Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Margaret Hamilton

Margaret Heafield Hamilton (born August 17, 1936) is an American computer scientist, systems engineer, and business owner renowned for directing the development of onboard flight software for NASA's Apollo space program. As leader of the Software Engineering Division at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory—which contracted with NASA in 1961—she coined the term "software engineering" and oversaw the creation of reliable code for the Apollo Guidance Computer, enabling critical functions like navigation and error recovery during missions, most notably the Apollo 11 Moon landing in 1969. Her innovative approaches, including asynchronous executive scheduling and priority displays for handling alarms, prevented potential mission failures and laid foundational principles for modern software development. Born in , Hamilton earned a in from in 1958 and pursued postgraduate studies in at . Her early career began in 1959 at , where she programmed weather prediction simulations on early computers like the and , marking her introduction to . From 1961 to 1963, she contributed to the (SAGE) air defense system at , focusing on real-time radar data processing and software reliability amid demands. Following Apollo, Hamilton consulted on NASA's and programs, applying her expertise to enhance mission safety. In 1986, she founded Hamilton Technologies, Inc., where she developed the Universal Systems Language (USL)—a for specifying and developing complex systems—and the associated 001 Tool Suite to prevent development errors through a development-before-the-architecture . Her contributions earned her the NASA Exceptional Space Act Award in 2003 for advancing aerospace software and the in 2016, the highest U.S. civilian honor, recognizing her pivotal role in space exploration. In December 2024, she received an honorary from the , and in May 2025, an honorary Doctor of Science from .

Early life

Family background

Margaret Hamilton was born Margaret Elaine Heafield on August 17, 1936, in , to Kenneth Heafield, a of English, , and who also served as of the Michigan Poetry Society, and Ruth Esther Heafield (née Partington), a high school teacher. She spent her childhood in a rural, philosophical household across small towns in the Midwest, including , , and , as her family relocated frequently due to her parents' academic positions. The environment fostered intellectual curiosity, with influences from her Quaker grandparents, who were ministers, and a family emphasis on arts, , and extensive reading—Hamilton's favorite book as a child was the Quaker-themed novel Thee, Hannah. Pianos were prominent in the home, and the household encouraged questioning and exploration over . Hamilton's early exposure to mathematics stemmed from family discussions and her innate interest in abstract thinking, which deepened during high school through self-study and engagement with advanced texts on and . She preferred deriving mathematical principles independently rather than memorizing formulas, a habit that reflected the household's encouragement of critical inquiry. During high school, the family moved to the remote , a town of about 100 people, where resources were scarce. Despite these challenges, Hamilton resolved to pursue , drawing on a family tradition of college attendance and supplementing limited means by taking on demanding jobs, such as serving as a at the Arcadian Copper Mine at age 16.

Education

Margaret Hamilton graduated from Hancock High School in , in 1954, where she developed a strong passion for , including abstract math, , and . Following high school, she enrolled at the in 1954 on a , earning all A's in her courses before transferring after one semester to in . At Earlham, a Quaker institution known for its emphasis on intellectual and ethical development, Hamilton majored in with a minor in , reflecting her interest in both analytical rigor and abstract reasoning. She graduated with a in in 1958, at a time when women made up approximately 25 to 50 percent of computer programmers, though formal degrees were predominantly awarded to men. Although Hamilton briefly taught high school mathematics after graduation to support her family while her husband completed his degree, she pursued no advanced formal degrees. Instead, she engaged in self-directed learning in programming, beginning on the job in the late at MIT's weather prediction lab under Professor Edward Lorenz, where no formal curricula existed. This hands-on approach, described by Hamilton as entering a field "like the Wild West" without established courses, honed her skills in an era when programming was often viewed as clerical support rather than a technical discipline.

Professional career

Pre-Apollo work

Hamilton began her professional career in computing in 1959 at the (MIT), where she developed weather prediction software for meteorologist Edward Lorenz. Working on the computer, a compact drum-memory machine, she wrote programs in binary and code to model atmospheric patterns, optimizing for the system's limited resources. This role marked her entry into programming, applying her background to computational simulations and highlighting the interplay between hardware constraints and software efficiency. In 1961, Hamilton transitioned within Lincoln Laboratory to the (SAGE) project, a U.S. initiative for continental air defense. She programmed the AN/FSQ-7 computer, specifically the XD-1 prototype, to process data for aircraft detection and tracking. Her work involved designing algorithms to filter and analyze incoming signals asynchronously, managing interruptions from multiple data streams to ensure timely responses in a mission-critical . This experience with large-scale systems emphasized robust error detection, as malfunctions triggered alarms, underscoring the need for reliable software in high-stakes operations—lessons that informed her approach to fault-tolerant design. By 1963, Hamilton departed the SAGE project to join MIT's Instrumentation Laboratory, shifting her focus to emerging challenges. Her foundational roles in modeling and systems provided critical expertise in programming and system reliability, bridging early applications to more complex endeavors.

