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Primal

''Primal'' may refer to: For the TV series, see the Entertainment > Television section.

Psychology

Primal Therapy

Primal therapy is a psychotherapeutic approach developed by Arthur Janov that emphasizes the reliving of repressed early childhood traumas, known as "Primal Pain," through intense emotional catharsis to alleviate neurosis. Unlike traditional talk therapy, which relies on intellectual analysis, primal therapy posits that true healing requires the full bodily expression of pain, allowing patients to integrate dissociated feelings and reduce neurotic defenses such as addictions or compulsions. This process aims to reconnect the "real self"—burdened by unmet needs—with the "unreal self" shaped by repression, ultimately fostering emotional freedom.^[2] The therapy originated in the late 1960s when Janov, a psychologist trained in Freudian and non-Freudian methods, observed patients in his Los Angeles clinic spontaneously screaming and reliving early traumas during sessions, leading to breakthroughs unattainable through conventional techniques. Janov formalized these insights in his 1970 book The Primal Scream, which detailed the theory and quickly became a bestseller, translated into multiple languages and sparking global interest. The therapy gained prominence in 1970 when John Lennon and Yoko Ono underwent intensive sessions with Janov, influencing Lennon's raw, confessional album John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band. Over the following decades, Janov refined the approach through clinical observations of thousands of patients, publishing further works like The Primal Scream sequels and Why You Get Sick, How You Get Well. Arthur Janov died on October 1, 2017, after which his wife Vivian continued aspects of the work, though centers offering the therapy have since diverged.^[2]^[3]^[4] Central to primal therapy are techniques designed to access and release repressed emotions, beginning with deep breathing or relaxation exercises to lower psychological defenses and trigger memories, often culminating in primal screams, crying, or physical writhing as cathartic outlets. Following the release, an integration phase helps patients process the experience cognitively and emotionally, preventing re-repression. Janov described the therapy in terms of three "lines" of consciousness corresponding to brain levels: the first line involves preverbal, physical sensations of pain rooted in the brainstem (e.g., prenatal or birth trauma); the second line accesses emotions like rage or grief in the limbic system; and the third line addresses rationalizations and intellectual defenses in the neocortex, with therapy progressing sequentially from deeper to surface levels for comprehensive healing. These methods, conducted in individual or group settings, prioritize patient-led expression over therapist interpretation.^[2]^[5]^[6] Despite anecdotal reports of profound relief from conditions like depression and chronic pain, primal therapy faces significant criticisms for lacking robust scientific validation, with mainstream psychology viewing it as pseudoscientific due to the absence of controlled outcome studies demonstrating efficacy beyond placebo effects. Critics, including psychologists from the American Psychological Association, argue that the intense emotional reliving can retraumatize vulnerable individuals or exacerbate symptoms without long-term benefits, and early hype in the 1970s led to unregulated "primal" practices that diluted its integrity. Proponents cite internal studies showing reduced cortisol levels and improved brainwave patterns, but these are limited in scope and not peer-reviewed in high-impact journals.^[7]^[8]^[9] As of 2025, primal therapy persists through multiple centers, including the Primal Institute in Los Angeles and the Primal Center in Culver City, though disputes exist regarding authenticity and direct lineage from Janov—the Primal Center claims sole authorization, warning that the Institute has not been associated with Janov for decades. These centers offer intensive three-week programs followed by ongoing support via video and group sessions, with the Primal Center serving as a training and research hub. The International Primal Association hosts annual conferences, such as its 50th in September 2025. Though marginalized in clinical psychology, elements of emotional catharsis and trauma reliving have influenced modern approaches like somatic experiencing in trauma therapy, with adaptations emphasizing safety and evidence-based integration.^[3]^[10]^[11]^[12]

Primal Scene

In psychoanalysis, the primal scene denotes a child's actual or fantasized witnessing of parental sexual intercourse, serving as a pivotal unconscious fantasy that generates psychic conflict and contributes to the formation of neurosis.^[13] This concept posits that the scene, often perceived by the child as violent or anal, disrupts the infant's equilibrium and instigates repressed anxieties that manifest later in life.^[14] Sigmund Freud first elaborated the primal scene in his 1918 case study "From the History of an Infantile Neurosis," analyzing the patient known as the Wolf Man, who reportedly observed his parents' coitus a tergo at approximately 18 months old.^[15] This marked an evolution in Freud's thinking, transitioning from his earlier seduction theory—which emphasized real childhood sexual traumas as the primary cause of neurosis—to a greater focus on internal fantasies and reconstructions of early experiences.^[16] In the Wolf Man analysis, Freud interpreted the scene not merely as a historical event but as a retroactively fantasized one, intertwined with the patient's dreams and symptoms, underscoring its role in shaping unconscious mental structures.^[13] Psychologically, the primal scene plays a central role in the Oedipal complex, where the child's arousal and exclusion from the parental union provoke profound ambivalence, fueling castration anxiety in boys—who fear retaliatory emasculation by the father—and penis envy in girls, who perceive a lack in the maternal figure.^[16] Freud further symbolized the scene as a representation of birth trauma, with the child's passive observation mirroring the helplessness of delivery and embedding themes of separation and aggression in the psyche.^[15] These dynamics establish foundational conflicts that underpin later neurotic symptoms, as the unresolved tensions from the scene persist in the unconscious.^[14] In modern psychoanalytic thought, particularly within object relations theory, Melanie Klein extended the primal scene by internalizing it within the infant's phantasy of the mother's body as the locus of parental intercourse, where aggressive and libidinal impulses toward part-objects like the breast generate early sadistic anxieties.^[17] Klein's framework, as outlined in her writings on the Oedipus complex, reframes the scene as an innate, pre-Oedipal structure involving projective identifications and the interplay of love and envy toward internalized parental figures.^[18] Empirical studies have explored real-world exposure to parental intimacy, revealing mixed long-term effects; for instance, a longitudinal investigation found that witnessing primal scenes before age six correlated with increased sociosexual unrestrictedness in adulthood, though it heightened risks of sexually transmitted infections or early pregnancy in females.^[19] Another study linked such exposures to beneficial outcomes like reduced body shame in some cohorts, challenging purely traumatic interpretations while affirming contextual influences on development.^[20] The primal scene has permeated psychoanalytic-influenced literature and film, symbolizing repressed origins of desire and trauma; for example, its motifs appear in James Joyce's Ulysses as fragmented childhood memories evoking Oedipal tensions, and in cinematic works like Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho, where voyeuristic intrusions echo the child's excluded gaze upon parental intimacy.^[21] These representations, grounded in Freudian theory, illustrate the scene's enduring conceptual impact on explorations of familial dynamics and unconscious fantasy in art.^[22]

