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Monograph

A monograph is a detailed written study of a single specialized subject or a specific aspect thereof. In scholarly contexts, it is typically a book-length publication offering an in-depth exploration and analysis, derived from original research by one or more academic experts.^[1] The term originates from the Greek roots monos (single) and graphein (to write), entering English usage in the early 19th century to denote detailed scientific treatises on a particular topic.^[1] Distinguishing itself from shorter journal articles, which present focused findings, monographs allow for broader synthesis, extended argumentation, and comprehensive review of evidence across chapters, often exceeding 100 pages in length.^[1] Unlike textbooks, designed for educational instruction and broad student audiences, or general nonfiction aimed at the public, monographs target expert readers in academia, employing technical language and rigorous methodologies to contribute novel insights to a discipline.^[1] They are commonly produced through university presses or specialized academic publishers, subjected to thorough peer review to uphold scholarly standards, and may incorporate revised versions of prior articles into a cohesive narrative.^[2] Monographs hold central importance in academic publishing, especially within the humanities and social sciences, where they constitute a significant portion of research outputs—up to 40% in fields like history and English literature as of 2008—and serve as a benchmark for intellectual depth and originality.^[2] These works advance disciplinary knowledge, foster critical discourse among scholars, and play a pivotal role in career progression, often required for milestones such as tenure or postdoctoral fellowships by demonstrating sustained expertise.^[2] The term is also applied in other fields, such as biology, art, and pharmaceuticals. As of 2025, the monograph format faces economic pressures from low sales volumes but is adapting through innovative open access initiatives, such as collective funding models that enable free digital distribution of over 80 titles annually, thereby enhancing global reach without compromising quality.^[3]

Definition and Etymology

Origin of the Term

The term "monograph" derives from the Greek roots monos, meaning "single" or "alone," and graphein, meaning "to write," thus denoting a written work focused on one subject.^[4] This etymological foundation reflects the concept of a dedicated, singular treatment, distinguishing it from broader compilations. The word entered English in the early 19th century, with the Oxford English Dictionary recording its earliest known use in 1804 by Botanist Henry Charles Andrews in the title of his work The Heathery; or, A Monograph of the Genus Erica, a detailed illustrated study of heather species.^[5] Andrews' publication marked an initial application in botanical scholarship, where the term described a comprehensive, self-contained examination of a specific genus, contrasting with encyclopedic or multi-topic volumes. During the 19th century, the term evolved within academic discourse, gaining prominence in natural sciences as a descriptor for specialized treatises. In botany, it became synonymous with in-depth studies of plant groups; for instance, Andrews' own earlier Coloured Engravings of Heaths (1794–1830) prefigured this usage, though the explicit term appeared later, and subsequent works like those on roses and other genera adopted it to signify exhaustive, single-author analyses. This evolution highlighted the monograph's role as a focused alternative to polygraphic formats like journals or compendia, emphasizing depth over breadth in scholarly output. In German scholarship, the cognate "Monographie" emerged concurrently in the early 19th century, reflecting similar linguistic roots and conceptual emphasis on singular subjects. One of the earliest documented uses appears in paleontological and geological contexts, such as Christian Heinrich Pander's 1857 Monographie der fossilen Fische des Silurischen Systems der russisch-baltischen Gouvernements, a pioneering study of ancient fish fossils.^[6] By mid-century, it proliferated in natural history, as seen in Ernst Haeckel's 1862 Die Radiolarien: Eine Monographie, which detailed radiolarian microorganisms with extensive illustrations.^[7] These instances underscore the term's rapid integration into European academic traditions, where it denoted rigorous, standalone investigations akin to its English counterpart.^[5]

