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Modelo

Grupo Modelo, S.A. de C.V. is a Mexican brewery founded in 1925 in Tacuba, a district of Mexico City, specializing in the production of premium lagers such as Modelo Especial, its flagship pilsner-style beer first brewed that year.^[1]^[2] The company, which also produces Corona Extra and other brands, has maintained a commanding position in Mexico's beer market, historically capturing over 60% of domestic sales through a focus on quality brewing techniques influenced by German methods.^[3]^[4] Under the leadership of figures like Pablo Diez Fernandez, Grupo Modelo expanded from its initial brewery into a network of facilities, emphasizing malt production and barley transformation to support its brands' crisp profiles, with Modelo Especial featuring a 4.4% ABV balanced by notes of orange blossom honey and light hops.^[5]^[6] Its international growth accelerated post-2013 acquisition by Anheuser-Busch InBev, enabling global exports while retaining Mexican operational control, though U.S. distribution rights were assigned to Constellation Brands to address antitrust concerns.^[7]^[8] A key achievement came in 2023 when Modelo Especial overtook Bud Light to become the top-selling beer in the United States by retail volume, reflecting effective marketing of its smooth, easy-drinking appeal amid shifting consumer preferences for imported lagers.^[9]^[10] This milestone underscored Grupo Modelo's export prowess, with the brand's use of flaked corn in brewing contributing to its light body and broad accessibility, though it has drawn no major controversies beyond standard industry scrutiny over multinational ownership.^[11]^[12]

Beer and Brewing

Grupo Modelo

Grupo Modelo, originally established as Cervecería Modelo, began operations in Mexico City in 1925, marking the start of beer production at its initial facility in the Tacuba district.^[1] ^[2] The brewery was founded by a group of investors, including Braulio Iriarte, drawing on European brewing techniques, particularly from German brewmasters, to produce premium pilsner-style lagers designed with an eye toward quality and potential international appeal.^[13] Over the decades, the company expanded its production infrastructure across Mexico, evolving into Grupo Modelo by the 1980s and establishing itself as a dominant player in domestic beer manufacturing while prioritizing export-oriented strategies that capitalized on growing global demand for light, crisp lagers suited to diverse markets.^[14] By the early 21st century, Grupo Modelo operated multiple brewing plants with a substantial production scale, contributing to its status as one of the world's leading beer producers, with an emphasis on efficient output of pilsner-style products that facilitated penetration into international markets.^[10] In June 2013, Anheuser-Busch InBev completed its acquisition of Grupo Modelo for $20.1 billion, integrating the Mexican brewer's operations and brands such as Modelo Especial and Corona into its global portfolio.^[15] ^[16] This transaction retained Grupo Modelo's headquarters and core Mexican manufacturing under AB InBev's oversight, designating Mexico as the company's seventh operational zone with continued local management.^[17] To address U.S. antitrust concerns raised by the Department of Justice, AB InBev divested Grupo Modelo's entire U.S. business, including perpetual distribution rights for Corona and Modelo brands, to Constellation Brands in a related $4.75 billion agreement finalized as part of the deal.^[18] ^[19] Post-acquisition, Grupo Modelo maintained its focus on high-volume production of export-ready pilsner lagers from its Mexican facilities, supporting AB InBev's worldwide supply chain while operating as a subsidiary with preserved national identity.^[20]

Products and Variants

Modelo Especial, first brewed in 1925 in Tacuba, Mexico, is a pale pilsner-style lager characterized by its crisp profile, light body, and balanced hop bitterness derived from techniques inspired by German brewing methods.^[1] The beer employs adjuncts like corn to achieve its refreshing finish and high carbonation, making it suitable as an everyday lager.^[21] Modelo Negra, also originating from the same 1925 brewing efforts in Tacuba, represents the brand's darker offering as a Munich-style dunkel lager with a 5.4% ABV.^[22] ^[23] Brewed longer with slow-roasted caramel malts, it delivers a richer flavor profile including nutty and caramel notes, deeper amber color, and fuller mouthfeel compared to Modelo Especial.^[10] ^[24] The brand has extended its lineup with ready-to-drink variants like Modelo Chelada, which emulate michelada-style preparations by blending lager with elements such as tomato accents, lime, salt, and spices for a savory, cocktail-inspired twist.^[25] Flavors include Limón y Sal and Fresa Picante, preserving the core beer's base while adding regional Mexican influences.^[25] In 2023, Modelo launched Spiked Aguas Frescas, a line of fruit-forward flavored malt beverages lightly carbonated and infused with real juice from fruits like pineapple (Piña), watermelon (Sandía), and hibiscus (Flor de Jamaica), offering a sweeter, lower-intensity alternative to traditional lagers at around 4.5% ABV.^[26] ^[27] ^[28] These extensions adapt to preferences for fruit-infused, sessionable options without modifying the original lager formulations.^[29]

