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Microcentrum

Microcentrum is a genus of katydids in the subfamily Phaneropterinae of the family Tettigoniidae, commonly referred to as angle-wing katydids due to the distinctive angular or leaf-like shape of their forewings, which aid in camouflage among foliage.^[1]^[2] The genus, established by Samuel Hubbard Scudder in 1862, encompasses approximately 34 species worldwide, with six recognized in the United States and Canada.^[1] These insects are primarily distributed across the Neotropical region, extending northward into the southern and eastern United States, where species such as Microcentrum rhombifolium (broad-winged katydid) and Microcentrum retinerve (angular-winged katydid) are common.^[1]^[2] Microcentrum species are characterized by slender, green bodies that mimic leaves, a humped pronotum often featuring a small median tooth in some species, and forewings that curve more sharply along the upper margin than the lower.^[1]^[2] As herbivorous insects, they primarily feed on foliage, flowers, and fruits, though they rarely cause significant damage to plants and are not considered major pests.^[2] They exhibit a univoltine life cycle, overwintering as eggs laid in slits on twigs, with nymphs hatching in spring and adults emerging in summer to engage in nocturnal singing behaviors, where males produce calls to attract females.^[2]

Taxonomy and etymology

Taxonomic history

The genus Microcentrum was established by Samuel Hubbard Scudder in 1862 as part of his materials for a monograph on North American Orthoptera, with Microcentrum affiliatum Scudder, 1862, designated as the type species; this name was later synonymized with M. rhombifolium (Saussure, 1859) by Rehn and Hebard in 1908 during revisions that clarified the type status.^[3] The genus is placed within the family Tettigoniidae, subfamily Phaneropterinae (Burmeister, 1838), and tribe Microcentrini (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878), a classification consistently recognized in modern orthopteran taxonomy. Key revisions have incorporated several junior synonyms into Microcentrum, including Microcentrus Riley, 1874 (a misspelling), Linkia Piza, 1971, Acrephyllum Piza, 1973, Malkinia Piza, 1979, and Carnavalia Koçak & Kemal, 2008, reflecting efforts to resolve nomenclatural overlaps in Phaneropterinae. Currently, Microcentrum is recognized in the Orthoptera Species File with approximately 34 valid species, primarily distributed in the Neotropics and southern Nearctic; notable recent additions include M. xavieri Sovano & Cadena-Castañeda, 2015, from the Brazilian Amazon, described as part of a regional study addressing taxonomic uncertainties in Amazonian phaneropterines.^[1]^[4] Historical challenges in classifying Microcentrum have stemmed from morphological similarities with other phaneropterine genera, such as variable wing venation and stridulatory structures, leading to issues like the designation of M. punctifrons Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1890, as a nomen dubium due to inadequate original descriptions and lost types.

Etymology and synonyms

The genus name Microcentrum, established by Scudder in 1862, derives from the Greek roots mikros (small) and kentron (center or point), likely alluding to the compact pronotal disk characteristic of species in this group.^[5]^[6] Historical synonyms of the genus include Microcentrus Riley, 1874 (a subsequent misspelling), Linkia Piza, 1971 (preoccupied and replaced), Acrephyllum Piza, 1973, Malkinia Piza, 1979 (preoccupied), and Carnavalia Koçak & Kemal, 2008 (a replacement name).^[4] At the species level, Microcentrum malkini Piza, 1980 is recognized as a junior subjective synonym of Microcentrum marginatum Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878.^[7] Species of Microcentrum are commonly known as angle-wing katydids, a name reflecting the distinctive angular venation and shape of their wings.