Primal World Beliefs

Primal world beliefs, often abbreviated as "primals," refer to core, stable assumptions individuals hold about the fundamental character of the world as a whole, such as whether it is safe versus dangerous or enticing versus harsh. These beliefs are characterized by their simplicity, generality, and automatic activation, influencing how people perceive opportunities, risks, and meaning in daily life. Introduced in psychological research by Jeremy D. W. Clifton and colleagues at the University of Pennsylvania, primals represent a distinct category of environmental beliefs that extend beyond personal or future-oriented cognitions, focusing instead on the world's inherent traits. The key higher-order dimensions of primals are four bipolar constructs: safe versus dangerous, enticing versus harsh, meaningful versus incoherent, and benign versus malevolent. These dimensions are assessed through the Primal World Beliefs Inventory (PWBI), a psychometric tool initially developed as a 99-item scale and later refined into shorter versions for broader application, demonstrating high reliability (e.g., Cronbach's α > .80 across subscales) and test-retest stability over months. Unlike personality traits such as those in the Big Five model, primals are more malleable and predictive of outcomes like life satisfaction, explaining additional variance (up to 12% in some studies) even after accounting for traits like extraversion or neuroticism. For instance, higher scores on the "safe" dimension correlate positively with optimism (r = .61) and negatively with depression symptoms (r = -.52). Psychologically, primals shape mental health, behavior, and resilience by filtering experiences and motivating actions; for example, a belief in a "benign" world fosters prosocial behaviors and buffers against stress, while a "malevolent" view may heighten anxiety and avoidance. Research originating in the 2010s at the University of Pennsylvania has linked primals to therapeutic outcomes, with more positive primals predicting better responses in interventions targeting wellbeing. By 2025, studies have expanded to cross-cultural validations across eight countries, confirming the universality of these dimensions while highlighting contextual influences like socioeconomic factors on primal formation during development, including recent work on predictors in young adults. Applications in positive psychology emphasize cultivating adaptive primals to enhance resilience and life satisfaction, distinct from personality-focused approaches. Briefly, negative primals may overlap with trauma-related worldviews addressed in therapies like primal therapy, but primals emphasize cognitive restructuring over emotional reliving.

Mathematics

Primal-Dual Theory in Optimization

In mathematical optimization, particularly linear programming, the primal-dual theory provides a framework where an original optimization problem, known as the primal problem, is paired with a derived counterpart called the dual problem. The primal problem is typically formulated as minimizing the objective function \mathbf{c}^\top \mathbf{x} subject to \mathbf{Ax} \geq \mathbf{b} and \mathbf{x} \geq \mathbf{0}, where \mathbf{x} represents decision variables, \mathbf{A} is the constraint matrix, \mathbf{b} the right-hand side vector, and \mathbf{c} the cost coefficients.^[23] The corresponding dual problem maximizes \mathbf{b}^\top \mathbf{y} subject to \mathbf{A}^\top \mathbf{y} \leq \mathbf{c} and \mathbf{y} \geq \mathbf{0}, with \mathbf{y} denoting dual variables that can be interpreted as shadow prices associated with the primal constraints.^[24] This duality structure arises naturally from the Lagrangian formulation and ensures that the dual provides bounds and insights into the primal's feasibility and optimality.^[25] Key theorems underpin the primal-dual relationship. The weak duality theorem states that for any feasible primal solution \mathbf{x} and dual solution \mathbf{y}, the primal objective value is at least the dual objective value, i.e., \mathbf{c}^\top \mathbf{x} \geq \mathbf{b}^\top \mathbf{y}, establishing the dual as a lower bound for minimization problems.^[23] Under conditions of feasibility and boundedness, the strong duality theorem asserts that the optimal values of the primal and dual are equal, a result holding for linear programs when either problem attains an optimum.^[26] Complementary slackness further specifies that at optimality, for each primal variable x_i > 0, the corresponding dual constraint holds with equality (\sum_j a_{ji} y_j = c_i), and vice versa for dual variables y_j > 0 and primal constraints; formally, x_i (c_i - \mathbf{a}_i^\top \mathbf{y}) = 0 for all i.^[25] These theorems, including strong duality under Slater's condition for convex extensions, enable verification of optimality without solving both problems exhaustively.^[24] The theory originated in 1947 when John von Neumann introduced duality principles during discussions on linear programming, linking it to game theory and economic equilibrium, as documented in his contributions to activity analysis.^[27] George Dantzig independently developed the simplex algorithm in the same year, which leverages primal-dual insights for practical computation, though full duality proofs appeared later in works like those by Tucker in 1951.^[28] For standard form conversions, a primal in inequality form can be transformed to equality by adding slacks, yielding a dual with corresponding adjustments, ensuring consistency across formulations.^[23] Economically, the primal often models production planning—maximizing profit from limited resources—while the dual interprets optimal \mathbf{y} as resource prices that clear markets, with complementary slackness indicating binding constraints or unused capacities.^[29] Primal-dual algorithms, such as interior-point methods, solve both problems simultaneously by tracing a central path of barrier-augmented solutions, achieving polynomial-time convergence of O(\sqrt{n} L) iterations for n-variable problems with bit length L.^[30] These methods, advanced by Megiddo (1989) and refined in primal-dual variants, outperform pure primal simplex for large-scale instances by maintaining dual feasibility and using Newton steps for barrier functions.^[31] In 2025, advancements include GPU-accelerated implementations like cuPDLP.jl for restarted primal-dual hybrid gradient methods, enabling efficient solving of massive linear programs in machine learning tasks such as training large models with constrained objectives.^[32] Similarly, Google's PDLP solver (2024) scales to millions of constraints via first-order primal-dual updates, impacting optimization in AI resource allocation.^[33]