Core Characteristics

A monograph is defined as a detailed, self-contained scholarly work focused on a single specialized topic or aspect thereof, typically authored by one individual or a small collaborative team and presented in book-length format.^[8]^[9] This form emphasizes in-depth analysis and the synthesis of original research, providing comprehensive coverage of the subject without the constraints of brevity imposed on shorter publications.^[10] Unlike serial publications such as journals, monographs have a finite scope, aiming to exhaustively treat the chosen topic in a cohesive, unified manner rather than contributing incrementally to ongoing discourse.^[8] Structurally, monographs commonly follow a logical progression beginning with an introduction that outlines the central argument and context, followed by sections on methodology, detailed findings or analysis, and a conclusion that synthesizes implications.^[11] Appendices may supplement the core content with supporting data, bibliographies, or extended references. The typical length ranges from 60,000 to 110,000 words, equivalent to approximately 200–300 pages, allowing space for nuanced exploration while maintaining focus.^[12]^[13] Monographs differ from anthologies, which compile discrete essays or contributions from multiple authors without a singular overarching narrative; from textbooks, which prioritize instructional synthesis and pedagogical tools over original research advancement; and from journal articles, which are shorter, periodic pieces designed for timely dissemination rather than exhaustive treatment.^[14]^[15] This distinction underscores the monograph's role as a standalone vehicle for deep scholarly inquiry, rooted in its etymological sense of a "single writing" on one subject.^[9]

Scholarly and Publishing Contexts

Academic Monographs

Academic monographs serve as primary vehicles for disseminating original research in the humanities and social sciences, allowing scholars to present comprehensive analyses of specialized topics. These works are particularly valued in tenure and promotion processes, where they demonstrate deep expertise and scholarly productivity; in many institutions, a peer-reviewed monograph is considered essential for advancement to associate or full professorship, especially in fields like history, literature, and philosophy.^[16]^[17]^[18] The publishing process for academic monographs typically involves rigorous peer review by university presses, which evaluate manuscripts for scholarly merit and originality before acceptance. These presses, such as Oxford University Press, produce limited print runs, typically 200 to 400 copies per title, primarily targeting academic libraries and specialist audiences rather than broad commercial markets.^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22] This selective distribution underscores the monographs' role in advancing niche knowledge, often building on the single-author focus to provide authoritative, detailed explorations. Historically, academic monographs gained prominence in the 20th century alongside the expansion of university presses, which institutionalized scholarly publishing to support research dissemination. For instance, Oxford University Press, established centuries earlier, saw significant growth in monograph output during this period, contributing to the field's development.^[23]^[24] Contemporary challenges in academic monograph publishing include high production costs, low sales volumes—often under 500 copies—and a shift toward digital formats since the 2010s, driven by declining print demand and open-access initiatives. Funding from sources like the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) in the United States helps mitigate these issues, supporting research and publication through fellowships that enable scholars to complete monographs.^[21]^[22]^[25]^[26]^[27] Monograph acquisitions by Association of Research Libraries (ARL) member institutions have continued to decline post-2000, with monographs comprising under 10% of collections expenditures as of the 2020s, reflecting shifts toward digital resources and serials.^[28]

Library and Bibliographic Definitions

In library science and bibliographic contexts, a monograph is defined as a non-serial publication that is complete in one physical unit or intended to be complete within a finite number of sequentially numbered parts or non-sequentially numbered parts, the content of which is intended to be self-contained. This definition originates from the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, second edition (AACR2), which emphasizes the finite and independent nature of such works, distinguishing them from ongoing serials like journals.^[29] Examples include novels, which are issued as standalone volumes, and doctoral theses, which represent comprehensive, bounded scholarly efforts.^[30] The Resource Description and Access (RDA) standard, introduced as a successor to AACR2 in 2010, refines this concept by classifying monographs as resources that are complete as issued or planned to be finite in extent, facilitating consistent description across digital and print formats. Under RDA, monographs are cataloged with attributes like extent of text and content type to support discovery in integrated library systems.^[31] This framework ensures monographs are handled separately from serials, which are defined as continuing resources issued in successive issues or parts without a predetermined conclusion. Cataloging practices for monographs involve assigning unique identifiers such as the International Standard Book Number (ISBN), which is specifically designated for monographic publications to enable global tracking and sales. These works are then subjected to classification using established systems like the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) for general libraries or the Library of Congress Classification (LCC) for research institutions, allowing precise shelving and subject-based retrieval.^[32] Unlike periodicals, which receive International Standard Serial Numbers (ISSNs) and are cataloged with emphasis on issuing bodies and numbering continuity, monographs prioritize author, title, and edition details to reflect their self-contained status.^[33] Monographs are primarily acquired through purchase for research-oriented collections in academic, public, and special libraries, where they form core holdings for long-term scholarly access. Preservation efforts focus on archiving physical copies in controlled environments, particularly for rare editions, with university libraries maintaining dedicated special collections to protect against deterioration.^[34] The evolution of monograph handling was profoundly influenced by the Machine-Readable Cataloging (MARC) standards developed by the Library of Congress in the late 1960s, which standardized bibliographic data encoding to support automated processing and interlibrary sharing. This shift enabled the transition from manual card catalogs to digital online public access catalogs (OPACs), streamlining monograph description and retrieval. Prior to 2000, Association of Research Libraries (ARL) data indicate that monographs comprised a substantial share of acquisitions, with median purchases exceeding 24,000 volumes per member library in 1999, underscoring their central role in building comprehensive collections before the rise of digital alternatives.^[35]