Description

Adult morphology

Adult individuals of the genus Microcentrum are medium to large katydids, with body lengths typically ranging from 20 to 65 mm across species, such as the smaller M. xavieri at 22–26 mm and the larger M. rhombifolium at 52–63 mm.^[8]^[9] The overall body structure features an elongated pronotum that extends posteriorly into angular projections, creating the distinctive "angle-wing" silhouette characteristic of the genus and aiding in their arboreal lifestyle.^[1]^[10] Key morphological features include thread-like antennae that exceed the body length, often measuring 1.5–2 times longer, which serve sensory functions in navigation and mate location.^[11] Females are equipped with a short, robust ovipositor that is upturned and serrated internally for egg deposition, typically 6–15 mm in length or less than half the body size, distinguishing them from genera with elongate ovipositors.^[8]^[12] In males, the tegmina bear a stridulatory file on the underside of the left forewing, a file-like ridge used to produce acoustic signals by rubbing against a scraper on the right tegmen.^[13] The wings exhibit specialized morphology adapted for camouflage and flight: the tegmina are broad, semicoriaceous, and leaf-like with lanceolate outlines, overlaying and concealing the smaller, folded hind wings beneath. Venation patterns are genus-specific, featuring prominent rhomboidal cells and delineated veins that enhance the leaf-mimicry effect.^[8]^[2] Coloration is predominantly bright green, often accented with brown, yellow, or ivory markings along veins and edges, providing effective crypsis against foliage; sexual dimorphism is evident in slightly larger wing size in females and more elongate, incurved cerci in males.^[14]^[15] Sensory structures include tympanal organs located on the proximal tibiae of the forelegs, enabling the detection of conspecific songs and predator sounds through vibration-sensitive membranes.^[16] The large compound eyes are adapted for enhanced motion detection in low-light conditions, consistent with their primarily nocturnal activity.^[2]

Immature stages

The immature stages of Microcentrum species consist of nymphs that undergo hemimetabolous development, passing through typically six instars before molting into adults.^[17] Nymphs hatch from overwintering eggs in spring and resemble miniature versions of the adults, featuring a green coloration that provides leaf-like camouflage, though early instars are generally paler and smaller, with body lengths increasing progressively from about 5 mm in the first instar to near adult size by the sixth.^[18]^[19] Morphological changes during nymphal development include the gradual elongation of antennae, which remain proportionally long relative to body size across instars, and the emergence and expansion of wing pads on the thoracic segments, starting as small buds in early instars and lengthening significantly in later ones to form the characteristic angled wings of adults.^[17] Female nymphs develop a shorter ovipositor in initial instars that lengthens with each molt, while caudal cerci become more prominent in later stages, potentially aiding in sensory and anti-predator functions such as balance and threat detection.^[20] Color patterns intensify over instars, with subtle speckling and veining enhancing crypsis against foliage, contrasting with the more defined adult markings.^[21] The nymphal period typically lasts 2 to 3 months, influenced by environmental temperature, with warmer conditions accelerating development; under laboratory conditions at moderate temperatures, each instar endures approximately 10 days, resulting in molts every 10 to 20 days in natural settings.^[17]^[22] During this phase, nymphs exhibit solitary foraging behavior, primarily chewing on leaves and plant tissues while perched on vegetation, and produce minimal vocalizations compared to the prominent stridulatory calls of adults.^[20]^[2]

Distribution and habitat

Geographic distribution

The genus Microcentrum is native to the Americas, with its range extending from southern Canada southward through the United States, Mexico, Central America, and into South America as far as Brazil and Argentina.^[23]^[24] In North America, species such as M. rhombifolium are widespread across the continent, occurring from southern Ontario and Quebec in Canada—where it is considered imperiled—through much of the contiguous United States, including states from Minnesota and Pennsylvania in the north to Florida and Texas in the south, and westward to Colorado.^[25]^[26] Species-specific distributions highlight regional variations within this broad range. For instance, M. californicum reaches its northern limits in the western United States, primarily in California and Arizona, while M. retinerve is more prevalent in the southeastern U.S., from New Jersey and Pennsylvania southward to Florida and west to Missouri and Texas.^[27] In southern extensions, species like M. angustatum occur in the Caribbean (e.g., Trinidad) and the Amazon basin, with records from Brazil, Colombia, and Bolivia. The genus is also present in Central America, with distributions spanning countries such as Costa Rica, Panama, and Nicaragua.^[28] In South America, Microcentrum species are concentrated in forested regions, including the Amazon rainforest and southeastern areas, with no major records of invasive spread outside the native range.^[29] Several species exhibit endemism, such as M. bicentenarium, which is restricted to southeastern Brazil, particularly around São Paulo. Recent observations in North America indicate northward and eastward range expansions for M. rhombifolium since the early 2000s, including new records in Pennsylvania as of 2017.^[26]