Primal Graph

In graph theory, particularly within the study of planar graphs and their embeddings, the primal graph refers to the original graph G that is drawn in the plane without edge crossings. This embedding divides the plane into faces, including the unbounded outer face. The associated dual graph G^* is constructed such that its vertices correspond to the faces of the primal graph G, and an edge exists in G^* between two vertices if the corresponding faces in G share an edge. This duality captures the topological relationship between vertices and faces in the embedding.^[34] A key property linking the primal and dual graphs is Euler's formula, which states that for a connected planar graph embedded on the sphere, V - E + F = 2, where V is the number of vertices, E the number of edges, and F the number of faces in the primal graph G. In the dual graph G^*, the number of vertices equals F, the number of edges equals E, and the number of faces equals V, ensuring that the dual also satisfies Euler's formula. This symmetry facilitates applications such as the four color theorem, which asserts that the chromatic number of any planar graph is at most 4; in the context of map coloring, the dual graph of a primal embedding represents regions as vertices with adjacency edges, proving that maps can be colored with four colors so no adjacent regions share the same color.^[35] To construct the dual from a primal graph, one identifies the faces of the embedding and connects dual vertices for adjacent faces, often crossing the shared primal edge. For instance, the primal graph of a cube has 8 vertices, 12 edges, and 6 faces; its dual graph thus has 6 vertices (one per face), 12 edges, and 8 faces, corresponding to the graph of the octahedron, illustrating polyhedral duality. Whitney's theorem further guarantees that for any 3-connected planar graph, the combinatorial embedding is unique up to reflection and outer-face choice, ensuring the dual graph is well-defined and isomorphic regardless of minor embedding variations.^[34]^[35] Primal graphs and their duals find applications in VLSI design for channel routing, where the primal models components and the dual optimizes wire paths; in network flows, where planar duality interprets max-flow min-cut theorems geometrically; and in computational geometry for analyzing arrangements and visibility graphs. Unlike abstract duals in matroid theory, these rely on specific planar embeddings, highlighting spatial structure over algebraic properties. The concept emerged in early 20th-century topology, with formal graph-theoretic development by Hassler Whitney in 1932, who proved that a graph admits a combinatorial dual if and only if it is planar.^[36]^[37]^[34]

Entertainment

Television

Genndy Tartakovsky's Primal is an American adult animated television series created by Genndy Tartakovsky for Adult Swim, premiering on October 7, 2019.^[38] The show follows a nameless caveman, referred to as Spear, who bonds with a female dinosaur named Fang after both lose their families to violent attacks, embarking on a perilous journey through a prehistoric world filled with supernatural threats, rival tribes, and monstrous creatures.^[39] Spanning 20 episodes across two seasons—the first season airing from October 2019 to February 2021 and the second from July to September 2022, with Season 1 split into parts airing five episodes in October 2019 and the remaining five from April 2020 to February 2021 due to production delays—the series explores themes of grief, survival, and primal rage through visceral action and emotional storytelling.^[40] Notably, the narrative unfolds almost entirely without dialogue, relying on expressive animation, sound design, and rhythmic pacing to convey deep emotional resonance, a stylistic choice influenced by Tartakovsky's admiration for silent films and spaghetti westerns.^[41] Production emphasized hand-drawn animation to capture raw, fluid movement, with Tartakovsky drawing from personal experiences of loss to infuse authenticity into the characters' bond.^[42] The series has garnered widespread critical acclaim for its innovative visual storytelling and intense thematic depth. Both seasons hold a 100% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on critic reviews, praised for blending horror, adventure, and pathos in a manner that elevates adult animation.^[43] It won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program in 2021, along with multiple Juried Emmy Awards for individual achievements in animation, including for character design and production management.^[44] Culturally, Primal has influenced discussions on non-verbal narrative techniques in animation, inspiring fan analyses of its mythological undertones and emotional universality. In 2025, anticipation surged following the October announcement of a third season premiering in January 2026, featuring an undead resurrection twist that has sparked fan theories about evolving horror elements and Spear and Fang's fates.^[45] Another television work titled "Primal" is the ninth episode of the first season of the sci-fi series Eureka, which aired on September 12, 2006.^[46] In this standalone story set in the inventive town of Eureka, a medical breakthrough involving nanoids—microscopic robots designed to repair human tissue—goes awry when they escape containment and begin consuming organic matter, evoking a prehistoric survival crisis as residents regress to primal instincts to combat the swarm.^[46] The episode ties into the series' broader mythology of experimental technologies spiraling out of control, featuring guest stars Matt Frewer as animal expert Jim Taggart and Neil Grayston as Douglas Fargo, whose invention exacerbates the chaos. Directed by Peter Ellis and written by Andrew Cosby, it highlights Eureka's blend of humor and high-stakes science fiction, with the nanoid threat resolved through clever improvisation by the protagonists.^[46]

