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Man bites dog

"Man bites dog" is a journalistic aphorism that encapsulates the principle that news stories should prioritize unusual, extraordinary, or unexpected events over commonplace occurrences, with the reversal of the typical "dog bites man" scenario serving as a shorthand for what makes headlines.^[1] The phrase first appeared in print in 1899 in the short story collection The Stolen Story and Other Newspaper Stories by Jesse Lynch Williams, where a character remarks, "'A dog bites a man'—that’s a story; 'A man bites a dog'—that’s a good story."^[1] By 1902, it was attributed to Charles A. Dana, editor of the New York Sun, in the form: "If you should see a man biting a dog, spare not money, men nor telegraph tolls..." to emphasize pursuing sensational leads.^[1] A more definitive version emerged in 1918, credited to John B. Bogart, city editor of the New York Sun, stating: "When a dog bites a man, that is not news... But if a man bites a dog, that is news."^[1] Over time, the saying has been misattributed to figures like Horace Greeley (as early as 1909) and Joseph Pulitzer (1934), reflecting its widespread adoption in newsrooms as a core tenet of reporting.^[1] It underscores the media's focus on novelty and deviation from the norm, influencing how journalists select and frame stories to capture public attention. Beyond journalism, the phrase has permeated popular culture, notably as the title of the 1992 Belgian mockumentary film Man Bites Dog (C'est arrivé près de chez vous), a black comedy that satirizes media sensationalism and violence through a documentary crew following a serial killer.^[2]

Idiomatic Usage in Journalism

Origins

The phrase "man bites dog" emerged as a journalistic aphorism in the late 19th century to illustrate the principle that news value lies in the unusual or unexpected rather than routine events.^[1] It is commonly attributed to John B. Bogart, city editor of the New York Sun, with the saying first documented in a 1918 publication attributing it to his editorial guidance: "When a dog bites a man, that is not news; but if a man bites a dog, that is news."^[3] An alternative attribution credits Charles Anderson Dana, editor of the same newspaper, who died in 1897 and was said to have used a similar formulation to emphasize deviation from the norm in news selection.^[1] The aphorism arose amid broader shifts in 19th-century journalism, particularly the rise of "yellow journalism" in the 1890s, where publishers like Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst favored sensational, human-interest narratives over dry political or routine reporting to boost circulation amid growing literacy and competition from penny presses.^[4] This era marked a transition from partisan advocacy to entertainment-driven content, with unusual events like "man bites dog" exemplifying the appeal of the extraordinary to everyday readers.^[5] The earliest printed appearance was in 1899, in the short story collection The Stolen Story and Other Newspaper Stories by Jesse Lynch Williams, where a character uses it to teach newsworthiness, suggesting the saying circulated in newsrooms earlier.^[1] By the early 1900s, it had entered wider usage, appearing in trade publications and editorials as a shorthand for newsworthiness criteria.^[1]

Newsworthiness and Effects

The phrase "man bites dog" exemplifies a core criterion of newsworthiness in journalism: unusualness or anomaly, where events that deviate from expected norms—such as a human inverting the typical predator-prey dynamic with an animal—gain prominence over routine occurrences.^[6] This principle underscores how rarity and surprise elevate stories, as commonplace events like "dog bites man" fail to meet the threshold for public interest.^[7] In news selection processes, editors and journalists prioritize such anomalous events to attract audience attention and boost circulation or viewership, shaping what content advances from tip to publication.^[8] This focus on deviation influences gatekeeping decisions, ensuring that stories with unexpected elements stand out amid a flood of information, thereby maintaining journalism's role in highlighting societal disruptions.^[6] The emphasis on rarity in newsworthiness can distort public perception by amplifying coverage of infrequent risks, leading individuals to overestimate dangers from anomalous events while underappreciating commonplace hazards.^[1] In the evolution of digital media, algorithms on platforms like social media exacerbate this dynamic by favoring sensational, anomalous content that maximizes engagement metrics such as clicks and shares, often sidelining balanced reporting in favor of viral outliers.^[9] This algorithmic bias, which prioritizes deviation to drive traffic, has intensified since the rise of social platforms, altering traditional newsworthiness criteria toward hyper-sensationalism.^[10]

