Marlee Matlin
Marlee Beth Matlin (born August 24, 1965) is an American actress, author, and activist who became profoundly deaf at 18 months old following an illness.[1][2] She rose to prominence with her debut performance in the 1986 film Children of a Lesser God, earning the Academy Award for Best Actress and becoming the first deaf performer to win an acting Oscar, as well as the youngest woman to receive the award in that category at age 21.[3][4] Matlin has since appeared in notable television roles, including on The West Wing, and has been a vocal advocate for deaf accessibility in media, notably contributing to the expansion of closed captioning on television.[5]Early Life
Family Background and Childhood
Marlee Beth Matlin was born on August 24, 1965, in Morton Grove, Illinois, to Donald Matlin, an automobile dealer, and Libby Matlin (née Hammer).[6] As the youngest of three children and the family's only daughter, she grew up alongside two older brothers, Eric and Marc, in an upper-middle-class Jewish household in this Chicago suburb.[6] [7] Matlin's parents identified her profound hearing loss at approximately 18 months of age, following a severe illness that left her deaf; early medical assessments attributed it to conditions such as roseola or German measles, though a later diagnosis in her 40s suggested a possible genetic cause.[8] [7] [9] Her family emphasized integration into hearing society, enrolling her in a mixed deaf and hearing school where she learned to communicate primarily through speech and lip-reading, supplemented by some sign language.[8] [9] From an early age, Matlin displayed an interest in performance, beginning to act in local community theater productions at seven years old, which provided an outlet despite communication barriers and occasional isolation.[9] Her parents supported these activities while managing her deafness through practical adaptations, reflecting a family dynamic focused on resilience rather than segregation.[8]Onset of Deafness and Early Education
Matlin was born hearing on August 24, 1965, in Morton Grove, Illinois, but lost her hearing suddenly at 18 months old following a high fever associated with an illness.[9] [10] For much of her life, she attributed the cause to a viral infection such as roseola, though a doctor's assessment in her early 40s indicated it was likely due to a genetic condition rather than an acquired infection.[7] [9] This onset left her as the only deaf member of her hearing family, prompting adaptations that included a mix of oral speech training and eventual use of sign language.[11] In her early years, Matlin attended an oral school near Chicago, where emphasis was placed on developing speech skills without reliance on sign language.[12] At age five, she began learning American Sign Language, integrating it with lip-reading and spoken English in a bilingual approach facilitated by her family.[12] She also participated in a synagogue for the deaf, where she phonetically studied Hebrew to prepare for her bat mitzvah, demonstrating early accommodations for religious and cultural education.[7] For secondary education, Matlin enrolled at John Hersey High School in Arlington Heights, Illinois, a mainstream public school with substantial support for deaf and hard-of-hearing students through self-contained classes and inclusion programs.[8] This environment allowed her to pursue academics alongside hearing peers while accessing interpreters and specialized instruction, graduating in 1983.[8] Following high school, she briefly attended Harper College in Palatine, Illinois, intending to study criminal justice with aspirations of becoming a police officer, though she left after one year to focus on performing arts.[13]Acting Career
Breakthrough Role and Film Debut (1980s)
Matlin achieved her breakthrough with the lead role of Sarah Norman in the 1986 film Children of a Lesser God, directed by Randa Haines and adapted from Mark Medoff's Tony Award-winning play of the same name.[14] In the romantic drama, she portrayed a rebellious deaf custodian at a school for the deaf who develops a complex relationship with her hearing speech therapist, played by William Hurt.[15] This marked her feature film debut, following her stage performance as a minor character in the Chicago production of the play, where she was discovered by actor Henry Winkler.[16] [17] Matlin's performance, delivered primarily through American Sign Language with voice-over interpretation, earned widespread critical acclaim for its authenticity and emotional depth.[5] On March 30, 1987, at the 59th Academy Awards, she won the Oscar for Best Actress, becoming the first deaf performer to receive the honor and, at age 21 years and 218 days, the youngest winner in that category to date.[3] [18] Her acceptance speech, delivered in sign language and interpreted aloud, highlighted the milestone for deaf representation in Hollywood.[10] The success of Children of a Lesser God, which grossed over $41.6 million worldwide against a budget of approximately $6 million, propelled Matlin into further opportunities, including a supporting role as Doña Yelba in the 1987 historical adventure Walker, directed by Alex Cox.[1] Despite the film's mixed reception and commercial underperformance, her early 1980s film work established her as a pioneering figure for disabled actors in mainstream cinema.[15]Television Expansion and Sustained Roles (1990s–2000s)