Apollo Guidance Computer

In 1963, Margaret Hamilton joined the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory (later renamed the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory) as a and quickly rose to lead the newly formed Division, tasked with developing the onboard flight software for 's (AGC). The laboratory had contracted with in 1961 to design the Apollo guidance and navigation system, but Hamilton's team focused on the critical software component to ensure reliable operation during . Under her direction, the division grew to over 400 engineers by the late 1960s, emphasizing rigorous testing and documentation to meet the mission's unforgiving demands. Hamilton oversaw the creation of approximately 145,000 lines of code for the mission's AGC software, written in to optimize performance on the computer's limited resources. The AGC itself was a compact, 70-pound digital computer equipped with just 2,000 words (about 4 kilobytes) of erasable and 36,000 words of , making every instruction count in a system designed for control of the spacecraft's guidance, , and . Her team's software managed essential functions like attitude control, trajectory calculations, and abort sequences, all while operating in the harsh environment of space without the possibility of remote updates or reboots. A key innovation under Hamilton's leadership was the development of priority-based scheduling and an asynchronous , which formed of the AGC's operating system. The asynchronous executive allowed tasks to run independently without strict , enabling multitasking and graceful to prevent total system crashes during overloads. scheduling ensured that higher-priority operations, such as maneuvers, preempted less critical ones, like routine displays, thereby maintaining even under unexpected stresses. These features were battle-tested in simulations and represented a pioneering approach to reliable software for mission-critical applications. In 1968, Hamilton coined the term "software engineering" to underscore the need for disciplined, engineering-like processes in software development, distinguishing it from ad-hoc programming and highlighting its equal importance to hardware in complex systems like the AGC. This terminology emerged amid growing recognition of software's role in the Apollo program, where her team implemented end-to-end testing and human-in-the-loop safeguards to mitigate risks. Hamilton's innovations proved decisive during the Apollo 11 lunar landing on July 20, 1969, when the AGC triggered alarms 1201 and 1202 due to an overload from the rendezvous radar unexpectedly switched on, flooding the system with extraneous data. Her priority display system automatically deprioritized non-essential tasks, allowing the computer to focus on the descent engine control and averting a potential mission abort just minutes before touchdown. Ground controllers, relying on the team's thorough documentation, confirmed the software's self-recovery capability, enabling astronauts and to proceed safely. Hamilton's work extended to the subsequent Apollo missions from 12 through 17, where the refined AGC software supported six more lunar landings between 1969 and 1972. Her team conducted extensive ground-testing simulations, including those involving her daughter as a young tester, to validate error handling and system resilience under varied scenarios. Additionally, Hamilton established documentation standards that ensured traceability and maintainability, facilitating updates and adaptations for later flights while minimizing integration errors.

Entrepreneurial ventures

After leaving MIT's Instrumentation Laboratory in 1972, Hamilton consulted for on the and programs, applying her Apollo expertise to improve software reliability and mission safety. She then worked as an independent consultant before co-founding Higher Order Software (HOS) in 1976 with Saydean Zeldin. As CEO of HOS, Hamilton focused on advancing error-prevention techniques derived from her Apollo experience, developing the Development Before the Fact (DBTF) paradigm, which emphasized preventive design to minimize faults in complex systems rather than relying on post-development testing. This approach formed the foundation for the Universal Systems Language (USL), a formal and methodology she created to specify system behaviors and ensure traceability from requirements to implementation, enabling the construction of reliable software for large-scale, multiprocessor environments. HOS applied DBTF and USL to various defense and government projects, including civil defense systems and Department of Defense initiatives, where the methodologies demonstrated effectiveness in reducing errors; for instance, in a 1994 U.S. Department of Defense evaluation involving 80 organizations, Hamilton's techniques outperformed others in system reliability and development efficiency. The company grew to over 100 employees with backing from investors like , serving clients such as , , and manufacturing firms, though internal pressures to shift toward commercial products led Hamilton to depart in the mid-1980s. In 1986, Hamilton founded Hamilton Technologies, Inc., in Cambridge, Massachusetts, to continue research and application of DBTF and USL without commercial distractions, securing contracts from government agencies and industry for systems engineering tools that supported requirements traceability and preventive verification. The firm developed the 001 Tool Suite, an integrated set of automated tools based on USL to facilitate model-driven software design and error detection in asynchronous systems. Over her career, Hamilton authored more than 130 publications on software engineering principles, including seminal works on asynchronous software architectures and preventive verification methods, such as her 1983 report on higher-order software and the 2009 IEEE Computer article "Universal Systems Language: Lessons Learned from Apollo." She retired from active management of Hamilton Technologies in the 1990s but continued consulting on systems engineering until recent years.