Analytical Frameworks

Mathematical Analysis

In information theory, the surprisal (or self-information) of an event measures its unexpectedness and the amount of information it conveys upon occurrence. It is formally defined as

s = -\log_2 p

where p is the probability of the event (with $0 < p \leq 1), and the result is expressed in bits, representing the number of binary decisions needed to identify the event. This quantity was introduced by Claude Shannon as a fundamental building block for quantifying information in communication systems.^[11] The formula derives from the broader concept of entropy, which Shannon developed to capture average uncertainty in a probability distribution: H = -\sum_i p_i \log_2 p_i. For a single event, surprisal isolates the contribution -\log_2 p, ensuring desirable properties: it is zero for certain events (p = 1), approaches infinity as p nears zero (reflecting maximal surprise), and is additive for independent events (since \log(ab) = \log a + \log b). The base-2 logarithm standardizes units to bits, aligning with binary encoding in digital communication; other bases (e.g., natural log divided by \ln 2) yield equivalent scaled measures. To compute surprisal, evaluate \log_2 p = \frac{\ln p}{\ln 2} (using \ln 2 \approx 0.693), then negate: for instance, if p = 0.5, \ln 0.5 \approx -0.693, so s = -(-0.693 / 0.693) = 1 bit.^[11] This framework applies to journalism by quantifying why low-probability events carry greater informational weight, aligning with established news values like unexpectedness or rarity. Seminal research identifies unexpectedness as a core criterion for newsworthiness, where events defying expectations receive disproportionate coverage. For example, consider hypothetical probabilities reflecting relative rarity: a common event like "dog bites man" at p = 0.01 yields s = -\log_2 0.01 \approx 6.64 bits (computed as \ln 0.01 \approx -4.605, so -(-4.605 / 0.693) \approx 6.64). A rarer counterpart like "man bites dog" at p = 0.0001 gives s = -\log_2 0.0001 \approx 13.29 bits ( \ln 0.0001 \approx -9.210, so -(-9.210 / 0.693) \approx 13.29). The doubled surprisal underscores the rare event's higher information content, explaining its elevated status in news selection processes. Despite its insights, the approach assumes verifiable, objective probabilities, which are often unavailable or context-dependent in real-world reporting. News decisions integrate subjective elements, such as editorial biases and additional values (e.g., impact or proximity), beyond pure probabilistic rarity.

Psychological Perspectives

The phrase "man bites dog" exemplifies how rare and unusual events, when highlighted in news coverage, influence public cognition through the availability heuristic, a mental shortcut where individuals assess the likelihood of events based on how easily examples come to mind. Coined by Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, this heuristic leads to overestimation of rare risks because vivid, memorable stories like plane crashes—despite their statistical rarity compared to car accidents—dominate media attention and thus become more cognitively accessible, skewing perceptions of danger.^[12]^[13] In news consumption, confirmation bias further amplifies the appeal of such atypical stories, as audiences preferentially seek and interpret information that aligns with their preexisting beliefs or worldviews, often finding sensational "man bites dog" narratives particularly reinforcing if they fit ideological narratives. This bias drives selective exposure, where individuals gravitate toward unusual reports that confirm expectations, such as conspiracy-laden anomalies during political upheavals, thereby entrenching polarized interpretations of reality.^[14]^[15] From the broader lens of media effects theory, agenda-setting explains how "man bites dog" stories shape public priorities by elevating the salience of specific issues, influencing what audiences consider important without dictating opinions. Pioneered by Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw, this process demonstrates that frequent coverage of rare events signals their societal relevance, prompting the public to prioritize those topics in discussions and decision-making, as seen in how outlier incidents can overshadow routine matters.^[16] Post-2020 research highlights how social media echo chambers exacerbate these effects by algorithmically amplifying rare events and misinformation, creating insulated environments where unusual stories circulate rapidly among like-minded users. During the 2024 U.S. elections, studies showed that such chambers boosted the spread of sensational falsehoods, like fabricated anomalies in voting processes, distorting collective risk assessments and deepening divisions through repeated exposure to unverified rarities.^[17]^[18] The psychological impact of these dynamics ties to notions of surprisal in information theory, where rarity heightens mental engagement without delving into quantitative models.