Matlin transitioned to television prominence with the lead role of Assistant District Attorney Tess Kaufman in the NBC police drama Reasonable Doubts, which aired from September 26, 1991, to May 13, 1993, spanning 44 episodes over two seasons.[1] Her portrayal of the deaf prosecutor navigating professional and personal challenges alongside detective Dicky Cobb earned her consecutive Golden Globe nominations for Best Actress in a Television Series – Drama in 1992 and 1993.[1] The series concluded after its second season due to declining ratings, marking Matlin's first sustained starring role on network television. She garnered critical attention through guest appearances, including as attorney Laura on the NBC sitcom Seinfeld in the September 30, 1993, episode "The Lip Reader," where her character assists in reading lips during a tennis tournament scandal; this performance resulted in a 1994 Primetime Emmy nomination for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series.[19] Similarly, her role as the deaf bank robber Laurie Bey in the October 21, 1993, episode "The Dancing Bandit" of CBS's Picket Fences earned her a 1994 Primetime Emmy nomination for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series. These nominations highlighted her versatility across genres, with Picket Fences later featuring her as a series regular in its fourth and final season in 1996, appearing in 19 episodes as Bey. Into the 2000s, Matlin secured a recurring role as pollster and campaign strategist Joey Lucas on NBC's The West Wing, debuting in the October 4, 2000, episode "Let Bartlet Be Bartlet" and appearing in 25 episodes through the series' end in 2006. The character's use of an interpreter underscored themes of accessibility in politics, aligning with Matlin's advocacy. She also played Jodi Lerner in 27 episodes of Showtime's The L Word from 2007 to 2009, contributing to the ensemble drama's exploration of lesbian relationships in Los Angeles.[1] These roles solidified her presence in prestige television, often emphasizing deaf representation without reducing her characters to their disability.[20]
Stage, Recent Films, and Documentary Reflections (2010s–2025)
Matlin made her Broadway debut in 2015 with the Deaf West Theatre production of Spring Awakening, portraying the Adult Woman in a bilingual revival that incorporated American Sign Language alongside spoken dialogue.[21] The production, directed by Michael Arden, ran at the Brooks Atkinson Theatre from September 2015 to May 2016 and earned multiple Tony Award nominations, highlighting Matlin's continued stage presence after earlier regional theater work.[22] In film, Matlin appeared in supporting roles during the 2010s, including as Ruth in the psychological thriller The One I Love (2014), directed by Charlie McDowell, which explored relational dynamics through a surreal narrative.[23] She also featured in Some Kind of Beautiful (2014), a romantic comedy retitled How to Make Love Like an Englishman in some markets, playing the mother of a central character amid themes of cross-cultural romance.[23] Later projects included the sci-fi short Multiverse (2019), where she contributed to a story of alternate realities, and a prominent role as Jackie Rossi, the deaf mother, in CODA (2021), an Academy Award-winning drama about a hearing child of deaf adults that emphasized authentic representation.[23][20] The 2025 documentary Marlee Matlin: Not Alone Anymore, directed by Shoshannah Stern and premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 24, 2025, before airing on PBS's American Masters series in October, centers on Matlin's reflections on her trailblazing career and personal challenges.[24][25] Filmed primarily in American Sign Language without voiceover narration, the film addresses her experiences as the first deaf Oscar winner, including industry barriers and advocacy efforts, drawing on archival footage and interviews to underscore her influence on disability representation in media.[25] Matlin's introspections in the documentary highlight the complexities of fame for a deaf performer, rejecting isolation narratives in favor of community-driven progress.[26]Advocacy and Public Influence