Applications in Specific Disciplines

Biological Monographs

In biology, a monograph is defined as a comprehensive, systematic study of a single taxonomic group, such as a species, genus, or family, that exhaustively documents its morphology, distribution, ecology, reproduction, and evolutionary relationships.^[36] These works emphasize detailed descriptions and analyses to establish taxonomic boundaries and facilitate identification, distinguishing them from broader floras or manuals by their focused depth on one taxon.^[37] Historical examples illustrate the evolution of biological monographs. One seminal early work is Robert Morison's Plantarum umbelliferarum distributio nova (1672), the first systematic monograph on the Apiaceae (carrot family), which classified umbelliferous plants based on their natural affinities using observational data and illustrations.^[38] In modern contexts, the Flora of North America series, initiated in the 1990s and ongoing, exemplifies large-scale monographic efforts, providing exhaustive treatments of over 20,000 vascular plant species north of Mexico across 30 planned volumes, with each volume focusing on specific families or genera through integrated taxonomic revisions.^[39] The methodology of biological monographs typically involves extensive field observations to collect specimens and document habitat variations, followed by herbarium-based analyses of morphological traits such as leaf structure, reproductive organs, and anatomical features.^[40] Identification keys, often dichotomous, are developed to enable precise differentiation of taxa within the group, while illustrations—ranging from detailed line drawings to photographs—visually represent diagnostic characteristics and variability across populations.^[41] This process may incorporate molecular data for phylogenetic confirmation, ensuring the monograph's revisions align with current systematic understanding.^[40] Biological monographs serve as foundational resources for biodiversity conservation and research, synthesizing knowledge on taxa to inform policies and track changes over time.^[37] They provide standardized nomenclature and distributional data that underpin global databases like the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), where monographic outputs are integrated into taxonomic backbones via sources such as the Catalogue of Life to enhance occurrence records and species mapping.^[42] However, since 2000, producing monographs for endangered species has encountered significant challenges, including chronic underfunding, a declining pool of trained taxonomists, and institutional priorities shifting away from descriptive taxonomy, which has delayed comprehensive documentation and exacerbated knowledge gaps for at-risk biodiversity.^[43]

Artistic Monographs

An artistic monograph is a comprehensive publication focused on the oeuvre of a single artist, typically encompassing a catalog raisonné that systematically documents all known works, accompanied by scholarly essays, biographical narratives, and high-quality plates reproducing the artwork. These volumes emphasize visual and interpretive analysis, providing detailed examinations of the artist's techniques, influences, and cultural context, and are frequently produced by museums, galleries, or specialized publishers to accompany exhibitions or commemorate an artist's legacy.^[44]^[45]^[46] Central to artistic monographs are elements such as a chronological biography tracing the artist's life events alongside career milestones, explorations of stylistic evolution through thematic or period-based analyses, and assessments of critical reception that contextualize the work within broader art historical discourse. For instance, Gertrude Stein's Picasso (1938) exemplifies this approach, blending personal memoir with unconventional insights into Pablo Picasso's creative process and innovations, offering a subjective yet influential perspective on his development. Such structures allow monographs to serve as authoritative references, fostering deeper appreciation of the artist's contributions beyond mere catalogs.^[47]^[48]^[49] The production of artistic monographs prioritizes superior printing techniques to faithfully capture the nuances of original artworks, often in limited editions that enhance their collectible status and exclusivity. Emerging in the late 19th century alongside monographic exhibitions, these publications have significantly influenced art market valuation by verifying authenticity, detailing provenance, and elevating an artist's historical stature, which in turn supports higher auction realizations and investment appeal.^[50]^[51]^[52] In modern contexts, artistic monographs increasingly integrate digital reproductions, utilizing high-resolution scans and enhanced imaging to provide unprecedented detail and accessibility for reproductions that rival physical inspections. Publishers like Phaidon Press have advanced this trend through their Contemporary Artists series, launched in 1995 and reaching over 100 titles by 2025, which combine artist interviews, critical essays, and extensive visual arrays to democratize scholarly engagement with contemporary oeuvres.^[53]^[54]^[55]