Commercial Success and Market Dynamics

In May 2023, Modelo Especial overtook Bud Light to become the top-selling beer in the United States by retail sales volume, achieving an 8.7% market share in the four weeks ending early June, according to Nielsen data.^[30]^[31] This shift was accelerated by Bud Light's market share decline amid consumer backlash to its promotional campaigns, while Modelo's steady volume growth—up 10.7% in dollar sales for the period ending May 20—reflected preferences for reliable product attributes over transient marketing narratives.^[30]^[32] By fiscal 2024, Modelo Especial's U.S. sales exceeded 200 million cases in a rolling 52-week period, solidifying its dominance in the import segment and contributing to overall beer division growth for importer Constellation Brands.^[33] Exports from Grupo Modelo, under AB InBev ownership, reach more than 180 countries, with U.S. demand driving production expansions including brewery modernizations funded by over $3.6 billion in investments from 2025 to 2027.^[34]^[35] Growth factors include rising U.S. Hispanic demographics, which boosted culturally resonant brands like Modelo by 2.3% population increase in 2024, alongside consistent brewing standards that prioritized flavor stability over experimental advertising.^[36]^[37] The 2013 AB InBev acquisition of Grupo Modelo for $20.1 billion raised antitrust concerns over potential market concentration, prompting U.S. Department of Justice-mandated divestitures including perpetual licenses for Modelo brands and the Piedras Negras brewery to Constellation Brands for $2.9 billion, preserving competitive imports.^[18]^[19] Supply chain vulnerabilities, such as 2021 aluminum shortages from pandemic disruptions affecting can production industry-wide, caused temporary allocation issues but did not lead to verified quality lapses for Modelo.^[38]^[39] Consumer economics demonstrated resilience, as evidenced by Modelo's sustained lead through 2025 despite broader beer volume pressures, underscoring demand for apolitical reliability amid competitors' endorsement-driven sales erosion.^[40]^[41]

Penal Institutions

La Modelo Prison, Bogotá

La Modelo Prison in Bogotá, Colombia, serves as a national high-security facility notorious for overcrowding and inmate violence driven by factional control. Originally designed to accommodate approximately 2,400 to 2,900 inmates, it has housed up to 5,000 prisoners in squalid conditions, with patios intended for 300–350 individuals often exceeding capacity by multiples due to national incarceration surges from 51,518 inmates in 2000 to over 118,000 by 2016, outpacing infrastructure expansion.^[42]^[43]^[44] This overcrowding, averaging over 50% regionally and reaching 160% at La Modelo in some reports, stems from policy emphases on punitive detention without commensurate rehabilitation or sentencing reforms, fostering environments where gangs and armed groups dictate internal territories.^[45]^[46] The prison has been a site of major violent incidents reflecting breakdowns in state oversight. On April 27, 2000, clashes between paramilitary factions and rival groups, including guerrillas, resulted in over 100 inmate deaths amid battles involving smuggled weapons, prompting government vows to overhaul the regime though implementation lagged.^[47]^[48] Such events underscore causal factors like inadequate searches and external alliances, rather than mere overcrowding alone, as inmates exploited divided pavilions for ambushes. Further unrest persisted, exemplified by the March 21, 2020, riot during COVID-19 tensions, where 23–24 prisoners died and over 80 were injured in an attempted mass escape quelled by guards using live fire; investigations later revealed intentional shootings, highlighting persistent security lapses despite prior reforms.^[49]^[50]^[51] Government responses have included inmate transfers to alleviate pressure, such as post-2020 relocations and ongoing decongestions, yet violence endures due to entrenched gang dynamics over abstract systemic failures.^[52] High recidivism in Colombian prisons, with INPEC documenting over 24,000 judicialized reoffenders recently amid weak deterrence, links back to facilities like La Modelo where criminal networks thrive unchecked, perpetuating cycles of reincarceration exceeding regional norms.^[53]^[54] The prison remains operational as of 2024, with recent events like the May assassination of its director underscoring unresolved control issues.^[55]