Deaf Rights and Hollywood Representation
Matlin has served as a celebrity spokesperson for the National Association of the Deaf (NAD), supporting initiatives such as funding for schools serving deaf students in New York in 2011.[27] She collaborated with the NAD in 2014 to urge Congress to mandate closed captioning on streaming video platforms, contributing to subsequent FCC rules requiring accurate, synchronous captions for video programming delivered via internet protocol.[28] Her advocacy extends to broader accessibility, including deaf education and the promotion of American Sign Language, emphasizing empirical needs for communication access over oral-only approaches.[29] In 1990, Matlin testified before Congress in support of the Television Decoder Circuitry Act, which mandated closed captioning decoders in televisions, with the requirement taking effect in 1993 for sets 13 inches or larger.[30] She conditioned her participation in television projects on producers' commitments to provide captioning, ensuring deaf audiences could access content without relying on inconsistent accommodations.[31] These efforts addressed causal barriers in media consumption, where lack of captions effectively excluded deaf individuals from public discourse and entertainment, prioritizing verifiable technological solutions over symbolic gestures. Matlin's 1986 debut in Children of a Lesser God marked her as the youngest woman and first deaf performer to win the Academy Award for Best Actress in 1987, challenging industry skepticism about deaf actors' viability in lead roles.[32] She advocated for authentic casting by threatening to withdraw from the 2021 film CODA unless a deaf actor portrayed the deaf father, resulting in Troy Kotsur's selection and his subsequent Oscar win for Best Supporting Actor, alongside the film's Best Picture award.[33] This insistence countered hearing actors' historical dominance in deaf roles, which often distorted sign language usage and cultural nuances, as evidenced by persistent underrepresentation—deaf performers remain rare in major productions despite her breakthroughs.[34]Disability Policy and Broader Activism
Matlin has advocated for legislative measures enhancing accessibility for individuals with disabilities, particularly through closed captioning requirements. In 1990, she testified before Congress in support of mandating closed captioning on televisions, contributing to the passage of legislation that required TV sets to include decoder chips, with the standards taking effect in 1993.[35][36] This effort addressed barriers faced by deaf and hard-of-hearing viewers, promoting broader media access without relying on secondary accommodations. Her involvement extended to streaming services, where she pushed for closed captioning obligations on platforms like Netflix to ensure compliance with accessibility standards.[10] In policy forums beyond captioning, Matlin participated in a 2009 Federal Communications Commission hearing on broadband access for people with disabilities, emphasizing equitable digital inclusion.[37] As of January 2015, she serves as a celebrity ambassador for the American Civil Liberties Union on disability rights, focusing on interactions between law enforcement and the deaf community; in 2014, she featured in an ACLU video highlighting risks such as miscommunications leading to escalated encounters or fatalities during police contacts with deaf individuals.[1][38] In 2020, she endorsed a lawsuit by the National Association of the Deaf against the White House for failing to provide sign language interpreters during COVID-19 briefings, arguing it violated the Americans with Disabilities Act by denying effective communication.[39] Matlin's activism encompasses global humanitarian efforts intersecting with disability policy. On October 8, 2024, she was appointed Global Ambassador for International Medical Corps, tasked with raising awareness of barriers faced by people with disabilities in crisis zones, including limited access to aid and medical services tailored to their needs.[40] This role builds on her domestic advocacy by addressing systemic gaps in international response frameworks, where disabilities often exacerbate vulnerability to neglect or discrimination in resource allocation. Her work underscores a consistent emphasis on enforceable policies over symbolic gestures, prioritizing measurable improvements in access and safety.Political Stances and Endorsements