Film and Multimedia Monographs

Film and multimedia monographs encompass long-form videos or interactive media that provide an in-depth exploration of a single subject, mirroring the scholarly depth of printed monographs but leveraging visual storytelling, audio elements, and narrative structures to convey complex ideas. Unlike broader documentaries, these works maintain a focused, often academic lens on one topic, such as cultural practices or cinematic motifs, through techniques like montage, voiceover, and archival integration. This format has evolved within film studies and anthropology, where videographic criticism—combining video essays with rigorous analysis—serves as a primary vehicle for dissemination.^[56] Historical examples illustrate the genre's roots in ethnographic documentaries, which function as visual equivalents to textual monographs by documenting specific sociocultural phenomena. Pioneering ethnographic films include Nanook of the North (1922), directed by Robert Flaherty, which offered a detailed, though dramatized, portrayal of Inuit daily life and survival techniques in the Canadian Arctic, emphasizing environmental adaptation and family dynamics. Another early instance is Trance and Dance in Bali (1951), produced by Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson, which examines Balinese ritual performances, including the kris dance, to highlight trance states and cultural symbolism. These films emerged from anthropological fieldwork, prioritizing observational depth over commercial appeal, and were preserved in institutions like the Library of Congress for their evidentiary value. More contemporary projects, such as the IndyVinyl initiative (spanning 1987–2018), analyze the recurring motif of vinyl records in American independent cinema, compiling needle-drop scenes, close-ups, and aerial shots from films like Do the Right Thing (1989) to explore themes of nostalgia, authenticity, and sound culture.^[57]^[57]^[58] Production of film and multimedia monographs involves a meticulous process akin to scholarly writing, beginning with extensive research and fieldwork to gather primary footage, followed by scripting to outline the narrative arc, editing to layer visual and auditory elements for thematic coherence, and incorporating interviews or expert commentary for analytical depth. Ethnographic examples often require immersive observation, capturing unscripted live-action sequences that are then shaped into a unified drama, as seen in the collaborative efforts behind Mead's Bali film, which integrated sound recordings with visuals to evoke sensory immersion. Distribution formats have shifted from physical media like DVD releases—common for archival ethnographic works—to digital streaming series, enabling interactive elements such as hyperlinks to sources or supplemental clips. This evolution reflects an extension of the single-topic focus from print monographs to dynamic media, allowing for richer engagement with abstract concepts through motion and sound.^[59]^[60]^[57] The significance of these monographs lies in their role within education and archives, where they democratize access to specialized knowledge by visually conveying cultural nuances that text alone cannot capture, such as gestures, soundscapes, and spatial dynamics. In academic settings, films like Nanook of the North have been used to teach visual anthropology, fostering discussions on representation and ethics while providing tangible records of vanishing traditions. Archival preservation, as in Indiana University's Moving Image Archive, underscores their value in safeguarding 20th-century social histories, including pedagogical films that reflect evolving norms. The growth of platforms like Vimeo since the 2010s, particularly with the 2013 launch of Vimeo On Demand, has amplified this impact by enabling creators to distribute niche topics directly to global audiences, retaining substantial revenue shares and supporting independent projects on underrepresented subjects.^[60]^[57]^[61]^[62]