Legacy

Awards and honors

Margaret Hamilton has received numerous awards recognizing her pioneering contributions to , particularly her leadership in developing the flight software for 's Apollo missions. In 2003, she was awarded the NASA Exceptional Space Act Award, the largest monetary award ever given by at the time, for her innovations in Apollo software that ensured reliable on-board during . This honor highlighted her role in creating error-preventing systems that were critical to the success of the moon landings and advanced the field of dependable . On November 22, 2016, President presented Hamilton with the , the highest civilian honor in the United States, acknowledging her leadership of the team that developed the on-board flight software for NASA's Apollo command and lunar modules. The award specifically celebrated how her work enabled the safe execution of the mission and her broader impact on establishing as a discipline. In 2017, Hamilton was named a Fellow of the for her foundational contributions to practices during the Department of Defense and Apollo projects, including the development of priority-directed scheduling and asynchronous software architectures that influenced modern computing reliability. This recognition underscored her efforts in formalizing software development methodologies that prioritized error detection and recovery, principles still used in high-stakes systems today. In 2025, Hamilton received the Trophy for Lifetime Achievement from the , announced on February 19 and presented on March 28, honoring her enduring influence on aerospace from the era through subsequent innovations in fault-tolerant software. The award emphasized her legacy in ensuring mission-critical software robustness, which has shaped technologies for decades. Among her other notable honors, Hamilton received the Augusta Ada Award in 1986 from for Women in Computing for her trailblazing work in software for complex systems. She was also inducted into the in 2022, celebrating her pivotal role in Apollo's guidance software that facilitated humanity's first steps on the . On May 7, 2025, she received an honorary from .

Cultural depictions and influence

Margaret Hamilton's pioneering work in has profoundly shaped modern practices, particularly in the emphasis on rigorous testing, robust error-handling, and systematic . Her development of fault-tolerant systems during the introduced concepts like asynchronous executives and priority scheduling, which allowed software to manage multiple tasks and recover from errors in , influencing high-stakes industries such as where similar reliability is essential for flight control systems. These principles extended to finance, where error detection and recovery mechanisms derived from her methodologies underpin secure and software. Hamilton's insistence on treating software as an engineering discipline, rather than an ad-hoc craft, laid the groundwork for standardized development processes now ubiquitous in mission-critical applications. In popular culture, Hamilton has been celebrated through various tributes that highlight her role in the Apollo missions. A notable example is the 2017 LEGO Ideas set from the Women of NASA series (set 21312), which features a minifigure of Hamilton alongside printouts representing the Apollo Guidance Computer code, crowdfunded through LEGO's community platform and released to honor her contributions to space exploration. In 2019, Google paid homage to her with a massive moonlight portrait in California's Mojave Desert, spanning 1.4 square miles and formed by over 107,000 solar panels reflecting the moon's light to depict Hamilton, commemorating the 50th anniversary of Apollo 11. She has also been portrayed in media, including the 2008 documentary series Moon Machines, where she discusses the development of Apollo's navigation software and the challenges of core rope memory programming. Hamilton's educational legacy endures through her advocacy for engineering rigor in software, delivered via lectures and writings that promoted structured methodologies over improvised coding. At institutions like , where she worked, her talks emphasized integrating human oversight into automated systems, influencing curricula in programs focused on reliable . Over her career, she contributed to more than 60 projects that established standards for , ensuring error-proofing techniques became integral to space missions. In a 2020 TED presentation, Hamilton reflected on these ideas, underscoring their applicability to contemporary challenges like distributed systems. Her coining of "software engineering" during Apollo continues to resonate, framing ongoing debates on engineering software for deep-space exploration.