Film

Primal is the title of several films, with the 2019 action-thriller serving as the most prominent feature-length production. Directed by Nick Powell, the film stars Nicolas Cage as Frank Walsh, an animal tracker who captures a rare white jaguar in the Peruvian rainforest for transport to a U.S. zoo aboard a cargo ship.^[47] Chaos ensues when a dangerous assassin, played by Famke Janssen, escapes custody on the vessel, leading to a brutal confrontation that unleashes the jaguar and forces Walsh into a desperate fight for survival amid escalating violence.^[48] The supporting cast includes Kevin Durand, LaMonica Garrett, and Michael Imperioli. Principal photography took place in Puerto Rico from April to May 2018.^[49] Released on November 8, 2019, primarily through video-on-demand and limited theatrical distribution by Lionsgate, Primal earned a worldwide box office gross of $228,679 against an estimated budget of $18 million, though home video sales generated approximately $2.4 million in domestic revenue.^[47] The film received mixed reviews, holding a 39% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 46 critic scores, with praise often centered on Cage's intense performance amid criticisms of lackluster scripting and subpar visual effects.^[50] Thematically, Primal explores raw human instincts and the blurred lines between predator and prey in a claustrophobic ship environment, highlighting conflicts between civilization and savagery through animal-human interactions.^[51] Earlier, the 2010 Australian horror film Primal, directed by Josh Reed, follows a group of friends whose camping trip in the outback turns deadly after one ingests contaminated water, triggering a feral transformation and savage attacks. Starring Zoe Tuckwell-Smith and Krew Boylan, it garnered a 63% Rotten Tomatoes score for its tense survival elements but was released directly to video.^[52] In 2025, Primal Games, a sci-fi action thriller directed by David Ryan Keith and starring Hannaj Bang Bendz and John Love, depicts a honeymoon couple ensnared in a deadly survival game orchestrated by elites; it premiered in limited theaters and VOD on May 6, earning a 5.7/10 IMDb rating for its high-concept premise despite modest production values.^[53]

Video Games

Primal is a 2003 action-adventure video game developed by SCE Cambridge Studio and published by Sony Computer Entertainment exclusively for the PlayStation 2.^[54] Released on March 25, 2003, in North America, the game follows the story of Jennifer "Jen" Tate, a young woman who, after a tragic incident involving her boyfriend, is transported to alternate demonic realms alongside her gargoyle companion, Scree. Together, they navigate four elemental domains—Aetha, the Netherealm, Aquis, and Volca—to restore balance between the forces of Order and Chaos, uncovering Jen's supernatural heritage tied to an ancient conflict among demonic houses.^[55] The narrative draws on themes of personal demons and otherworldly curses, blending gothic horror with fantasy elements as Jen transforms into various demon forms to progress.^[56] Gameplay centers on third-person exploration, puzzle-solving, and combat, with players freely switching between controlling Jen and Scree to leverage their unique abilities. Jen, in her human form, uses agility and weapons for melee combos and ranged attacks, while her demon transformations—such as the swift Shadow Demon or the tank-like Undine—grant access to specific realm areas and combat styles, emphasizing strategic form-shifting for puzzle resolution and enemy encounters.^[57] Scree, a telekinetic gargoyle, serves as a support character capable of possessing enemies, manipulating objects, and providing lore through dialogue, facilitating cooperative mechanics without direct co-op play. Realm-hopping occurs via portals, requiring players to traverse interconnected environments that demand environmental interaction, such as draining water in Aquis or navigating lava in Volca, alongside combo-based combat against demonic foes.^[58] The game received mixed reviews upon release, earning a Metacritic score of 73/100 based on 36 critic reviews.^[59] It was praised for its stunning visuals and atmospheric world-building, with detailed high-resolution environments and seamless cutscenes that showcased the PlayStation 2's capabilities at the time.^[56] However, critics frequently highlighted flaws in the combat system, describing it as repetitive and lacking depth despite its combo mechanics, which contributed to pacing issues during extended fights.^[58] In terms of legacy, Primal has garnered a cult following for its unique character dynamic and narrative depth, influencing discussions on character-switching mechanics in later action-adventures. The studio behind it, SCE Cambridge (later rebranded as Guerrilla Cambridge), contributed to Sony's early 2000s portfolio before its closure in 2017.^[60] As of 2016, the game became available as a PS2 Classic on PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 5 via backward compatibility, with up-rendering and trophy support added.^[61] By 2025, fan communities have produced HD texture packs and emulated enhancements, fueling ongoing calls for an official remaster to modernize its visuals and controls.^[62]

Music

Primal Scream is a Scottish rock band formed in 1982 in Glasgow by vocalist and guitarist Bobby Gillespie, initially as a post-punk outfit influenced by The Jesus and Mary Chain.^[63] The band's self-titled debut album, Primal Scream, released in 1989, featured jangly indie rock but marked their early experimentation with genre blending. Their breakthrough came with the 1991 album Screamadelica, produced in part by Andrew Weatherall, which fused rock with acid house, gospel, and dub elements, pioneering the indie-dance movement.^[64] This album's single "Loaded," a remix of their earlier track "I'm Losing More Than I'll Ever Have," became a cultural touchstone, symbolizing the euphoria of rave culture and influencing subsequent electronic-rock fusions, including artists like Lorde.^[65] Primal Scream continued evolving, releasing their twelfth studio album, Come Ahead, in November 2024, which revisited psychedelic and rock roots while incorporating contemporary production.^[66] Primal Fear is a German power metal band formed in 1997 by vocalist Ralf Scheepers, formerly of Gamma Ray, and bassist Mat Sinner of the band Sinner, aiming to deliver high-energy heavy metal with operatic vocals.^[67] They signed with Nuclear Blast Records that year, releasing their self-titled debut album Primal Fear in 1998, which established their sound through anthemic tracks emphasizing fantasy, heroism, and epic battles.^[68] The band's discography spans 15 studio albums, culminating in Domination on September 5, 2025, with recurring themes of mythological quests and resilience, often delivered through dual-guitar harmonies and Scheepers' soaring range reminiscent of Judas Priest.^[68] Albums like Apocalypse (2018) and Code Red (2023) maintained their Nuclear Blast affiliation, solidifying their status in the power metal scene through consistent touring and fan acclaim.^[69] Primal Fear has received recognition in metal circles, including nominations and wins at events like the Metal Hammer Awards for their contributions to the genre.^[70] Both bands exemplify "primal" as a motif for raw, instinctual energy in music, with Primal Scream bridging rock and electronic genres and Primal Fear upholding traditional metal heroism, influencing fusions in their respective domains.