Literal Examples

Historical Incidents

One of the earliest reported literal instances of a man biting a dog occurred in 1925 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, when Frank Kigger, 55, bit his own brindle bulldog Buzz on the ear after consuming moonshine and imitating a dog, prompting the animal to retaliate by biting Kigger's scalp and hands severely enough to require 25 stitches at Allegheny General Hospital. Police determined the dog acted in self-defense, and no charges were filed. The rarity of the reversal—human attacking canine—made it national news, exemplifying the journalistic fascination with unusual events that defy norms.^[19] In the mid-20th century, a 1967 case in Cincinnati, Ohio, highlighted the curiosity value of such incidents when Thomas Hayalian, 27, bit his pet beagle puppy during a domestic dispute, leading to police charges of cruelty to animals. Hayalian claimed the bite was accidental amid the chaos, but the event drew local media attention for its bizarre nature, underscoring how even pet owners could invert the typical owner-animal dynamic in moments of frustration. The case was resolved with a fine, reflecting early legal recognition of animal welfare laws without severe penalties for non-malicious acts. This coverage emphasized the story's appeal as a lighthearted oddity in an era when dog bites on humans were far more common headlines.^[20] By the 1980s, self-defense contexts brought more such reversals to light, as seen in a 1983 incident in Spokane, Washington, where a man bit his own dog during a fight, only for the animal to bite him back on the hands and legs while "acting in self-defense." The man required medical treatment for his injuries, but no legal action followed, as authorities viewed it as a private matter exacerbated by the dog's pain response. Reported widely for its ironic twist, the story captivated journalists by illustrating human desperation in animal confrontations, a rarity that boosted its newsworthiness amid rising awareness of pet-related conflicts.^[21] A notable 1986 case in London further demonstrated self-defense justifications when Stuart Smale bit his pet dog severely enough to require surgery after the animal attacked him, yet he received a conditional discharge from magistrates' court. The court accepted his account of reacting instinctively to the assault, avoiding conviction and highlighting evolving legal tolerances for reciprocal violence in human-animal interactions under the Protection of Animals Act 1911. British tabloids covered the trial extensively, drawn to the headline-grabbing inversion that mirrored the era's growing focus on animal rights while underscoring the incident's exceptional rarity.^[22]

Modern Cases

In the digital era, literal instances of humans biting dogs have remained exceedingly rare, often occurring during altercations involving law enforcement or self-defense, with increased documentation facilitated by body cameras and smartphone videos. One early example unfolded on November 12, 2004, in Kansas City, Missouri, where a 25-year-old man resisting arrest bit both a police officer and the officer's K-9 dog during a struggle following a traffic stop for suspected driving under the influence. The incident resulted in minor injuries to both the human and canine, and the man was charged with assaulting a law enforcement officer.^[23]^[24] In December 2014, a tragic incident in Cambridge, England, involved a 46-year-old man who bit a Staffordshire bull terrier during an apparent confrontation outside a convenience store; moments later, he collapsed and died from cardiac arrest, with toxicology later revealing high levels of drugs in his system. Police investigated the bite as part of a broader inquiry into the man's sudden death but classified it as non-criminal, highlighting the sporadic and often fatal contexts of such events.^[25] More recent police-related cases underscore the persistence of these encounters during arrests. On December 28, 2019, in High Springs, Florida, a 38-year-old nude man, covered in mud and high on methamphetamine, bit a police K-9 dog named Casper on the ear after the animal was deployed to apprehend him following reports of erratic behavior; he was subsequently tasered and hospitalized for evaluation before facing charges of resisting arrest with violence.^[26] Similarly, in July 2019, a 35-year-old man in Manchester, New Hampshire, barricaded himself in a hotel room and bit a police dog on the leg during an arrest following a report of him throwing things and acting aggressively; leading to charges of resisting arrest and cruelty to animals.^[27] A particularly violent episode took place on April 20, 2022, in Fairfield, California, where 44-year-old Kurt Dasilva, suspected of burglarizing an elderly resident's home, bit a police K-9 named Cort in the face and stabbed the dog in the side with a knife while hiding inside the residence; officers ultimately subdued him with a taser, and Cort required veterinary treatment but recovered. Dasilva, who appeared intoxicated, was booked on multiple felony charges including burglary, assault on a peace officer with a deadly weapon, and injuring an assistance animal.^[28]^[29] From 2023 to 2025, literal "man bites dog" incidents remained rare, though a notable case occurred on May 7, 2025, in Lawrence, Kansas, where an unidentified naked man bit his own dog during an altercation in a gas station bathroom, leading to his arrest on charges including animal cruelty and battery on a law enforcement officer. Body-worn cameras and bystander smartphones have boosted visibility of police-involved cases—such as K-9 deployments—by capturing graphic details that previously went undocumented, potentially deterring misuse while amplifying public scrutiny of such tactics. However, the overall incidence remains low, with most documented examples tied to resistance during arrests rather than deliberate animal cruelty.^[30]

