 | Paris Université Club |
| 1953–54 | Chamonix HC |
| 1954–55 | Chamonix HC |
| 1955–56 | CP Lyon |
| 1956–57 | ACBB |
| 1957–58 | Chamonix HC |
| 1958–59 | Chamonix HC |
| 1959–60 | ACBB |
| 1960–61 | Chamonix HC |
| 1961–62 | ACBB |
| 1962–63 | Chamonix HC |
| 1963–64 | Chamonix HC |
| 1964–65 | Chamonix HC |
| 1965–66 | Chamonix HC |
| 1966–67 | Chamonix HC |
| 1967–68 | Chamonix HC |
| 1968–69 | HC Saint-Gervais |
| 1969–70 | Chamonix HC |
| 1970–71 | Chamonix HC |
| 1971–72 | Chamonix HC |
| 1972–73 | Chamonix HC |
| 1973–74 | HC Saint-Gervais |
| 1974–75 | HC Saint-Gervais |
| 1975–76 | Chamonix HC |
| 1976–77 | Gap HC |
| 1977–78 | Gap HC |
| 1978–79 | Chamonix HC |
| 1979–80 | ASG Tours |
| Season | Champion |
|---|---|
| 1980–81 | CSG Grenoble |
| 1981–82 | CSG Grenoble |
| 1982–83 | HC Saint-Gervais |
| 1983–84 | CS Megève |
| 1984–85 | HC Saint-Gervais |
| 1985–86 | HC Saint-Gervais |
| 1986–87 | HC Mont-Blanc |
| 1987–88 | HC Mont-Blanc |
| 1988–89 | Français Volants |
| 1989–90 | Rouen HC |
| 1990–91 | CSG Grenoble |
| 1991–92 | Rouen HC |
| 1992–93 | Rouen HC |
| 1993–94 | Rouen HC |
| 1994–95 | Rouen HC |
| 1995–96 | HC Brest |
| 1996–97 | HC Brest |
| 1997–98 | HC Grenoble |
| 1998–99 | HC Amiens |
| 1999–00 | HC Reims |
| 2000–01 | Rouen HE |
| 2001–02 | HC Reims |
| 2002–03 | Rouen HE |
| 2003–04 | HC Amiens |
| 2004–05 | Mulhouse |
| 2005–06 | Rouen HE |
| 2006–07 | Grenoble MH 38 |
| 2007–08 | Rouen HE |
| 2008–09 | Grenoble MH 38 |
| 2009–10 | Rouen HE |
| Season | Champion |
|---|---|
| 2010–11 | Rouen HE |
| 2011–12 | Rouen HE |
| 2012–13 | Rouen HE |
| 2013–14 | Briançon |
| 2014–15 | Gap HC |
| 2015–16 | Rouen HE |
| 2016–17 | Gap HC |
| 2017–18 | Rouen HE |
| 2018–19 | Grenoble |
| 2019–20 | No champion (cancelled) |
| 2020–21 | Rouen HE |
| 2021–22 | Grenoble |
| 2022–23 | Rouen |
| 2023–24 | Rouen |
| 2024–25 | Grenoble |
Titles by Team
The Ligue Magnus has seen a concentration of success among a handful of clubs since its inception in 1906, with Chamonix Hockey Club holding the record for the most championships at 30 titles. Rouen Dragons de Rouen 76 follows closely with 18 titles, tied with the aggregate Parisian clubs (encompassing eight distinct teams such as Patineurs de Paris, Stade Français Paris, and Français Volants de Paris). Grenoble Brûleurs de Loups has secured 9 championships, underscoring the historical dominance of these foundational powerhouses in French ice hockey.[9]| Team | Titles |
|---|---|
| Chamonix HC | 30 |
| Rouen (various names) | 18 |
| Paris (8 clubs) | 18 |
| Grenoble (various names) | 9 |
| Saint-Gervais | 6 |
| Gap HC | 4 |
| ACBB (Boulogne-Billancourt) | 3 |
| Amiens (various names) | 2 |
| Brest | 2 |
| Mont-Blanc | 2 |
| Reims | 2 |
| Lyon (various clubs) | 2 |
| Briançon | 1 |
| Mulhouse | 1 |
| Megève | 1 |
| Tours | 1 |