Other Uses

Butchery

In butchery, primal cuts refer to the primary large sections of meat initially separated from an animal carcass during the breakdown process, serving as the foundational pieces from which smaller subprimal and retail cuts are derived. For beef, these typically include eight main primals: chuck, rib, loin, round, flank, short plate, brisket, and shank, divided along natural muscle seams and bone structures to maximize yield and usability.^[71] Similar divisions apply to other animals, such as pork (e.g., shoulder, loin, belly, ham) and lamb (e.g., leg, rack, shoulder, breast), though the exact number and nomenclature vary based on anatomical differences and regional standards.^[72] The process of obtaining primal cuts begins post-slaughter, after the animal has been eviscerated and the carcass chilled to firm the tissues, typically split lengthwise into sides using a cleaver or saw along the spine. Butchers then employ a combination of handsaws for bone separation and sharp knives to follow muscle planes, minimizing waste and preserving meat integrity; for instance, beef sides are quartered into fore and hind sections before isolating primals like the chuck from the shoulder area. Variations exist by species: beef primals emphasize larger, bone-in sections for roasting or stewing, while pork processing often yields more compact primals suited to curing, and lamb cuts focus on tender, smaller primals from younger animals.^[73]^[74] Primal cuts play a central economic role in the meat industry as wholesale units, enabling efficient transportation and sale to processors or retailers, where they directly influence carcass yield calculations—typically 50-60% of live weight converts to usable primals in beef. They also underpin quality grading systems, such as the USDA's yield grades (1-5), which estimate lean meat percentage from key primals like chuck, rib, loin, and round based on factors including fat thickness and ribeye area, thereby determining market value and pricing. Culinarily, primals dictate end-use versatility, with higher-grade loins yielding premium steaks and tougher rounds suited for braising, guiding chefs and consumers in selection.^[75]^[76] Historically, primal cutting traces to ancient practices where hunters and early farmers divided carcasses for preservation and trade, but modern standardization emerged in the 19th century amid the U.S. meatpacking industry's expansion, driven by refrigerated rail transport that necessitated uniform cuts for long-distance shipping from centers like Chicago. This era saw the adoption of systematic breakdowns using emerging tools like bandsaws, replacing ad-hoc methods and enabling large-scale production, as documented in early industry records from the 1810s onward.^[77]^[78] As of 2025, sustainability efforts in primal sourcing emphasize regenerative agriculture and reduced emissions in livestock rearing to lower the environmental footprint of traditional cuts, while plant-based alternatives increasingly mimic primal structures—such as extrusion-formed "whole-cut" steaks replicating beef loin texture—offering 89% lower overall impact per life-cycle assessments. These innovations support broader shifts in meat processing without altering core butchery techniques for animal-derived primals. Primal cuts from such sources occasionally feature in primal diet approaches focused on whole, unprocessed animal foods.^[79]^[80]^[81]

Diet and Lifestyle

The Primal Diet, trademarked by Aajonus Vonderplanitz in 2000, consists of raw or minimally processed foods intended to replicate the eating patterns of early hunter-gatherers, with a strong emphasis on raw meats, fats such as butter, and dairy products like unheated milk and cheese.^[82] Vonderplanitz, who developed the diet based on his personal experiences with illness, detailed its foundations in his 1997 book We Want to Live and the 2002 follow-up The Recipe for Living Without Disease, arguing that raw animal foods provide optimal nutrient absorption for health restoration. Vonderplanitz died in 2013 from injuries sustained in a fall.^[83] This approach prioritizes unheated consumption to preserve enzymes and bacteria that purportedly aid digestion and detoxification. Key principles of the Primal Diet include a high intake of animal-based proteins and fats while maintaining low carbohydrate levels from sources like fruits and vegetable juices, explicitly avoiding grains, processed sugars, and cooked foods to prevent nutrient loss and toxin formation.^[84] Unlike the Paleo diet, which permits cooking and includes a broader range of plant foods, the Primal Diet insists on raw preparation for all meats and dairy to maximize bioavailability, though it allows limited fermented items.^[85] Proponents often incorporate primal cuts of meat into meal prep for simplicity, blending them raw with fats for nutrient-dense dishes.^[86] Mark Sisson's Primal Blueprint, introduced in his 2009 book The Primal Blueprint: Reprogram Your Genes for Effortless Weight Loss, Vibrant Health, and Boundless Energy, expands the concept into a holistic lifestyle framework that integrates diet with exercise, sleep, and stress management to align modern habits with ancestral physiology.^[87] The program outlines 10 laws, such as eating high-fat, moderate-protein meals low in carbs and prioritizing play-based movement over chronic cardio.^[88] Health claims by Primal Diet advocates, including Vonderplanitz, center on detoxification through raw fats that bind and eliminate toxins, purportedly reversing conditions like cancer and autoimmune diseases via bacterial symbiosis in the gut.^[89] However, scientific evidence is anecdotal and limited, with no large-scale randomized controlled trials (RCTs) supporting these benefits; small studies on raw food diets show potential for weight loss and improved lipid profiles but highlight deficiencies in vitamins like B12 if not balanced.^[90] Nutritionists criticize the diet for risks including bacterial contamination (e.g., E. coli, Salmonella) in raw meats and dairy, which can lead to foodborne illnesses, particularly in vulnerable populations, and potential nutrient imbalances from excluding cooked vegetables.^[91] By 2025, the Primal Diet and Blueprint have gained traction in fitness communities through influencers promoting ancestral living, such as those sharing raw meal recipes and low-carb challenges on platforms like Instagram, fostering a subculture focused on biohacking and performance optimization.^[92]