Matlin has voiced strong opposition to Donald Trump. In October 2016, during a campaign event in Milwaukee, she described Trump as unfit for the presidency, emphasizing his lack of suitability for office.[41] She also condemned reports from The Apprentice production tapes alleging that Trump repeatedly called her "retarded" behind the scenes during her 2008 participation in Celebrity Apprentice, stating the term was "abhorrent and should never be used."[42][43][44] In August 2020, Matlin backed the National Association of the Deaf's lawsuit against the Trump administration for omitting sign language interpreters from COVID-19 press briefings, deeming the omission "unfathomable" and a violation of accessibility standards under the Americans with Disabilities Act.[39] Ahead of the 2020 presidential election, she posted on Facebook urging followers to "Vote. Vote. VOTE!" without specifying candidates.[45] Matlin has engaged positively with Democratic figures on disability issues. In April 2022, she attended a White House screening of CODA hosted by President Joe Biden and First Lady Jill Biden, where she bonded with Biden over their personal experiences with disabilities—his stutter and her deafness—discussing advocacy for representation.[46][47] On October 14, 2025, she endorsed Howard Rosenblum, her childhood friend and former National Association of the Deaf CEO, for the Democratic nomination in Illinois' 7th congressional district, praising his commitment to civil rights and a more representative government.[48] No records indicate formal campaign donations or explicit party registration.Personal Life
Relationships and Marriage
Matlin was in a relationship with actor William Hurt from approximately 1985 to 1986, during the filming of Children of a Lesser God, which she later detailed as involving physical and verbal abuse in her 2009 memoir I'll Scream Later.[49] She subsequently dated actors including Rob Lowe from 1987 to 1988 and David E. Kelley from 1989 to 1992.[50] Matlin met her husband, Kevin Grandalski, a Burbank police officer, on the set of the television series Reasonable Doubts in the early 1990s.[51] [52] The couple dated for seven months before marrying on August 29, 1993, at the home of actor Henry Winkler in Los Angeles.[53] [54] As of 2025, the marriage has endured for over 32 years, with no public reports of separation or divorce.[55]Family and Parenting Choices
Marlee Matlin married Kevin Grandalski, a police officer whom she met on the set of the television series Walker, Texas Ranger, in August 1993.[51] The couple has four hearing children: daughters Sarah (born 1996) and Isabelle (born circa 2005), and sons Brandon (born circa 2001) and Tyler (born circa 2003).[51][56] As the sole deaf member of her immediate family of origin, Matlin has raised her children in a bilingual environment incorporating American Sign Language (ASL) alongside spoken English, reflecting her own upbringing where her hearing parents mixed speech and signing to facilitate communication.[8] Matlin has described her parenting approach as fostering openness and tolerance, with her children demonstrating adaptability to her deafness from an early age; for instance, her son Brandon learned ASL, English, and Spanish by age four.[8][57] She has prioritized family involvement in her professional life, such as bringing son Tyler as her date to the 2024 Academy Awards, where they coordinated outfits, highlighting close parent-child bonds.[58] In 2023, daughter Sarah's pregnancy made Matlin a grandmother-to-be, an event she shared publicly with enthusiasm.[56] Matlin's choices emphasize practical accommodation over medical interventions like cochlear implants for her hearing children, instead promoting cultural exposure to deafness through ASL fluency and family discussions on disability; she has noted her children's innate supportiveness, attributing it to early immersion in diverse communication methods rather than isolation from her deaf identity.[57][8] This approach aligns with her advocacy for inclusive family dynamics, avoiding over-reliance on auditory tools while ensuring verbal skills for broader societal integration.[51]Addiction Recovery and Health Challenges
Matlin experienced significant substance abuse issues in her early adulthood, primarily involving cocaine and marijuana, which she attributed to coping with childhood sexual abuse by a babysitter and later experiences of violence.[59][60] These struggles intensified following her breakout role, leading her to enter rehabilitation at the Betty Ford Center to address her cocaine and marijuana addiction.[61] She was in rehab at the time she learned of her Academy Award nomination for Children of a Lesser God in early 1987.[62] Matlin achieved sobriety in 1987, marking over 38 years clean by 2025, which she has described as "the best gift I ever gave myself."[63][64] In reflections on her recovery, she emphasized personal resolve over external factors, noting in a 2025 interview that sobriety enabled sustained professional and personal stability despite prior heavy dependence.[63] Beyond addiction, Matlin's primary health challenge stems from profound deafness resulting from a severe illness accompanied by high fevers at 18 months of age, which caused permanent hearing loss.[8][65] This condition has shaped her life and career, though she has not reported other major personal health diagnoses such as cancer, which affected family members including her father, who died from multiple myeloma.[66]Controversies and Criticisms
