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Mann

(born December 28, 1965) is an American climatologist and geophysicist recognized for his contributions to paleoclimate reconstruction and statistical modeling of climate variability. Currently the Presidential Distinguished Professor in the Department of at the , where he also directs the Center for , & the , Mann's research has focused on attributing historical patterns to natural forcings versus human influences, including instrumental records and proxy data such as tree rings and ice cores. Mann gained prominence through his 1998 and 1999 publications, co-authored with Raymond Bradley and Malcolm Hughes, which produced the —a reconstruction of temperatures over the past 1,000 years showing minimal variation until a sharp uptick in the 20th century, interpreted as evidence of unprecedented warming. This visualization featured prominently in subsequent assessments and shaped public discourse on , though it has faced peer-reviewed critiques for issues including proxy data selection, statistical techniques like principal components analysis, and between recent tree-ring data and observed temperatures, prompting debates over the graph's robustness and the medieval warm period's extent. Mann's involvement in the 2009 Climatic Research Unit email disclosures, dubbed "Climategate," led to accusations of data manipulation and suppression of dissenting views, but multiple independent investigations, including by the , affirmed the scientific validity of his work while highlighting broader tensions in climate and processes influenced by institutional dynamics. He has authored books defending his methods and pursued lawsuits against critics, securing a 2024 victory that underscored legal boundaries on public challenges to scientific claims.

People

Literature and education

(1796–1859) spearheaded in the United States as the first secretary of the from 1837 to 1848, implementing policies for non-sectarian common schools, longer school terms, and the establishment of normal schools for teacher training. He argued that universal public education was vital for republican government, emphasizing moral and intellectual development to reduce crime and poverty, and conducted annual reports documenting school conditions to build public support. efforts extended to advocating graded schools and better facilities, influencing the expansion of laws across states by the mid-19th century. In literature, (1875–1955), a German-born writer, produced novels and essays probing themes of cultural decline, time, and human frailty, with (1901) depicting the erosion of a merchant family over generations and earning him the 1929 . Subsequent works like (1912), a novella on artistic obsession and mortality, and (1924), an allegorical examination of European pre-war society set in a , established his reputation for intricate psychological narratives blending irony and . Exiled after 1933 due to opposition to National Socialism, Mann continued writing in and the , critiquing in essays and (1947).

Entertainment

Michael Mann (born February 5, 1943) is an American filmmaker renowned for directing and producing stylized crime dramas, including Thief (1981), Manhunter (1986), Heat (1995), and Collateral (2004). His work often features meticulous attention to procedural details, urban nocturnal aesthetics, and themes of professional obsession, influencing modern action and thriller genres. Mann created and executive-produced the television series Miami Vice (1984–1990), which popularized pastel aesthetics and synth-driven soundtracks in crime procedurals. He has received four Academy Award nominations, including for The Insider (1999) and Collateral. Leslie Mann (born March 26, 1972) is an American actress known for comedic roles in films directed by her husband, Judd Apatow, such as The 40-Year-Old Virgin (2005), Knocked Up (2007), and This Is 40 (2012). Her breakthrough came with supporting parts in The Cable Guy (1996) and George of the Jungle (1997), establishing her as a versatile performer blending neurotic humor with dramatic depth. Mann has appeared in over 40 films, often portraying relatable, flawed maternal figures, and voiced characters in animated features like ParaNorman (2012). Aimee Mann (born September 8, 1960) is an American singer-songwriter whose career spans and , with solo albums including Whatever (1995), Bachelor No. 2 (2000), and (2021). She gained prominence as the lead vocalist of 'Til Tuesday, whose 1985 hit "Voices Carry" reached number eight on the Hot 100. Mann's songwriting, characterized by introspective lyrics on emotional isolation and relationships, earned her Grammy nominations and an Oscar nomination for "Save Me" from (1999). Other figures include (1912–1991), a director of theatrical adaptations like Come Back, Little Sheba (1952) and (1972), earning multiple Tony and Oscar nods for bridging and screen. (born 1950) is a stage and screen actor noted for Broadway roles in Cats (1982) and (1987), later appearing in films like Critters (1986) and TV's (2023).