References

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A tribe of mysterious, primitive women seek to further their coven by using dark magic on Spear and Fang. EP 9 The Night Feeder. A horrific unseen terror ...The Primal Theory · Free 24/7 Marathon · Sea of Despair · Spear and Fang
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Rating 100% (38) A caveman and a dinosaur on the brink of extinction bond over unfortunate tragedies and become each other's only hope of survival in a treacherous world.
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Primal Therapy, the only authorized treatment, aims to reduce suffering by accessing and integrating early, repressed 'Primal Pain' memories.
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The Primal Institute is the only clinic in the world comprised of therapists certified and trained by both Arthur and Vivian Janov.
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[PDF] Freud, S. (1918). From the History of an Infantile Neurosis. The
From the History of an Infantile Neurosis 1925 C.P., 3, 473-605. (Tr. A. and ... primal scene than that, conversely, the primal scene was a reflection of the.
[19]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9681119/
[20]
The Thinking Body: A Feminist Revision of the Work of Melanie Klein ...
Mother's phantasied omnipotence means that the earliest infantile phantasies of the primal scene situate the whole event inside the mother's body, as Klein ...
[21]
Reading list: Oedipus complex - Melanie Klein Trust
Klein's first paper devoted to the Oedipus complex. Idea of maternal body phantasised by child as site of sexual activity. New conceptions of female sexuality.
[22]
Early childhood exposure to parental nudity and scenes of ... - PubMed
In contrast, girls exposed to primal scenes before age 6 had increased risk of STD transmission or having become pregnant. A number of main effect trends in the ...Missing: empirical | Show results with:empirical
[23]
[PDF] Early Childhood Exposure to Parental Nudity and Scenes of ...
A number of main effect trends in the data linked exposure to nudity and exposure to primal scenes with beneficial outcomes, but a number of these findings ...
[24]
Psychoanalysis and the Cinema - Literary Theory and Criticism
Aug 5, 2017 · There have been five main psychoanalytical approaches in film criticism and theory. One of them is cultural myth analysis that focused on the study of myths ...
[25]
'So, tell me about your director' – cinema and psychoanalysis | Movies
Oct 29, 2009 · The setting itself may even suggest something of the primal scene. The film theorist Andrew Webber has suggested that the slicing of the eye ...
[26]
[PDF] Duality in Linear Programming - MIT
These equations state that, if a decision variable of the primal is positive, then the corresponding constraint in the dual must hold with equality. Further, ...
[27]
[PDF] Lecture 6 1 The Dual of Linear Program - Stanford CS Theory
Jan 20, 2011 · So if we have a linear program in maximization linear form, which we are going to call the primal linear program, its dual is formed by having ...
[28]
[PDF] Duality Theory
Every LP is associated with another LP, called the dual (in this case, the original LP is called the primal). The relation between an LP and its dual is ...
[29]
[PDF] LP Methods.S3 The Dual Linear Program
Theorem 3 (Strong Duality) In a primal-dual pair of LPs, if either the primal or the dual problem has an optimal feasible solution, then the other does also and ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[30]
[PDF] Linear Programming
John von Neumann in May 1947, during a fateful meeting with George Dantzig. ... During his lecture, von Neumann defined the negative-transpose dual of an ...
[31]
[PDF] What Can't You Do With LP? - BRICS
describing his first encounter with the famous Hungarian–American mathe- matician John von Neumann: On October 1, 1947, I visited von Neumann for the first time.
[32]
[PDF] Chapter 4 – LP Duality - AGEC Research network
Economic theory indicates that scarce (limited) resources have value. For example, prime agricultural land is limited and has value (a rental price).
[33]
Primal-Dual Interior-Point Methods | SIAM Publications Library
This book presents the major primal-dual algorithms for linear programming in straightforward terms.
[34]
[PDF] Primal-Dual Interior-Point Methods
Primal-dual interior-point methods are typically more efficient. Under suitable conditions they have better than linear convergence.
[35]
cuPDLP.jl: A GPU Implementation of Restarted Primal-Dual Hybrid ...
Oct 1, 2025 · In this paper, we provide an affirmative answer to the long-standing question: Are GPUs useful in solving linear programming?Missing: advancements | Show results with:advancements
[36]
Scaling up linear programming with PDLP - Google Research
Sep 20, 2024 · This post describes the award winning product called PDLP, a new first-order method based solver for large-scale linear programming.
[37]
Dual Graph -- from Wolfram MathWorld
Given a planar graph G with a particular planar embedding, a geometric dual graph and combinatorial dual graph can be defined.
[38]
[PDF] Planar Graphs - Jeff Erickson
Sep 5, 2017 · A graph is an abstract structure with vertices and edges. A graph is simple if it has no loops or parallel edges.
[39]
[PDF] Simultaneous Embedding of a Planar Graph and Its Dual on the Grid
One requirement is that we place a dual vertex inside its corresponding primal face and the other is that we draw a dual edge so that it only crosses its ...
[40]
[PDF] Graph Algorithms Week 10: Planar graphs Lecture 10a: Properties
... dual graph. Primal graph is Eulerian ⇐⇒ dual graph is bipartite. Page 21. Even more dual properties. Can generalize duality to directed planar graphs. Acyclic ...Missing: theory | Show results with:theory
[41]
Primal (TV Series 2019– ) - IMDb