Allegations of Abuse by William Hurt
Marlee Matlin and William Hurt entered a romantic relationship in 1986 while co-starring in the film Children of a Lesser God, during which Matlin was 21 years old and Hurt was 36; the relationship lasted approximately two years.[9][67] In her 2009 autobiography I'll Scream Later, Matlin alleged that Hurt engaged in a pattern of physical, emotional, and sexual abuse toward her throughout this period, including violent arguments that resulted in bruises, cuts, and a split lip, as well as at least one instance where she feared for her life.[9][67] She specifically recounted an episode of sexual violence in which Hurt, intoxicated, returned home at 4:30 a.m. and raped her.[9] Corroborative accounts from contemporaries include film director Randa Haines observing bruises on Matlin during production and interpreter Jack Jason witnessing a black eye on a private flight.[67] Matlin also described emotional manipulation, such as Hurt's post-Oscar win reaction on March 30, 1987, when he reportedly questioned her deserving the Best Actress award in the limousine ride afterward and suggested she take acting classes, leaving her stunned.[9][67] These claims, detailed in Matlin's first-person narrative, highlight vulnerabilities exacerbated by her youth, relative inexperience, and deafness, which Hurt allegedly exploited by turning away during conversations to impede lip-reading.[67] On April 14, 2009, following the memoir's release, Hurt responded via statement to E! News, neither confirming nor denying the specific incidents but acknowledging, "My own recollection is that we both apologized and both did a great deal to heal our lives. Of course, I did and do apologize for any pain I caused. And I know we have both grown. I wish Marlee and her family nothing but good."[68] No criminal charges were filed regarding the alleged abuse, which occurred in the late 1980s. Matlin has maintained that Hurt influenced her decision to enter rehabilitation for cocaine addiction amid the relationship's turmoil.[67] After Hurt's death on March 13, 2022, Matlin issued a statement recognizing his acting mentorship—"He taught me a great deal as an actor and he was one-of-a-kind"—while standing by her prior disclosures.[69] She subsequently faced public backlash, including online criticism for revisiting the allegations posthumously, which she addressed in the 2025 documentary Marlee Matlin: Not Alone Anymore by describing Hurt's "habit of abuse" and her pervasive fear, framing it within broader patterns of vulnerability for deaf women.[70][67] The claims remain unadjudicated in court but are supported by Matlin's consistent testimony and third-party observations, with Hurt's apology providing indirect validation of relational harm without legal resolution.[68][9]Intra-Community and Professional Backlash
Matlin's 1987 Academy Award acceptance speech, in which she alternated between American Sign Language and spoken English (with an interpreter voicing her words), ignited debate within the deaf community over the merits of oralism versus sign language primacy. Some deaf advocates viewed her use of audible speech as a concession to hearing norms, potentially undermining efforts to elevate ASL as the preferred mode of communication and culture, while others saw it as a pragmatic bridge for broader accessibility.[71][72] This tension reflected longstanding intra-community divisions, with purists favoring immersive Deaf cultural practices criticizing Matlin for embodying a hybrid approach that they argued diluted authentic representation. Her early fame positioned her as an unintended spokesperson, amplifying scrutiny; for instance, portions of the community expressed discomfort with her film's depiction of deaf experiences, perceiving elements of her Children of a Lesser God character as infantilizing or overly reliant on hearing perspectives.[7][31] Professionally, Matlin faced skepticism from critics who dismissed her Oscar victory as sympathy-driven rather than merit-based, with film critic Rex Reed publicly stating on October 1986 that her win stemmed from pity for her deafness rather than performance quality. Such remarks, echoed in media coverage, questioned her legitimacy in competitive Hollywood circles, though they originated from individual pundits rather than widespread industry consensus.[9][73]Skepticism Surrounding Awards and Achievements