Science and technology

Michael E. Mann (born December 28, 1965) is an American climatologist and geophysicist specializing in and climate variability. He is Presidential of and Environmental Science at the and director of the Penn Center for Science, Sustainability & the Media. Mann gained prominence for co-authoring a 1998 study reconstructing Northern Hemisphere temperatures over the past 600 years, followed by a 1999 paper extending it to 1,000 years, which produced the " depicting relatively stable temperatures until a sharp 20th-century rise. This work, featured in the 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report, has been central to debates on anthropogenic , with supporters viewing it as robust evidence of recent warming, while critics, including statistical analyses by and McKitrick (2005), have questioned its , proxy selection, and handling of signals, leading to investigations like the 2006 North Report, which cleared Mann of misconduct but noted areas for improved transparency. Mann's research output includes over 200 peer-reviewed papers, focusing on attribution of extreme weather to human influence, though some reconstructions have faced replication challenges in independent datasets. Steve Mann (born June 8, 1962) is a Canadian engineer, inventor, and professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of Toronto, recognized as the "father of wearable computing" for pioneering personal imaging and augmented reality devices since the early 1980s. Mann developed the EyeTap, a wearable camera-computer system invented in 1981 that superimposes virtual imagery onto the real world via head-mounted displays, enabling continuous lifelogging and human-mediated reality mediation. His innovations include the Hydraport serial port adapter (1990s) and contributions to sousveillance, advocating user-generated surveillance as a counter to institutional monitoring; he holds dozens of patents and has influenced modern AR/VR technologies, though early devices faced technical limitations like battery life and ergonomic issues. Mann's work emphasizes ethical human-centered computing, with ongoing research at his MannLab exploring extended reality for accessibility and creativity. Alfred E. Mann (1925–2016) was an , inventor, and serial entrepreneur who founded 17 medical companies, advancing implantable devices for chronic conditions. Starting with Pacesetter Systems in 1972, which developed rechargeable pacemakers approved by the FDA in 1978, Mann pioneered innovations like the first bionic ear ( via Advanced Bionics, 1990s) and insulin pumps through MiniMed (acquired 2001). His firms, including Spectrx for glucose monitoring and for retinal prostheses, commercialized over a dozen FDA-approved products, treating millions for heart rhythm disorders, , and ; Mann's approach integrated engineering with clinical needs, amassing a fortune exceeding $2 billion, much donated to foundations supporting and precision medicine. Despite successes, some ventures like the Alfred Mann Foundation's drug delivery systems encountered regulatory hurdles, reflecting challenges in translating prototypes to scalable therapies. Wilfrid Basil Mann (1908–2001) was a British-American and metrologist renowned for establishing international standards in radionuclide measurements during his 30-year tenure at the U.S. National Bureau of Standards (now NIST). Mann developed key techniques including coincidence counting, internal gas counting, and 4π β-γ coincidence methods in the , enabling precise decay rate calibrations essential for , safety, and ; his work supported global standards traceable to Marie Curie's samples and influenced IAEA protocols. Earlier, during , he contributed to Britain's atomic project, though declassified files in 2015 alleged KGB contacts via the spy ring, which Mann denied in his 1982 memoir, attributing associations to wartime scientific exchanges rather than espionage. Empirical assessments affirm his legacy, with NIST honoring his advancements despite the unproven intelligence claims.

Arts, entertainment, and media

Works and characters

Mann is a Hindi-language romantic drama written and directed by , starring as the carefree and as the principled Priya, whose paths cross on a before fate separates them, emphasizing themes of destined love and personal sacrifice. The , produced by under the banner of Maruti International, featured music composed by Santhosh and others, with key songs like "Mann Mohabbat" becoming popular, and it grossed approximately ₹20 crore at the despite mixed critical reception for its melodramatic plot. Mann also denotes a 2006 Tamil-language film directed by P. , focusing on social issues in rural , though it received limited commercial success and critical attention compared to its Hindi counterpart.) In television, Mann & Wife is a 2015–2017 American sitcom airing on , starring real-life spouses David and as newlyweds Daniel and Toni Mann navigating blended family dynamics, with the series spanning three seasons and 38 episodes centered on comedic domestic conflicts. Fictional characters named Mann include Dr. Mann, portrayed by in the 2014 film directed by , an astronaut and scientist who fabricates planetary data to ensure his rescue, revealing human desperation under isolation on an inhospitable world. Terence Mann, played by in the 1989 fantasy drama , is a reclusive countercultural author inspired by , whom the protagonist seeks for guidance in building a mystical , symbolizing redemption and legacy in . Other instances encompass Captain Mann, an Imperial officer in the Star Wars universe stationed on the planet Lau circa 18 BBY during the early era.

Places

Geographic locations

The Isle of Man, known as Mann or Mannin in Manx Gaelic, is a self-governing British Crown Dependency located in the between and . The island spans 572 square kilometers and recorded a population of 84,773 in the 2019 census. It lies roughly 50 kilometers from the English mainland and , with Douglas serving as its capital. The territory owes allegiance to the British monarch, titled . Smaller locales named Mann include Mann Settlement, an unincorporated hamlet in , , at coordinates 48° 0′ 43″ N, 67° 0′ 57″ W in the Matapédia region. Similarly, Mann Point is a coastal feature in , , situated at 82° 29′ 0″ N, 61° 39′ 0″ W.