Personal life

Marriages and relationships

Margaret Hamilton met James Cox Hamilton, a fellow student at , and the two married in 1958 shortly after her graduation with a in . The couple relocated to , , where Hamilton took a programming position at the to support her husband's pursuit of a at . Their daughter, , was born in 1959. The demands of Hamilton's intensifying career in contributed to strains in the , leading to their in 1967. Following the , Hamilton continued her professional trajectory at MIT's Instrumentation Laboratory. In 1969, she married Dan Lickly, an aeronautical engineer and colleague who oversaw the computer for the at the laboratory. This partnership facilitated her sustained involvement in the MIT-based project, as Lickly's role there aligned with Hamilton's expertise and enabled her eventual succession to director of the Division in 1970. The couple remained married for over 50 years as of 2025.

Family and later years

Lauren frequently accompanied her mother to the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory during the demanding schedule, sleeping on the office floor while Hamilton worked evenings and weekends. This arrangement highlighted Hamilton's commitment to work-life balance, and Lauren's play with the simulation equipment even inspired a key software safeguard known as the "Lauren bug," which prevented potential mission errors by prioritizing alarm states. Lauren later became an actress. Following her marriage to Dan Lickly in , Hamilton continued to emphasize family integration into her professional life. In the post-1980s period, Hamilton transitioned to semi-retirement in the area, stepping back from the day-to-day operations of Hamilton Technologies, Inc., which she founded in 1986, to concentrate on writing, research, and advocacy for . Her efforts included promoting software reliability principles and mentoring initiatives to encourage female participation in technology. As of 2025, at age 89, Hamilton resides in and makes occasional public appearances, including receiving the Trophy for Lifetime Achievement from the Smithsonian's in March 2025 for her enduring contributions to aerospace software. She has supported education through affiliations with her alma mater, , where she received an honorary in May 2025, and broader initiatives fostering opportunities for underrepresented groups in science and . No major health issues have been publicly disclosed.