Regulatory Uses

FDA Monographs

FDA monographs for over-the-counter (OTC) drugs serve as official regulatory standards established by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), specifying the identity, strength, quality, and purity of nonprescription drug products to ensure they are generally recognized as safe and effective (GRASE). These monographs function as a "recipe book" outlining permissible conditions for marketing OTC drugs without requiring an individual new drug application (NDA), covering aspects such as active ingredients, indications for use, dosages, routes of administration, and formulation requirements.^[63]^[64] The development of FDA OTC monographs originated with the OTC Drug Review process initiated in 1972, aimed at evaluating the safety and effectiveness of products marketed prior to May 11, 1972, through a rulemaking procedure involving advisory panels, public comments, and Federal Register publications. This process culminates in proposed monographs, tentative final monographs, and final monographs or, under modern reforms, administrative orders (proposed, final, or interim final) as authorized by section 505G of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act), added by the CARES Act in 2020. For instance, the sunscreen drug monograph was finalized on May 21, 1999, establishing GRASE status for specific active ingredients like aminobenzoic acid and oxybenzone. In 2021, FDA issued a deemed final administrative order maintaining these conditions and a proposed administrative order to update them by enhancing safety and efficacy testing requirements amid evolving science; the proposed order remains pending as of November 2025. On November 18, 2025, the SAFE Sunscreen Standards Act was enacted, amending the FD&C Act to streamline the review process for sunscreen active ingredients by permitting non-animal testing methods and reliance on data from foreign regulators.^[64]^[65]^[66]^[67] Monograph content includes detailed testing methods to verify quality and purity, such as stability assessments and assays for active ingredient concentration, alongside strict labeling requirements under 21 CFR 201.66 that mandate principal display panels, drug facts format, and warnings to prevent misuse. Inactive ingredients are permitted if they do not interfere with efficacy or safety and comply with general recognition standards in 21 CFR 330.1(e), ensuring the overall product meets compendial purity thresholds. These standards are enforced through the FD&C Act, with FDA conducting inspections and issuing warnings for non-compliance, thereby upholding public health protections.^[63]^[68]^[69] The impact of FDA monographs is profound, enabling streamlined market entry for thousands of OTC products—covering over 800 ingredients across categories like analgesics and antacids—without the time and cost of NDAs, while fostering innovation through mechanisms like OTC Monograph Order Requests for amendments. This system promotes consumer access to safe self-care options but requires ongoing FDA oversight to address emerging safety data, as seen in post-market adjustments to monographs.^[63]^[64]

Pharmacopeial Monographs

Pharmacopeial monographs are standardized entries in official compendia, such as the United States Pharmacopeia (USP), first published in 1820 to ensure the quality and consistency of medicines, and the British Pharmacopoeia (BP), established in 1858 to address inconsistencies in drug standards across the UK.^[70]^[71] These monographs provide detailed specifications for medicinal substances, including assays for potency, limits on impurities, and identification tests, serving as enforceable quality benchmarks for pharmaceuticals worldwide.^[72] Key components of a pharmacopeial monograph typically include the chemical formula, solubility data, storage conditions, and analytical procedures for verification. For instance, the USP monograph for aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid, C₉H₈O₄) specifies a purity range of not less than 99.5% and not more than 100.5% on the dried basis, with limits for impurities such as free salicylic acid (not more than 0.3%), solubility requirements in water and alcohol, and storage instructions to protect from moisture.^[73] Similar details appear in the BP monograph, emphasizing chromatographic assays to detect degradation products.^[74] On a global scale, pharmacopeial monographs are harmonized through initiatives like the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines, initiated in the 1990s, and the Pharmacopeial Discussion Group (PDG), which aligns standards across the USP, BP, European Pharmacopoeia, and Japanese Pharmacopoeia to reduce redundant testing for manufacturers.^[75]^[76] Revisions occur approximately every five years for major editions, with interim updates incorporating advanced analytical techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for precise impurity profiling.^[77] These monographs hold legal status in member countries, where compliance is enforced by national regulatory authorities to guarantee drug safety and efficacy. Post-2010 updates have expanded coverage to biologics, including enhanced specifications for complex molecules like monoclonal antibodies, while strengthening measures against counterfeit drugs through improved authentication tests and reference standards.^[78]^[79]