Habitat preferences

Microcentrum species predominantly occupy tropical and subtropical environments, including rainforests, woodlands, and gardens, while generally avoiding arid regions due to their reliance on moist, vegetated habitats. In North America, species such as Microcentrum rhombifolium are commonly found in forests, urban areas with tree cover, and woodland edges, where they thrive in areas with abundant foliage. Neotropical species, including those in the Amazon basin, are associated with intact rainforest ecosystems, showing a preference for undisturbed forest habitats over exploited areas.^[15]^[5]^[29] These katydids exhibit arboreal microhabitat preferences, typically residing on foliage 1–5 meters above the ground in both deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs, which facilitates their leaf-mimicry camouflage against predators. Adults often perch in the canopy or mid-level branches, blending seamlessly with surrounding vegetation in these elevated positions. This adaptation is evident across the genus, from North American woodlands to Amazonian forests.^[5]^[29] The genus occurs from sea level to moderate elevations, primarily in forested zones. Seasonally, North American populations are active during warmer months, with adults singing from late spring through autumn (e.g., June to November for M. rhombifolium), and overwintering as eggs laid in plant stems. In tropical regions like the Amazon, activity patterns are less seasonally constrained, aligning with consistent warm conditions.^[5]^[15]^[29]

Behavior and life history

Acoustic signals

Adult males of the genus Microcentrum produce acoustic signals primarily through stridulation, where a file on the underside of one forewing (tegmen) is rubbed against a scraper on the other tegmen, generating sound via wing vibration.^[30] This mechanism is typical of phaneropterine katydids and results in species-specific calls used for mate attraction and territorial defense.^[31] Call types vary by species but generally include a primary calling song for attracting females and shorter aggressive signals toward rivals. In M. rhombifolium, the widespread North American greater angle-wing katydid, the calling song consists of a rapid series of high-pitched ticks that accelerate in rate, forming a lisp-like rasp lasting several seconds (typically 5-10 seconds), while the aggressive call is a single staccato "dzt!" note.^[30] Similarly, M. retinerve, the lesser angle-wing, produces brief raspy rattles of 3-5 pulses each, grouped in 2-3 repetitions with about 1 second of silence between, serving as the attraction signal.^[32] These calls exhibit dominant frequencies in the 6-12 kHz range, with some energy extending to ultrasonic components above 20 kHz, potentially aiding in predator evasion by bats.^[33]^[34] Females exhibit phonotaxis, orienting and approaching calling males based on recognition of these species-specific songs; for instance, receptive M. rhombifolium females move toward the accelerating tick series during nocturnal calling bouts.^[30]^[35] Calls are repeated nightly, with durations of 5-20 seconds per bout in M. rhombifolium, facilitating long-distance communication in forested habitats.^[30] Call characteristics show variations influenced by environmental factors. In widespread species like M. rhombifolium, pulse rates increase with temperature, accelerating in warmer conditions (e.g., higher chirp rates above 25°C), a common trait in tettigoniids that enhances signal propagation.^[36] Geographic dialects may occur, with subtle differences in pulse structure or rate across populations, though specific patterns in Microcentrum remain understudied.^[36]

Reproduction and development

Males of Microcentrum species attract females through species-specific acoustic calls produced by stridulation of the forewings, prompting females to approach and initiate mating.^[37] During copulation, the male transfers a spermatophore, a sperm packet often containing a nutritive spermatophylax that the female consumes to nourish developing eggs.^[37] Mating is polygamous in several species, with males capable of multiple pairings to increase reproductive success.^[38] Females oviposit eggs using a blade-like ovipositor, inserting them into plant stems, leaf edges, twigs, or soil in late summer or fall.^[21] Eggs are typically laid in double rows resembling scales, with 3–28 eggs per batch and a total of 50–123 eggs per female over her lifespan, depending on species and conditions.^[39] In temperate regions, eggs overwinter diapausing within these sites before hatching in spring.^[11] The life cycle of Microcentrum is hemimetabolous, featuring incomplete metamorphosis with egg, nymph, and adult stages. Eggs hatch in spring (around May), and nymphs undergo 6 instars over 1–3 months, feeding and molting to reach adulthood by late summer.^[39] Adults live 1–2 months, during which reproduction occurs, with one generation per year in North American species; Neotropical species may produce 1–2 generations annually in warmer climates.^[2] Parental care is absent in most species.^[40]

Ecology

Diet and feeding

Microcentrum species are primarily herbivorous, consuming foliage, flowers, and fruits from a variety of woody plants and shrubs.^[41] They show a preference for plants with soft tissues, including tender new growth, and are generalist feeders without strong host plant specialization. Foraging occurs primarily at night, with individuals chewing along leaf edges or creating ragged holes to minimize visibility and structural damage to the plant, which may help evade predators.^[42] This behavior aligns with their cryptic, leaf-mimicking morphology, allowing them to remain concealed in foliage during diurnal hours.^[43] While Microcentrum feeding can cause minor defoliation or scarring on orchard crops, such as citrus in Florida, populations rarely reach levels that result in economically significant damage.^[11] For instance, M. rhombifolium may nibble on leaves and young fruit, leaving small bites that heal into corky patches, but control measures are seldom required.^[44]