Other uses

Scientific and statistical concepts

The Mann-Whitney U test is a non-parametric statistical test for assessing whether two independent samples are drawn from the same underlying distribution, particularly useful when data violate normality assumptions required for the independent samples t-test. It evaluates the that the probability of an observation from one sample exceeding a random observation from the other is 0.5, effectively testing for rather than solely medians, though it is often interpreted in terms of differences. Developed independently by B. Mann and Donald R. Whitney in 1947, the test computes the U statistic by ranking all combined observations and deriving sums of ranks for each group, with the smaller U value indicating potential differences; significance is determined via exact tables for small samples or normal approximation for larger ones (n > 20 per group). Key assumptions include independent observations, identically shaped distributions under the null (beyond location shifts), and ordinal or continuous data; it is robust to outliers but has lower power than parametric alternatives when normality holds. Applications span fields like and , where it compares outcomes such as treatment effects on non-normal biomarkers. The Mann-Kendall test detects monotonic trends (consistent increase or decrease) in time series data without assuming a specific functional form or , making it suitable for serially or non-Gaussian environmental and hydrological datasets. Originally proposed by Henry B. Mann in 1945 for trend assessment against composite hypotheses, it was formalized and extended by Maurice G. Kendall in subsequent work on rank correlations, yielding the test statistic S as the net count of positive minus negative pairwise differences across all time points. Under the null of no trend, S approximates a for large samples (n > 10), with variance adjusted for ties; p-values guide rejection, often supplemented by Sen's slope estimator for trend magnitude. Assumptions require independent errors post-detrending and no strong serial correlation, though modifications like the Hamed-Rao variance correction address . Widely applied in climate science for variables like or series—e.g., assessing annual rainfall trends from 1900–2020—it provides tau-like measures of trend strength, with significance at α=0.05 indicating directional change.

Legal and historical terms

The , officially the White-Slave Traffic Act, is a federal statute enacted on , 1910, that prohibits the interstate or foreign transportation of any individual for , debauchery, or other immoral purposes, with subsequent amendments expanding penalties for involving minors or coercive acts. Sponsored by Representative James Robert Mann of , the law targeted organized networks amid early 20th-century concerns over coerced , though it has been applied in cases beyond its original intent, such as consensual relationships across racial lines, exemplified by the 1913 conviction of boxer . Critics have noted its evolution into a tool for moral enforcement rather than solely anti-trafficking measures, with prosecutions peaking in the mid-20th century before reforms in 1978 and 1986 narrowed its scope to focus on commercial sex acts and force. In historical contexts, particularly Anglo-Saxon England, the Old English term mann denoted an adult human irrespective of gender, signifying a person with inherent legal rights and communal standing equivalent to that of males or females under customary law. This usage appears in legal prose such as law codes, where mann encompassed free individuals subject to wergild compensations and oaths, reflecting a societal framework where adults—male or female—held comparable status in matters of inheritance, testimony, and liability until Norman influences altered gender distinctions post-1066. A related historical term is manrent, a Scottish feudal bond from the mid-15th to early 17th centuries, whereby a lesser or individual pledged , loyalty, and aid to a superior in exchange for protection and patronage, often formalized in written contracts among clans. Derived from "man" (person or retainer) and "rent" (service or tribute), these bonds reinforced kinship networks and power hierarchies but declined with the centralization of royal authority and the Acts of Union in 1707.

Organizations and miscellaneous

MANN+HUMMEL is a family-owned German company specializing in filtration solutions for automotive, industrial, and environmental applications, headquartered in with and approximately 20,000 employees as of recent reports. Founded on September 8, 1941, by Berthold Mann and Erich Hummel in , it has grown into a market leader producing air, fuel, oil, and cabin filters, generating sales exceeding €4 billion annually in recent years. Horace Mann Educators Corporation (NYSE: HMN) is a U.S.-based financial services firm focused on insurance, retirement annuities, and supplemental products tailored for educators and public servants. It operates as the primary provider in this niche, offering auto, property, life, and group benefits through direct and agent channels nationwide. huMannity Medtec, formerly the Alfred E. Mann Foundation for Scientific Research, is a non-profit organization advancing medical device innovation and commercialization to address unmet health needs. Established in 1985 by inventor Alfred E. Mann, it has supported developments in areas like cochlear implants and insulin pumps, with assets over $350 million and annual revenues around $18 million as of 2023 filings. The Mann Center for the Performing Arts (branded as Mann Center) is a non-profit outdoor venue in Philadelphia's [Fairmount Park](/page/Fairmount Park), hosting orchestral, pop, and performances for up to 14,000 attendees. It serves as a key cultural institution, curating seasonal lineups emphasizing accessible live music experiences. In paramilitary contexts of , "Mann" denoted an entry-level rank equivalent to in organizations like the and , used from 1925 to 1945 to structure lower enlisted personnel.

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