Modern Developments

Digital Monographs

Digital monographs encompass electronic adaptations of traditional print works as well as born-digital scholarly publications, typically formatted in HTML, EPUB, PDF, or interactive PDFs to facilitate broader accessibility and usability. These formats enable features such as reflowable text, annotations, and device compatibility, distinguishing them from static print editions while preserving the in-depth, single-author focus of monographs.^[80]^[81]^[82] Key platforms for hosting digital monographs include JSTOR Books, which launched e-book collections in 2010 and now offers over 158,000 titles from university presses, supporting DRM-free access, chapter-level navigation, PDF downloads, and hyperlinked references for seamless integration with journal content. Similarly, the OAPEN Library serves as a global repository for peer-reviewed open access monographs, hosting over 40,000 titles in digital formats like PDF and EPUB as of 2025, with capabilities for hyperlinks to external resources and occasional multimedia embeds such as images or datasets to enrich scholarly arguments.^[83] These platforms adapt traditional monograph structures by incorporating interactive elements, allowing readers to explore linked bibliographies or supplementary materials directly within the text.^[84]^[85]^[86]^[87] Digital monographs offer significant advantages, including enhanced searchability through full-text indexing, which allows users to locate specific terms or concepts across entire volumes far more efficiently than in print. They also provide global reach by enabling instantaneous worldwide distribution without physical shipping, thereby democratizing access to specialized scholarship previously limited by geography or cost. Additionally, production and dissemination costs are substantially lower, as digital formats eliminate expenses related to printing, binding, and warehousing, making niche academic works more viable for publishers.^[88]^[89] However, challenges persist, particularly around digital rights management (DRM), which can restrict institutional access, copying, or offline use, even for public domain content, thereby complicating fair use in educational settings. Long-term preservation poses another hurdle, as formats may become obsolete or content vulnerable to technological decay; initiatives like LOCKSS (Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe) address this by creating distributed, peer-to-peer archives that ensure redundancy and accessibility for digital monographs over decades.^[90]^[91] The adoption of digital monographs surged post-2020, accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, which catalyzed a shift toward remote access and digital-first publishing models amid library closures and disrupted supply chains. This period saw increased investments in e-book infrastructure by university presses, with reports indicating a marked rise in digital readership and content consumption as a lasting outcome of the crisis. By 2025, digital formats have become integral to monograph dissemination, reflecting broader trends in academic publishing toward hybrid and online-first strategies.^[92]^[93]

Open Access Initiatives

Open access initiatives for monographs emphasize the provision of freely accessible digital versions without financial barriers, enabling global readership and broader dissemination of scholarly work. These models typically rely on funding from research grants, institutional subsidies, or collective agreements to cover production costs, bypassing traditional subscription paywalls.^[94] A pivotal development is Plan S, launched in 2018 by cOAlition S—a consortium of research funders and organizations—which mandates full and immediate open access for publications arising from their funding. While initially focused on journal articles, Plan S extended to monographs through a 2021 statement requiring open access for books funded by signatories, to ensure equitable access to long-form scholarship.^[95] Complementing this, the UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) open access policy, published in 2021, stipulates that monographs, book chapters, and edited collections acknowledging UKRI funding must be made open access within 12 months of publication starting January 1, 2024. This policy supports diverse formats, including digital editions under open licenses, to enhance visibility in fields like the humanities and social sciences. An exemplary implementation is Punctum Books, an independent, scholar-led open access publisher established in 2011, which has released close to 400 OA titles by 2023, prioritizing experimental and interdisciplinary monographs without author fees through library memberships and grants.^[96]^[97] Funding for these initiatives often involves Book Processing Charges (BPCs), where authors or institutions pay upfront fees averaging $8,000 to $12,000 to offset editorial, production, and dissemination expenses, though costs vary by publisher and scope. In the humanities, open access monographs have demonstrated increased impact, with studies from 2020 to 2025 indicating over twice as many citations compared to toll-access equivalents, attributed to greater discoverability and downloads.^[98]^[99] Despite progress, challenges persist, particularly equity concerns for authors from the Global South, where limited grant access exacerbates barriers to BPC-funded models and risks excluding diverse voices from scholarly discourse. Addressing this, 2025 trends highlight a rise in diamond open access—fee-free publishing supported by institutions or consortia—with initiatives like the Global Summit on Diamond OA advocating for sustainable, non-commercial pathways.^[100]^[101]