Interactions with other organisms

Microcentrum species, like other katydids, face predation from a variety of vertebrates and invertebrates. Birds and small mammals commonly consume adult and nymphal stages, while insect predators such as spiders ambush them among foliage.^[15] Bats, particularly gleaning species, use echolocation to detect the acoustic signals produced by singing males, increasing predation risk during mating periods.^[45] To counter these threats, Microcentrum katydids rely on leaf-like camouflage for concealment, intermittent calling patterns to avoid localization, and ultrasound-sensitive ears that allow them to cease singing upon detecting bat echolocation calls; some species also exhibit deimatic displays by rapidly opening wings to startle approaching predators.^[46]^[43] Parasitic interactions significantly impact Microcentrum populations, particularly during vulnerable life stages. Hymenopteran wasps and dipteran flies target eggs and nymphs, laying eggs inside hosts that develop into parasitoids, often leading to host death.^[15] Nematodes, such as horsehair worms, infect nymphs and adults, emerging from the host after maturation and potentially disrupting locomotion and survival.^[15] In humid habitats, fungal pathogens occasionally infect individuals, though specific cases for Microcentrum remain underdocumented. Human activities pose indirect threats to Microcentrum through agricultural practices and habitat alteration. Species like Microcentrum rhombifolium are considered minor pests in citrus groves and orchards, where nymphs and adults feed on foliage and young fruit, prompting pesticide applications that expose populations to chemical stressors.^[11]^[47] These insecticides, including pyrethroids and spinosad, can reduce natural enemy populations and accumulate in the environment, affecting non-target katydids.^[47] Habitat loss from urbanization and agriculture impacts rarer Neotropical species, though the genus faces no major conservation threats overall, with most North American populations persisting in disturbed areas.^[15]

Species

North American species

The genus Microcentrum is represented in North America by six species, all of which are phaneropterine katydids adapted to temperate environments with leaf-mimicking morphology for camouflage. These species exhibit variations in size, wing structure, and geographic range, but share nocturnal habits and produce rasping acoustic signals for mating, with differences in call duration and pulse structure among them.^[48]^[5] Microcentrum rhombifolium, known as the greater angle-wing katydid, is the largest North American species, with adults measuring 52–63 mm in length.^[20] It features broad, rhomboid wings that enhance leaf-like mimicry, aiding concealment on foliage. This species is widespread east of the Rocky Mountains, ranging from southern Ontario and New York southward to Texas and westward to Colorado, inhabiting deciduous forests, woodlands, and suburban areas.^[43]^[26] Its nocturnal call consists of a series of longer rasps, typically 4–6 pulses repeated irregularly.^[49] Microcentrum retinerve, the lesser angle-wing katydid, is slightly smaller, with adults 44–53 mm long and characterized by finer, more detailed wing venation that contributes to its subtle green coloration.^[50]^[49] It occurs primarily in the eastern United States and southern Canada, from Long Island and New Jersey south to northern Florida and west to Missouri, favoring deciduous woodlands and forest edges.^[51] Like its congeners, it is nocturnal, producing a shorter rasping call of 3–5 pulses.^[14] Microcentrum californicum, or the California angle-wing katydid, is endemic to the southwestern United States, restricted to coastal ranges in California and adjacent Arizona.^[27] Adults reach 45–60 mm in length, with angled wings resembling dry leaves for arid habitat camouflage.^[52] This species is also nocturnal, emitting rasping calls similar to its eastern relatives but adapted to cooler coastal climates, with pulse lengths varying by individual.^[2] Microcentrum latifrons, the southwestern angle-wing katydid, occurs in the southwestern United States, including Arizona and New Mexico. Adults are similar in size to M. californicum, around 45–55 mm, with broad wings adapted for camouflage in arid woodlands.^[53] Microcentrum louisianum, known as the Louisiana angle-wing katydid, is found in the southeastern United States, particularly Louisiana and surrounding states. It measures approximately 40–50 mm and features pigmented setal pits on the pronotum, distinguishing it from sympatric species. It inhabits forested areas and produces similar rasping calls.^[54]^[55] Microcentrum minus, the Texas angle-wing katydid, is restricted to Texas and adjacent areas in the south-central United States. Adults are 40–50 mm long, with morphology suited to local habitats like woodlands and brush. It shares the nocturnal calling behavior of the genus.^[56]^[57]