Other Prisons Named Modelo

La Modelo prison in Caracas, Venezuela, operational since the mid-20th century, has experienced chronic overcrowding exceeding 300% of capacity, contributing to documented health epidemics, escapes, and violent unrest, including major riots in 2011 that highlighted tensions over alleged political detainees amid expanded arrests under government crackdowns on opposition.^[56]^[57] These conditions, reported by organizations like Human Rights Watch, stem from policy-driven incarceration surges rather than isolated facility mismanagement, though such sources face scrutiny for selective emphasis on regime accountability over broader criminal dynamics.^[58] In Ecuador, the smaller-scale Modelo prison (El Modelo) has been embroiled in gang-related clashes, with incidents such as riots leading to dozens of inmate deaths from firearms and explosives, reflecting nationwide prison control by organized crime groups amid limited state oversight.^[59] Unlike larger counterparts, it lacks the extensive capacity and historical notoriety but exemplifies verifiable patterns of inter-gang violence, including mass killings tied to drug trafficking rivalries, without unsubstantiated claims of systemic torture.^[60]^[61]

Geographical Locations

Notable Towns and Neighborhoods

Barrio Modelo Norte, located in the Barrios Unidos locality of Bogotá, Colombia, was developed between 1942 and 1961 by the Caja de Vivienda Popular as an exemplary residential project aimed at providing affordable housing amid urban expansion driven by internal migration.^[62] The neighborhood is characterized by its distinctive English-inspired architecture, featuring exposed brick facades that reflect mid-20th-century planning ideals for orderly, middle-class suburbs.^[63] It includes a mix of single-family homes and low-rise apartments, with community spaces that fostered social cohesion in a period of rapid population growth in the capital.^[64] In Maracaibo, Venezuela, Barrio Modelo is a residential neighborhood in the Venancio Pulgar parish, emerging as part of the city's expansion in the late 20th century amid the Zulia region's oil-driven economic boom.^[65] The area includes community institutions such as the Escuela Básica Nacional Barrio Modelo, established in 1979 to serve local families, and has been noted for grassroots social initiatives addressing urban challenges like infrastructure and security.^[66] Its development reflects broader patterns of informal and planned housing growth tied to the petrochemical workforce, though specific demographic data remains limited due to inconsistent regional censuses.^[67] Other smaller neighborhoods named Modelo exist across Latin America, such as in Purificación, Tolima, Colombia, where they function as peripheral residential zones with basic services but lack extensive historical documentation or large-scale significance.^[68] These locales generally prioritize practical urban adaptation over monumental development, distinguishing them from institutional or commercial uses of the name.

Arts and Entertainment

Music

"La Modelo" is a reggaeton song by Puerto Rican singer Ozuna featuring American rapper Cardi B, released on December 22, 2017, as a single by VP Records. The track, produced by Haze and written by Ozuna, Cardi B, Chris Jeday, and others, explores themes of attraction to an idealized female figure depicted as a model, with lyrics emphasizing luxury, nightlife, and physical allure in a typical urban Latin music narrative. It achieved significant commercial success, debuting at number 3 on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart dated January 6, 2018, and later reaching number 1 for one week, marking Ozuna's third chart-topper and Cardi B's first in the category. The song also entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 52, reflecting crossover appeal, and garnered over 1 billion streams on platforms like Spotify, contributing to its multi-platinum certifications in the U.S. and Latin markets. Its music video, directed by Fernando Lugo and filmed in the Dominican Republic, amassed hundreds of millions of YouTube views, bolstering its presence in the reggaeton and Latin trap genres amid the post-"Despacito" boom in global Latin music consumption.^[69] Other musical works titled "Modelo" include lesser-charting tracks, such as the 2024 country-influenced song "modelo" by American artist BRIM, which evokes rural imagery tied to the beer brand but lacks the chart impact of Latin counterparts.^[70] In electronic music, Kraftwerk's 1978 German track "Das Modell" (English: "The Model"), re-released in 1981, topped the UK Singles Chart and influenced synth-pop, though its thematic focus on superficial glamour differs from direct "modelo" etymology in Spanish-language contexts.^[71] These entries highlight "Modelo" as a motif in diverse genres, often symbolizing aspiration or consumerism, but empirical metrics like Billboard performance underscore the dominance of Ozuna's version in contemporary Latin urban markets.

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