Dog Shoots Man

The phenomenon of a dog causing a human to be shot represents a stark reversal of the expected dynamic in human-animal interactions, typically occurring through accidental discharge of unsecured firearms. These incidents, though rare, underscore the risks associated with improper gun storage in environments involving pets, particularly in hunting or rural settings. The Washington Post reported at least six such accidents in the United States from 2010 to 2015, often involving dogs stepping on or pawing loaded weapons left within reach.^[31] Broader analyses indicate around 15 incidents over a 10-year period as of 2015.^[32] These early examples highlight a pattern emerging from inadequate firearm safety protocols around animals. By the 1920s, while specific farm-related reports are scarce in digitized records, anecdotal accounts from rural U.S. areas suggest analogous mishaps with working dogs and rifles, though verifiable details remain limited to broader historical discussions of farm accidents involving livestock and tools. In the 2010s, several high-profile cases drew attention to the issue. A notable 2015 incident in Indiana involved a hunting dog named Trigger, who stepped on a loaded shotgun left on the ground with the safety off, firing a shot that wounded the owner, Allie Carter, in the foot during a pheasant hunt at the Tri-County Fish and Wildlife Area. Conservation officers ruled it accidental, emphasizing the need for hunters to secure weapons away from pets.^[33] These events contributed to increased awareness campaigns by organizations like the National Shooting Sports Foundation on pet-safe gun handling.^[31] More recent examples include a 2018 hunting mishap in New Mexico, where a 120-pound Rottweiler mix named Charlie stepped on a .410-gauge shotgun in the back of a truck, shooting owner Sonny "Tex" Gilligan in the back and causing severe injuries including broken ribs and a shattered collarbone; Gilligan defended the dog, calling it a "freak accident."^[34] A tragic 2023 case in Kansas further illustrated the dangers, as a dog stepped on a loaded rifle in a pickup truck during a hunting trip, fatally shooting 30-year-old Joseph Austin Smith in the back of the head.^[35] Common themes across these incidents include unsecured firearms in hunting vehicles, boats, or homes, where dogs—often retrieving breeds like Labradors—interact with guns through stepping, pawing, or jumping. Legal ramifications typically involve no charges against the animals, but investigations often cite owner negligence under state firearm safety laws, such as failure to engage safeties or store weapons out of reach. For instance, in the 2018 New Mexico case, authorities closed the matter as accidental without prosecution, though it prompted local reviews of hunting regulations. These events parallel the "man bites dog" reversal by defying norms of animal passivity, serving as cautionary tales for responsible gun ownership amid rising pet ownership rates. As of 2024, at least 23 people have been shot by dogs since 2014, resulting in two fatalities.^[36]

Man Bites Snake

Reports of humans biting snakes in survival or defensive contexts are exceedingly rare, with fewer than five well-documented cases globally where the act resulted in the snake's death. These incidents typically occur in situations where individuals lack access to tools or weapons and act out of immediate desperation to neutralize a venomous threat. Psychologically, such behavior is often attributed to a primal fight response under extreme stress, where conventional self-defense options are unavailable, leading to improvised and visceral actions.^[37] One notable historical example dates to 1946 in Travancore, India, where a villager was attacked by a hooded cobra that struck him nine times. In response, the man bit the snake ten times, ultimately killing it; remarkably, he survived the multiple bites and recovered without severe complications. This case, reported in Australian newspapers, highlights the extraordinary measures taken in rural, resource-scarce environments during encounters with highly venomous reptiles.^[38] Post-2000 examples include a 2012 incident in Nepal, where farmer Mohamed Salmo Miya was bitten by a cobra while working in his rice paddy. He chased and caught the snake, then bit it to death in revenge; Miya received treatment and recovered without serious harm.^[37] In 2024, Indian railway worker Santosh Lohar was bitten by a venomous snake while laying tracks in a forested area of Balaghat district. He bit the snake repeatedly until it died, then sought medical help and recovered after antivenom treatment.^[39] This scarcity aligns with broader patterns of role reversals in human-animal interactions, akin to other anomalous defensive acts.

References

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