Some detractors of Marlee Matlin's 1987 Academy Award for Best Actress in Children of a Lesser God argued that the win, which occurred at the 59th Academy Awards ceremony on March 30, 1987, represented a "sympathy vote" driven by her deafness rather than the quality of her performance.[74][75] Film critic Rex Reed explicitly stated that Matlin's Oscar resulted from pity for her disability, dismissing the merit-based aspect of the achievement.[76] Matlin herself has referenced facing such doubts in the aftermath, with critics questioning the legitimacy of the award and implying it overlooked stronger competitors like Jane Fonda or Sissy Spacek.[77][75] This skepticism extended to broader perceptions of her acting capabilities, with some observers attributing her success to novelty as the first deaf performer to win an acting Oscar rather than sustained skill, especially given limited subsequent major nominations in competitive categories.[31] Matlin encountered accusations of relying on a "pity vote" in media discussions, which she later described as laced with ignorance about deaf performers' abilities.[78][25] While Matlin received supporting accolades like a Golden Globe for the same role earlier in 1987, similar undertones of condescension appeared in coverage, framing her breakthrough as inspirational tokenism over artistic excellence.[33] Later honors, such as her 2016 appointment to the National Council on Disability by President Barack Obama on September 29, 2016, drew minimal direct criticism tied to merit, though some within the deaf community expressed reservations about her advocacy aligning with mainstream institutions potentially diluting purer cultural representation.[71] Overall, the pity-vote narrative has persisted in retrospective analyses, often cited by Matlin as emblematic of barriers deaf actors face in gaining unqualified recognition for professional accomplishments.[79]Awards and Honors
Matlin received the Academy Award for Best Actress for her debut role as Sarah Norman in the 1986 film Children of a Lesser God at the 59th Academy Awards ceremony on March 30, 1987, marking her as the youngest winner in that category at age 21 and the first deaf performer to receive an Oscar.[1][80] She also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama for the same performance on January 31, 1987, becoming the first deaf actress to achieve this honor.[1][81] In addition, she earned the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress for Children of a Lesser God.[82] Matlin has received four Primetime Emmy Award nominations for her television work, including Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for a 1993 episode of Seinfeld and Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for Picket Fences in 1994, though she has not won in this category.[83] She was nominated for Golden Globes for her roles in the television series Reasonable Doubts in 1992 and 1993.[81] In 2024, she won a Los Angeles Area Emmy for Entertainment Programming related to the 2023 Media Access Awards with Easterseals.[83] Other honors include a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, unveiled on May 6, 2009, as the 2,383rd recipient in the motion pictures category.[84] In 2025, Matlin accepted an Academy Award of Merit on behalf of efforts advancing captioning in film and television.[85] She has also been recognized by organizations such as the Kennedy Center for her contributions to performing arts, including her Oscar-winning debut.[86]Authored Works
Matlin authored the memoir I'll Scream Later, published on April 14, 2009, by Gallery Books, which details her experiences with deafness from infancy, her acting career breakthrough, personal relationships including an abusive one with William Hurt, substance abuse issues, and recovery. The book received mixed reviews, with some praising its candidness on disability and Hollywood challenges, while others noted its focus on sensational elements over deeper insights into deaf culture.[87] She co-authored a trilogy of children's novels with Doug Cooney, aimed at middle-grade readers and incorporating themes of deafness, friendship, and inclusion, drawing loosely from her childhood.- Deaf Child Crossing (Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, September 2002), follows a deaf girl navigating summer camp and hearing friendships.
- Nobody's Perfect (Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, May 2006), continues the story with themes of imperfection and self-acceptance among diverse children.
- Leading Ladies (Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, November 2007), explores leadership and performance in a school talent show context.