Rating 8.6/10 (26,433) A caveman and a dinosaur bond over shared tragedy and work together to survive in a perilous prehistoric world.A caveman and a dinosaur bond over shared ...User reviews · Primal · Primal: Tales of Savagery · Episode list
[42]
Genndy Tartakovsky Talks 'Primal' and Telling Stories Without Words
Oct 22, 2020 · I recently spoke with the director about the show, his creative approach to its development, and his successful embrace of storytelling without ...
[43]
Season 1 – Genndy Tartakovsky's Primal - Rotten Tomatoes
Rating 100% (23) Episodes ; Episode 1 video still. Episode 1 Aired Oct 7, 2019 ; Episode 2 video still. Episode 2 Aired Oct 8, 2019 ; Episode 3 video still. Episode 3 Aired Oct 9, ...
[44]
Genndy Tartakovsky's 'Primal' Was Inspired By Spaghetti Westerns ...
Jul 21, 2022 · The show is mostly wordless, any dialogue spoken in grunts and screams and animal roars—an idea that stemmed from the mesmerizing silent ...
[45]
'Primal' Creator On Series With Little Dialogue And Lots Of Emotion
Jul 7, 2020 · Genndy Tartakovsky talks making 'Primal' animation with little dialogue and plenty of emotion.<|separator|>
[46]
'Primal' Wins Emmy For Best Animated Series in 2021 - IndieWire
Sep 12, 2021 · “Genndy Tartakovsky's Primal” won the 2021 Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Series during Sunday afternoon's Creative Arts Emmy ceremony.
[47]
Genndy Tartakovsky's 'Primal' Teases an Undead S3 Resurrection ...
Oct 13, 2025 · Adult Swim revealed a killer twist for Season 3 of 'Genndy Tartakovsky's Primal' at NYCC! The multi-Emmy-winning show returns in January.
[48]
"Eureka" Primal (TV Episode 2006) - IMDb
Rating 7.5/10 (669) Primal was an interesting story to watch unveil itself, with the ongoing season's story arc (or is it triangle...) ... James Earl Jones and David Prowse in Star ...
[49]
Primal (2019) - IMDb
Rating 4.9/10 (12,230) I watched this movie because of Nicolas Cage and Famke Janssen, nevertheless its a lowbudget movie and it shows, average cinematography and some average VFX.
[50]
'Primal': Film Review - Movie (2019) - The Hollywood Reporter
Nov 6, 2019 · Nicolas Cage plays an exotic-animal dealer who must cope with a human beast in Nick Powell's maritime action film 'Primal.'
[51]
Primal (2019) - Filming & production - IMDb
Filming locations: Puerto Rico. Helpful•6 0 Filming dates: Apr 9, 2018 - May 14, 2018. Production dates: It looks like we don't have any production dates for ...
[52]
Primal | Rotten Tomatoes
Rating 39% (46) Discover reviews, ratings, and trailers for Primal on Rotten Tomatoes. Stay updated with critic and audience scores today!Cast and Crew · Reviews · Trailers & Videos
[53]
Primal movie review & film summary (2019) - Roger Ebert
Rating 1.5/4 · Review by Simon AbramsNov 8, 2019 · “Primal” is a programmatic action-thriller that sounds a lot crazier than it actually is: Nicolas Cage, playing jungle poacher Frank Walsh, ...
[54]
Primal (2010) - IMDb
Rating 4.8/10 (6,596) A young woman is reduced to a crazed predatory state while camping with her friends in the Australian wilderness.
[55]
Primal Games (2025) - IMDb
Rating 5.7/10 (45) A newlywed couple embarks on the honeymoon of a lifetime, only to discover they are the unwitting victims of a cruel and sadistic vacation experience.<|control11|><|separator|>
[56]
Primal (Video Game 2003) - IMDb
Rating 7.4/10 (253) A spunky goth girl discovers her destiny: to restore the balance to the primal forces of existance with the aide of a magical gargoyle.<|control11|><|separator|>
[57]
Primal (Game) - Giant Bomb
Mar 25, 2003 · Jennifer Tate enters a dark world of magic and demons as she journeys to find her boyfriend. Her companion on this journey is a noble-sounding gargoyle named ...
[58]
Primal review | Eurogamer.net
Rating 5/10 · Review by Kristan ReedApr 30, 2003 · By far the most impressive aspect of Primal is its visuals. The game boasts arguably the most detailed, high-res environments the PS2 has ever ...
[59]
Primal Review - GameSpot
Rating 7.9/10 · Review by Greg KasavinMar 24, 2003 · Primal is played from a third-person perspective, where you'll control either Jen or Scree. You can switch between the two at any time by ...
[60]
Primal - IGN
Rating 8/10 · Review by Jeremy DunhamMar 24, 2003 · Primal isn't quite the groundbreaking system buster we'd hoped it to be; It's limited by an inconsequential combat system and basic wander- ...
[61]
Primal Reviews - Metacritic
Rating 73% (36) This game is now on the playstation store in USA for 9.99 as a ps2 classic. Good choice, and its been rated 33 times on there so far, with still a 5.00. This ...
[62]
Guerrilla Cambridge - MobyGames
In 2012 the studios became part of Guerrilla B.V. and its name was changed to Guerrilla Cambridge. On January 12, 2017, Sony Interactive Entertainment closed ...
[63]
Primal™ - PlayStation Store
In stock Rating 4.6 (2,111) Experience Primal™ originally released on the PS2™ system with up-rendering and Trophies. The battle to save the outside world starts within as Jen Tate—a ...
[64]
Primal (USA) - PCSX2 HD texture pack group - GBAtemp
Sep 15, 2025 · Updated! - Added more UI assets - Higher quality textures - Minor bugfixes Download: https://www.mediafire.com/file/rmyyqkrkidc9l4a/Prml_SCUS-97142_v2.0.7z/
[65]
Primal Scream: The band who made a rave new world - The Guardian
Oct 30, 2010 · As Primal Scream prepare to play the full Screamadelica album live after 20 years, Caspar Llewellyn Smith explores the alchemy that drove the group who defined ...Missing: impact | Show results with:impact<|control11|><|separator|>
[66]
How Primal Scream's 'Loaded' became Andrew Weatherall's first ...
Feb 19, 2025 · It was a sonic departure from the first LP, as psychedelic jangle-pop was ditched in favour of druggy hard rock interspersed with piano-led ...Missing: cultural impact
[67]
Bobby Gillespie: "Everyone in Primal Scream is really flattered that ...
Jul 14, 2021 · Primal Scream's Bobby Gillespie has spoken of how “flattered” the band are that Lorde was influenced by their seminal 'Loaded' for her recent ...