References

  1. [1]
    Margaret Hamilton - Engineering and Technology History Wiki
    Jul 26, 2024 · Margaret Hamilton was born in 1936 in Indiana, and is a computer scientist, one of the first software programmers, and helped write the code for the command ...Missing: education career
  2. [2]
    Margaret Hamilton - NASA Science
    Margaret Hamilton, a computer scientist who led the Software Engineering Division of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which in 1961 contracted with NASA.
  3. [3]
    Apollo code developer Margaret Hamilton receives Presidential ...
    Nov 17, 2016 · Hamilton earned her undergraduate degree in mathematics from Earlham College, did postgraduate work in meteorology at MIT, and then moved to ...Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
  4. [4]
    Margaret Hamilton - CHM - Computer History Museum
    Margaret H. Hamilton was born in Paoli, Indiana, and studied mathematics at the University of Michigan and Earlham College. She graduated with a bachelor's ...Missing: career | Show results with:career
  5. [5]
    Margaret Hamilton Reflects on Life, Career, and SAGE
    Jul 21, 2022 · Her first exposure to programming came at MIT, where she programmed meteorological simulations for Professor Edward Lorenz, one of the foremost ...Missing: early | Show results with:early
  6. [6]
    Margaret Hamilton - NASA
    Sep 3, 2003 · Margaret Hamilton, leader of the team that developed the flight software for the agency's Apollo missions, has been granted a NASA Exceptional Space Act Award.Missing: scientist biography
  7. [7]
    [PDF] Oral History of Margaret Hamilton
    Margaret Hamilton: I was born in Paoli, Indiana. And I'm not telling what year. <laughs> But it was 1936 in August. Brock: And could you describe where ...
  8. [8]
    Margaret Hamilton, Lead Software Engineer for NASA's Apollo 11 ...
    Oct 3, 2018 · Margaret Hamilton was born in 1936 in Paoli, Indiana and grew up under the intellectual influence of her family heroes: her father, Kenneth ...Missing: background childhood
  9. [9]
    Margaret Hamilton: 'They worried that the men might rebel. They didn't'
    Jul 13, 2019 · Here I learned what a computer was and how to write software. Computer science and software engineering were not yet disciplines; instead, ...
  10. [10]
    Her Code Got Humans on the Moon—And Invented Software Itself
    Oct 13, 2015 · Hamilton, a 24-year-old with an undergrad degree in mathematics, had gotten a job as a programmer at MIT, and the plan was for her to support ...Missing: self- | Show results with:self-<|control11|><|separator|>
  11. [11]
    Math Whizzes and Computing Pros - CHM
    LGP-30,1959-1961. Margaret wrote weather-prediction software on the LGP-30 for MIT meteorology professor Edward Lorenz, who used her work in the development ...
  12. [12]
    [PDF] Acceptance speech by Ms Margaret H. Hamilton - UPC
    Oct 18, 2018 · ters; I developed weather prediction applications in hexadecimal and binary on the LGP-30. Known for his ground-breaking work in chaos ...
  13. [13]
    The Hidden Heroines of Chaos | Quanta Magazine
    May 20, 2019 · Ellen Fetter and Margaret Hamilton were responsible for programming the enormous 1960s-era computer that would uncover strange attractors and other hallmarks ...
  14. [14]
    Margaret Hamilton: The Untold Story of the Woman Who Took Us to ...
    Nov 19, 2016 · ... Earlham College, one of the math professors at Earlham College was a ... The ultimate goal would be that of teaching one how to think (design).
  15. [15]
    2017 CHM Fellow Margaret Hamilton - Computer History Museum
    Apr 27, 2017 · While Hamilton worked on the prototype SAGE computer, whose military designation is AN-FSQ-7, she learned a great deal about the importance of ...Missing: MITRE | Show results with:MITRE
  16. [16]
    [PDF] Enabling America on the Space Frontier | NASA
    Dec 11, 2024 · (MIT) Instrumentation Laboratory, now known as ... Paul Ceruzzi, “Apollo Guidance Computer and the First Silicon Chips, Smithsonian National Air ...
  17. [17]
    Recalling the 'Giant Leap' | MIT News
    Jul 17, 2009 · Forty years ago, computer scientists at the MIT Instrumentation Lab ... Margaret Hamilton Was responsible for the Apollo On-Board ...Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
  18. [18]
    Moonshot Computing | American Scientist
    Extended Interview with Margaret Hamilton. Margaret H. Hamilton had no prior experience with computers in 1959 when she took a temporary job as a programmer.Missing: scheduling | Show results with:scheduling
  19. [19]
    [PDF] Introduction to Software Engineering - NASA Technical Reports Server
    What Is Software Engineering? Software Engineering is not programming! The term was coined by Margaret Hamilton in 1963- 1964, director of the Software ...Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
  20. [20]
    Margaret Hamilton on Her Daughter's Simulation | Hack the Moon
    Margaret Hamilton worked in computer science and software engineering for the Apollo Program and the MIT Instrumentation Lab / Draper.Missing: contributions 12-17 ground- testing documentation
  21. [21]
    Margaret Hamilton Led the NASA Software Team That Landed ...
    Mar 14, 2019 · Thanks to the success of her work at SAGE, she was the first programmer hired for the Apollo project at MIT. In 1965, she became head of her own ...
  22. [22]