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Monograph - Definition: Monograph is a taxonomic aid which provides a comprehensive systematic study of a particular taxonomic group.
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Framing the future for taxonomic monography: Improving recognition ...
Jan 27, 2022 · Taxonomic monographs synthesize biodiversity knowledge and document biodiversity change through recent and geological time for a particular ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
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Morison, Robert (1620-1683) on JSTOR - Global Plants
This Plantarum Umbelliferarum Distributio Nova was published in 1672 and was the earliest systematic monograph written for a specific group of plants in ...
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Flora of North America - Oxford University Press
Flora of North America is a comprehensive taxonomic guide to over 20,000 plant species north of Mexico, a 14-volume project.
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The research behind a taxonomic monograph: a case study from ...
Nov 21, 2024 · The monograph provided a framework for a range of subsequent research, including studies on the origin of the important crop sweet potato. It is ...
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Image use in field guides and identification keys - Oxford Academic
Illustrated keys and glossaries should contain multiple images for each character state so that the user can judge variation in the state. Photographic ...
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Catalogue of Life enhancement supports improved global taxonomic ...
Oct 16, 2025 · Catalogue of Life (COL)—the primary information source underpinning the taxonomic backbone used across GBIF—has received a major enhancement ...
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[PDF] Framing the future for taxonomic monography: Improving recognition ...
Jan 27, 2022 · While vital as a knowledge resource and tool for conservation and research, monographs are not available for many groups of organisms. This is ...
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Art Monographs - *Art History
Aug 6, 2025 · Monographs are books that focus on a particular topic, and are often by a single author. Monographs include exhibition catalogs and make up the bulk of the NUL ...
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What is a Catalogue Raisonné? | The New York Public Library
A catalogue raisonné is a comprehensive, annotated listing of all the known works of an artist either in a particular medium or all media.
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Publishing an Artist's Monograph about Your Work - Flatpage
Jun 21, 2022 · An artist's monograph is a concise publication of a single artist's work. ... A much longer example is R. Crumb's The R. Crumb Coffee Table Art ...
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Arts as Existence. The Artist's Monograph and Its Project
The books is a rereading of a specific genre, the artists's monograph, which Guercio defines as a single book on a single artist that follows the "life-and- ...
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The 8 Most Essential Books to Read About Pablo Picasso - Art News
Sep 19, 2023 · Picasso, by Gertrude Stein. Gertrude Stein's unconventional 1938 memoir is less a rehashing of her friendship with Picasso than it is a ...
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Picasso by Stein - eScholarship
Picasso by Stein contains five sections and a postscript that are structurally linked by, and radiating widely from, Gertrude Stein's 1938 booklet Picasso.
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Three Different Styles of the Artist Monograph - Hyperallergic
Jan 26, 2012 · Monographs are a little like buying postcards of an exhibition, but they have more depth, scope and historical value than a simple keepsake.
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[PDF] Monographic Exhibitions and the History of Art (Florence, 31 Mar-1 ...
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Art as Existence: The Artist's Monograph and Its Project
Aug 8, 2025 · The monograph has become synonymous with the study of an artist's life and his or her oeuvre. Significantly, for much of the twentieth ...<|separator|>
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From 'video essay' to 'video monograph'?: Indy Vinyl as academic ...
Jun 15, 2020 · Monographs are fundamental means to share the fruits of research in the humanities … ... 138. Tags: American Independent Cinema, audiovisual essay ...
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Indy Vinyl: Records in American Independent Cinema: 1987 to 2018
This website gathers together audiovisual and written criticism related to Indy Vinyl, a research project by Ian Garwood investigating the presence of records ...
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https://psychoculturalcinema.com/why-i-make-ethnographic-films-instead-of-writing-a-monograph/
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Why I make ethnographic films (instead of writing a monograph…)
Nov 15, 2013 · Ethnographic film is frequently (and for those who are successful, almost always) a collaborative, group endeavor.
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Ask the Expert: What impact do film archives have on society?
Sep 6, 2023 · The benefits that film preservation offers society are what drive film archivists across the globe to diligently preserve and digitize our histories.
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Vimeo on Demand to Allow Users to Charge Those Who View Their ...
Mar 11, 2013 · Vimeo on Demand to Allow Users to Charge Those Who View Their Videos Online. The service is set to launch Tuesday with an announcement at the ...
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OTC Monograph Reform in the CARES Act - FDA
Oct 4, 2023 · An OTC monograph establishes conditions, such as active ingredients, uses (indications), doses, routes of administration, labeling, and testing, ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
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OTC Drug Review Process | OTC Drug Monographs - FDA
Oct 19, 2023 · ... Review was established to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of OTC drug products marketed in the United States before May 11, 1972.
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Rulemaking History for OTC Sunscreen Drug Products - FDA