Neotropical species

The genus Microcentrum encompasses a diverse array of species in the Neotropics, primarily concentrated in South American rainforests, with extensions into Central America and the Caribbean.^[58] These insects, belonging to the subfamily Phaneropterinae, are characterized by their leaf-like wings that provide effective camouflage in forested environments. Neotropical species often inhabit humid, tropical ecosystems, where they contribute to the acoustic landscape through species-specific calling songs. Recent taxonomic studies have highlighted the Amazon basin as a center of endemism for the genus, with distributions influenced by historical forest fragmentation and connectivity across biomes.^[8] One representative species is Microcentrum angustatum Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878, distributed across northern South America and the Caribbean, with records from Brazil, Colombia, Bolivia, and Trinidad.^[59] This species is adapted to lowland tropical forests, where adults perch on vegetation during the night to produce stridulatory signals for mate attraction. Its morphology features narrowed wings with angular projections, aiding in crypsis among foliage. In southeastern Brazil, Microcentrum bicentenarium Piza, 1968 occurs in Atlantic Forest remnants, showcasing the genus's adaptability to both Amazonian and coastal habitats. This species exhibits robust body proportions typical of Neotropical Microcentrum, with males displaying prominent cerci used in courtship displays.^[60] The Amazon region hosts several endemic species, including the recently described Microcentrum amacayacu Cadena-Castañeda & Sovano, 2015, known exclusively from the Colombian Amazon rainforest.^[61] This species is confined to intact forest areas, avoiding disturbed endemism centers like Rondônia and Belém, and features diagnostic pronotal structures distinguishing it from congeners. Similarly, Microcentrum xavieri Sovano & Cadena-Castañeda, 2015 is restricted to the Brazilian Amazon, with similar habitat preferences emphasizing the role of undisturbed vegetation in their persistence.^[62] These additions underscore the ongoing discovery of cryptic diversity in the M. punctifrons species group, though M. punctifrons Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891 itself is regarded as a nomen dubium due to insufficient diagnostic material.^[63] Additional Neotropical taxa include Microcentrum concisum Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878, recorded from Colombian lowlands, and Microcentrum championi Saussure & Pictet, 1898, found in Central American tropical forests.^[64] These species collectively illustrate the genus's radiation across Neotropical biomes, with ongoing research revealing patterns of speciation driven by geographic isolation.^[58]

References

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[48]
(PDF) Citrus Pest Quick Guide: Broadwinged Katydid (Microcentrum ...
Sep 20, 2025 · Katydids also feed on fruit,. leaving large smooth or sunken areas on fruit surfaces. Even though they are common throughout Florida, katydids.
[49]
Revisiting adaptations of neotropical katydids (Orthoptera - NIH
Jan 24, 2017 · Some katydid defenses, such as exceptionally long spines and calling from dense vegetation, might be successful in reducing the probability of ...
[50]
[PDF] Revisiting adaptations of neotropical katydids (Orthoptera
In the Neotropics, katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) are an abundant, ubiquitous, and diverse group of large insects that are eaten by a variety of predators ...
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Katydids / Plum / Agriculture: Pest Management Guidelines ... - UC IPM
Katydids. Angularwinged katydid: Microcentrum retinerve ... COMMENTS: Pyrethroid residues remaining on leaves and bark will continue to affect mite predators long ...
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Katydids | Missouri Department of Conservation
Jan 16, 2024 · Length to just over 2 inches. This species occurs through the southeastern United States. Greater angle-winged katydid (Microcentrum ...
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Greater Angle-wing - Listening to Insects
Their color is green or almost bluish green, and they have subtle, light speckles that add to their leaf-like camouflage. The male's stridulatory field is green ...
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Lesser Anglewing (Microcentrum retinerve) - JungleDragon
Appearance. Size: 44-53 mm. Similar to Microcentrum rhombifolium, but smaller, restricted to Southeast. Other characters helping to differentiate:
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OrThoptera Thursday: Lesser Angle-wing Katydid - Bug Eric
Feb 28, 2013 · Males of Microcentrum retinerve have the stridulatory area consistently brown in color, a sharp contrast to the bright green of the rest of the ...Missing: valid | Show results with:valid<|control11|><|separator|>
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California angle-winged katydid (Microcentrum californicum)
Growth involves several molts, during which the nymph increases in size and begins to develop wing pads. ... Females and immatures of both sexes are brown but ...Missing: morphology | Show results with:morphology