[68]
Primal Scream - Come Ahead - Out Now
New Primal Scream album Come Ahead is out 8th November. Sign up for updates on releases and shows.
[69]
The Band - Primal Fear
They signed a record deal with Nuclear Blast Records in late 1997. Their debut album Primal Fearwas released in February 1998 and entered the German LP charts ...
[70]
Releases - Primal Fear
Releases ; DOMINATION. 05.09.2025 ; Metal COmmando. 24.07.2020 · Apocalypse. 10.08.2018. ALBUM DETAILS ; Angels of Mercy. 02.06.2017 · Rulebreaker. 29.01.2016. ALBUM ...
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Primal Fear | Discography, Songs, Members | Metal Kingdom
Primal Fear is a heavy metal band. Discography: Primal Fear, Jaws of Death, Nuclear Fire, Black Sun, Devil's Ground.. Songs: Angel In Black, Iron Fist In A ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Primal Fear - Metal Storm
Awards. Metal Storm Awards. Information. Site ... Back during Primal Fear's very first U.S. tour, someone gave the band the nickname 'German Metal Commando'.
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https://www.theculinarypro.com/meat-and-poultry-fabrication-methods
[74]
Primal, Sub-primal, and Secondary Cuts
The beef front quarter contains four primal cuts, the brisket, foreshank, rib, and chuck (square chuck).
[75]
Meat Fabrication Methods - The Culinary Pro
More often carcasses are fabricated into primal cuts of meat. These are large cuts based on the muscle and bone structure of the animal.
[76]
Guidelines for slaughtering, meat cutting and further processing
Loin cuts which are generally tender should be prepared by broiling or other dry-heat methods while cuts with considerable bone and connective tissue from the ...
[77]
Carcass Beef Grades and Standards - Agricultural Marketing Service
A carcass in Yield Grade 1 usually has only a thin layer of external fat over the ribs, loins, rumps, and clods, and slight deposits of fat in the flanks and ...
[78]
Beef Grading - Beef Research
USDA Yield Grades are used to estimate the expected edible lean meat, with a USDA YG 1 being the leanest and a USDA YG 5 being the fattest.
[79]
[PDF] A History of the Meat Industry - Texas Tech University Departments
1818: FIRST MEAT PACKING PLANT STARTED IN. CINCINNATI - CITY WAS CALLED “PORKOPOLIS”. S. W. N t. Saws Were Not. Yet Used To. Break Carcasses. Into Wholesale.
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The Essential Guide To Beef Primals - We Know Meat
The concept of beef primals dates back centuries, rooted in the need to standardize meat cutting for efficient processing and trade. In early European markets, ...
[81]
Plant-Based Meat Cuts Environmental Impact by 89%, Study Finds
Nov 23, 2024 · A life cycle assessment of plant-based meat finds meat-free alternatives have an 89 percent lower environmental impact than animal proteins.
[82]
Plant-Based Meat Startup Lands $11.5M for Clean-Label Whole Cuts
Jun 19, 2025 · If there are three things consumers want from their plant-based meat today, it's fewer ingredients, lower prices, and better taste and texture.
[83]
Plant-based meat vs real meat | Differences explained for 2025
Feb 6, 2025 · Plant-based meat has an unquestionably lower environmental footprint compared to conventional meat. On this front, it's not even close. Studies ...Missing: primal
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The Primal Diet by Aajonus Vonderplanitz
The Primal Diet™ The life's work of Aajonus Vonderplanitz · Campaign to release Aajonus' unpublished works and stop promoting scammers and abusers · The ...
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Aajonus Vonderplanitz
Raw Primal Diet: Aajonus Online Archive by Aajonus Vonderplanitz. Complete Aajonus Transcriptions.Iron On The Primal Diet, Is It A... · Aajonus on The Paleo Diet · How Aajonus DiedMissing: trademark | Show results with:trademark
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[PDF] The Primal Diet™ by Aajonus Vonderplanitz Master Guide v0.11
It is an almost exclusively raw food diet, centered around ea ng raw meat, raw animal fat, and cold- pressed vegetable juice often made with a base of organic ...
[87]
Primal Diet: Food Lists, Benefits, and Downsides - Healthline
Sep 8, 2020 · The Primal Diet is less restrictive than the comparable paleo diet, but it isn't for everyone. It's not only expensive but also limits carbs — ...Basics · Foods to eat & avoid · Weight loss · Benefits
[88]
Primal Diet: What It Is, Benefits, and Risks - WebMD
Feb 23, 2024 · A primal diet is high in protein and fat and low in carbs. Find out the benefits and risks of this type of eating.
[89]
The Primal Blueprint (Primal Blueprint Series) - Amazon.com
Author Mark Sisson takes the reader on a fascinating journey through human evolution, comparing the life and robust health of our hunter-gatherer ancestors.Missing: app | Show results with:app
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https://jn.nutrition.org/article/S0022-3166%2822%2910430-X/fulltext
[91]
Primal Studies - Aajonus.net
This is an archive of the Telegram Channel of a community member, called "Primal Literature" / "Primal Studies". It contains a collection of studies ...
[92]
Long-Term Consumption of a Raw Food Diet Is Associated with ...
Long-term raw food diet is associated with favorable LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, but also elevated homocysteine and low HDL cholesterol. 14% had high ...
[93]
The raw food diet: Types, benefits, and risks - Medical News Today
Anecdotal evidence suggests that people on the raw food diet may experience clearer skin, more energy, sustained weight loss, and a reduction in cholesterol and ...
[94]
Top 50 Primal living Influencers in the US
Primal living embraces ancestral roots. Top influencers include Lindsay (@animalbasedbae), Callie Russell (@caprakhan), and Mia K Pavesic (@miakapro).