    [PDF] HOS Higher Order Software, Inc.
    By the time Apollo I I lifted off the pad, the software leam. led by Margaret Hamilton, had analyzed software management and development tKhniques and the ...
  23. [23]
    [PDF] Universal Systems Language: Lessons Learned from Apollo
    Margaret H. Hamilton and William R. Hackler. Hamilton Technologies, Inc. C O V E R F E A T U R E. 34. Computer. Published by the IEEE Computer Society. 0018- ...
  24. [24]
    Margaret Hamilton | Biography & Facts | Britannica
    Oct 28, 2025 · Margaret Hamilton (born August 17, 1936, Paoli, Indiana, US) is an American computer scientist who was one of the first computer software programmers.
  25. [25]
    “Everyone thought that programming was the easiest job ... - Huxley
    “Everyone thought that programming was the easiest job, something like shorthand.” Rules of life for Margaret Hamilton, the self-taught programmer who conquered ...Missing: directed learning
  26. [26]
    Celebrating Presidential Medal of Freedom Winners in Science and ...
    Nov 22, 2016 · Hamilton: Margaret H. Hamilton led the team that created the on-board flight software for NASA's Apollo command modules and lunar modules. A ...
  27. [27]
    National Air and Space Museum's 2025 Michael Collins Trophy ...
    Feb 19, 2025 · The Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum will award its 2025 Michael Collins Trophy to Margaret Hamilton for Lifetime Achievement and the OSIRIS-REx ...
  28. [28]
    Michael Collins Trophy | National Air and Space Museum
    Lifetime Achievement ; 2025 Margaret Hamilton ; 2024 Peggy Whitson ; 2023 William "Bill" Anders ; 2022 Wally Funk 2021 Eugene "Gene" Kranz 2020 Dr. Charles Elachi.
  29. [29]
    Luminaries – Margaret Hamilton
    Nov 30, 2019 · The AN/FSQ-7 used a total of 60,000 vacuum tubes (49,000 in the computers) and up to 3 megawatts of electricity, performing about 75,000 ...Missing: 1961 | Show results with:1961
  30. [30]
    Margaret Hamilton | National Aviation Hall of Fame
    President Barack Obama awarded Hamilton the Presidential Medal of Freedom for her pioneering spirit and dedication to NASA in 2016. Hamilton would continue ...Missing: Women Lifetime Achievement 2002
  31. [31]
    Women of NASA Lego set blasts off | MIT News
    Mar 2, 2017 · The set depicts five trailblazers in NASA's history: Margaret Hamilton, a computer scientist who led the development of software for the Apollo ...Missing: biography | Show results with:biography<|control11|><|separator|>
  32. [32]
    A moonlit tribute to a moon landing icon - The Keyword
    Jul 18, 2019 · As the 50th anniversary of the moon landing approaches, we honor Margaret Hamilton's contribution with a portrait made of moonlight.
  33. [33]
    "Moon Machines" The Navigation Computer (TV Episode 2008) - IMDb
    Rating 8.2/10 (20) Moon Machines (2008). Documentary. We tell the story of how a group of computer scientists grappled with the challenge of navigation of a round trip to the ...
  34. [34]
    NASA's first software engineer: Margaret Hamilton | TED Talk
    Mar 5, 2020 · The Apollo 11 moon landing was about the astronauts, mission control, software and hardware all working together as a seamless integrated ...
  35. [35]
    First Software Engineer | IEEE Computer Society
    Oct 5, 2018 · Margaret Hamilton, lead software engineer of the Apollo Project, stands next to a huge stack of code written by her and her team, in 1969.
  36. [36]
    Margaret Hamilton - The Woman Who Put Men on the Moon
    Apr 1, 2019 · In 2016, Margaret Hamilton was honored with the highest civilian award in the United States, the Medal of Freedom, by President Barack Obama.
  37. [37]
    No Choice But to Be a Pioneer: The Story of Margaret Hamilton
    Jul 17, 2019 · Margaret Hamilton was born Margaret Heafield on August 17 ... From there she moved on to MIT's Lincoln Laboratory, where she wrote ...
  38. [38]
    Margaret Hamilton | MIT Technology Review
    Aug 16, 2019 · Hamilton was the head of software engineering for the Apollo program. As she likes to say, the Eagle's crew were the first humans to walk on the lunar surface.
  39. [39]
    Margaret Hamilton: Pioneering Software Engineer Who Saved the ...
    Oct 4, 2021 · As part of her work there, Hamilton learned how to program using the PDP-1 and LGP-30 computers to create predictive models for weather ...
  40. [40]
    Margaret Hamilton - iFeminist
    Nov 2, 2020 · She graduated from Hancock High School located in Hancock, Michigan in 1954. After graduation, Hamilton attended the University of Michigan ...
  41. [41]
    Hamilton Family History - Sorted By Name
    HAMILTON, MARGARET H and DANIEL J LICKLY had their marriage certificate, number 196909260511968, recorded in Clark County, Nevada, U.S.A. 26 September 1969.
  42. [42]
    https://sortedbyname.com/letter_h/hamilton/margareth_hamilton.html
  43. [43]
    It should be pointed out, just for balance, that Margaret Hamilton was ...
    Nov 19, 2016 · She did not become head of program development until Dan Lickly left; which is exactly what she says. This happened after the Apollo 11 flight.Missing: obituary | Show results with:obituary
  44. [44]
    Margaret Hamilton '58 to receive honorary Doctor of Science at ...
    May 7, 2025 · Hamilton earned her degree in mathematics with a minor in philosophy at Earlham, laying the foundation for a distinguished career at the ...Missing: Hancock High