Aug 30, 2019 · Rulemaking History for OTC Sunscreen Drug Products ; Final Monograph, 5/21/1999, 64FR27666 ; Extension of Effective Date and Reopening of ...
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Sep 16, 2025 · On September 24, 2021, FDA took steps aimed at improving the quality, safety, and efficacy of sunscreens as part of its implementation of new authorities.
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21 CFR Part 201 Subpart C -- Labeling Requirements for Over-the ...
(a) Scope. This section sets forth the content and format requirements for the labeling of all OTC drug products. Where an OTC drug product is the subject of an ...
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21 CFR Part 330 -- Over-the-Counter (OTC) Human Drugs ... - eCFR
An OTC drug is generally recognized as safe, effective, and not misbranded if it meets conditions in this part and any applicable monograph.330.1 · Subpart A —General Provisions · 330.1 – 330.15 · 330.10<|control11|><|separator|>
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Aug 7, 2014 · In 1820, a group of physicians concerned about the quality and consistency of medicines published the first United States Pharmacopeia (USP), ...
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USP Monographs: Aspirin - USP29-NF24
USP Monographs: Aspirin. Benzoic acid, 2-(acetyloxy)-. Salicylic acid acetate [50-78-2]. » Aspirin contains not less than 99.5 percent and not more than 100.5 ...
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Understanding the British Pharmacopoeia: A Guide for Healthcare ...
Monographs are perhaps the most critical component of the BP. Each monograph provides a detailed standard for an active substance or pharmaceutical product, ...
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Quality Guidelines - ICH
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Pharmacopeial Discussion Group (PDG) | USP
The purpose of PDG is to harmonize pharmacopeial standards (excipient monographs and selected general chapters) in three major regions of the world.
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Mar 13, 2021 · Website: https://online.uspnf.com/. Five-year Revisions: USP 1st Revision. USP 0. 1942-2020. 1830. 1820. Page 45 ...
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Legal Recognition – Standards Categories - US Pharmacopeia (USP)
Drugs—USP's goal is to have substance and preparation (product) monographs in USP–NF for all FDA-approved drugs, including biologics, and their ingredients. USP ...
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Testing of falsified / illegal medicines
May 4, 2023 · The OMCL Network and the EDQM have responded to the increasing number of potentially falsified and illegal medicines through a series of measures outlined ...
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What is an Open Access Monograph?
What is an Open Access Monograph? Monographs, or books that present sustained arguments on single subjects, remain the foundation of humanistic scholarship.Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
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Digital Publishing at Penn: Digital Scholarly Publications - Guides
Born-digital: Publications that are created to be exclusively digital, and not in parallel to or supporting a print edition. Hybrid: Publications intended ...<|separator|>
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purpose and need for born-digital scholarly publishing
Born-digital, multimodal monographs offer meaningful advantages over traditional publishing formats, allowing authors to articulate and advance scholarly ideas.
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Ebooks on JSTOR? - The Chicago Blog
Sep 7, 2010 · Over the last decade or so digital content archives like JSTOR and Project MUSE have become indispensable resources in the academic ...
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Books - About JSTOR
### Summary of JSTOR Books
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[PDF] Directory of E-book Platforms for Libraries
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OAPEN Home | OAPEN
OAPEN connects libraries , publishers , researchers , and funders with a global infrastructure for peer-reviewed open access books to advance research and the ...OAPEN Library · Support OAPEN · List of OAPEN supporters · Libraries
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Open-Access Monographs: New Tools, More Access
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Perspectives on DRM: Between digital rights management and ...
Feb 16, 2010 · DRM presents several problems for content use in institutions of higher learning. Content providers may lock public domain content in databases ...
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Enhancing the LOCKSS Digital Preservation Technology
The LOCKSS Program develops and supports libraries using open source peer-to-peer digital preservation software.
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Aug 13, 2025 · The COVID-19 pandemic served as a powerful accelerant for long-standing trends toward digital content consumption in academic settings. In ...
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cOAlition S statement on Open Access for academic books | Plan S
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UKRI open access policy
Aug 6, 2021 · The policy applies to: peer-reviewed research articles submitted for publication on or after 1 April 2022; monographs, book chapters and edited ...
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Punctum Books Helps Build Streamlined System for Archiving Open ...
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This indicates that the impact of born OA publication for monographs is not affected by subject area, at least across the Humanities and Social Sciences (HSS).
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Diamond Dreams, Unequal Realities: The Promise and Pitfalls of No ...
Oct 15, 2025 · Diamond Open Access promises equity, but sustainability challenges remain. Discover the hidden costs, global gaps, and paths toward lasting ...Missing: monographs | Show results with:monographs
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Recap of the 2nd Global Summit on Diamond Open Access, 2024
Sep 2, 2025 · This report offers a brief recap of the 2nd Global Summit on Diamond Open Access, held from 11–13 December 2024 at the University of Cape Town.