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NNM

(NNM) is a public located in Nalanda, , , dedicated to the study of , , and related disciplines. Established in 1951 by the first , , it aims to revive the ancient tradition of the as a center for higher learning in . The institution was founded as a residential research center with a focus on and , initially accommodating a small number of and international scholars. In 2006, it attained status under the University Grants Commission (UGC), enabling it to offer undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in fields such as , , ancient history, culture and archaeology, Tibetan studies, , , and . NNM's campus, situated near the ruins of the ancient , features modern facilities including libraries, hostels, and academic buildings, with recent inaugurations such as the Nagajuna Faculty Building by the in 2021. As of 2025, the university celebrated its 75th Foundation Day and introduced initiatives like Buddhist studies in collaboration with international partners.

History

Founding and Early Development

Nava Nalanda Mahavihara (NNM) was established in 1951 by the as a center for higher studies in and Buddhist learning, drawing inspiration from the ancient to revive its legacy of Buddhist scholarship in post-independence . The for its first building was laid on November 20, 1951, by Dr. , 's first President, who envisioned it as a modern institution to promote and related textual studies near the ruins of the historic site. Initially funded by the government, NNM was set up as the Magadh Institute of Post-Graduate Studies and Research in and Allied Languages and Buddhist Learning, later renamed to reflect its monastic heritage. Bhikkhu Jagdish Kashyap played a pivotal role in its conceptualization and early operations, serving as the founder-director from 1951 until February 1955. A scholar ordained in Sri Lanka and renowned for his work on the Pali Tipitaka, Kashyap initiated teaching and research focused on Pali language and literature, attracting both Indian and international students, including Cambodian monks, from its inception. The institution operated as a residential facility for monks and scholars right from the start, emphasizing a blend of secular academics and Buddhist monastic traditions. The first building was inaugurated in March 1956 by , marking the formal launch of academic programs centered on , , and canonical texts. By the late 1950s, NNM had expanded its scholarly activities, including the publication of a critical edition of the Tipitaka in script, a project encouraged by and completed in 41 volumes between 1956 and 1978. In 1957, the institution received relics of the Chinese pilgrim from during a attended by Nehru, underscoring its growing significance in . These early milestones solidified NNM's role as a hub for transnational Buddhist scholarship through the and 1970s.

Attainment of Deemed University Status

In the 1990s, (NNM) experienced key institutional developments that broadened its academic scope and prepared the ground for greater autonomy. The institute expanded its curriculum to incorporate subjects beyond traditional , including and ancient Indian history and culture, reflecting a shift toward interdisciplinary approaches in and related fields. Prior to this, NNM operated under affiliation to for degree validation, a that limited its independent academic operations. These changes were bolstered by the institute's transfer to the , , in 1994, which enhanced its resources and administrative framework. A major milestone came on November 13, 2006, when the University Grants Commission (UGC) granted NNM status under Section 3 of the UGC Act, 1956. This recognition endowed the institution with full autonomy to award degrees across its programs without external affiliation. The attainment of this status had profound impacts on NNM's growth and operations. It enabled the launch of independent programs beginning in 2007, allowing for specialized research in , Buddhist studies, and allied disciplines under its own aegis. Additionally, the designation attracted heightened government funding, which supported extensive faculty recruitment drives to bolster teaching and research capabilities. In 2010, a UGC review affirmed NNM's compliance with , further solidifying its position as a premier center for Buddhist and Indological scholarship.

Expansion and Modern Initiatives

Following its attainment of deemed university status in 2006, Nava Nalanda Mahavihara (NNM) underwent significant physical and academic expansions to enhance its capacity for Buddhist scholarship and international collaboration. This infrastructure development laid the foundation for NNM's role as a modern center for Pali and Buddhist studies. In 2021, NNM hosted the first Global Buddhist Conference on "Buddhism in the Contemporary World," attracting scholars from across the globe to discuss contemporary applications of Buddhist traditions in ethics, ecology, and interfaith dialogue. Recent initiatives have emphasized technological and amid evolving global challenges. By 2022, NNM had digitized approximately 10,000 manuscripts as part of an ongoing for its library collection of over 60,000 items, enabling remote access to rare and materials through a digitized managed in partnership with national preservation efforts. In 2024, NNM celebrated its 74th , and in 2025, it signed MoUs for collaborations, including with Dharma College, USA, to enhance research and education in . By 2025, NNM continued to innovate through cutting-edge enhancements. Initiated in 2023, with plans as of 2025 to integrate tools for textual in Pali studies, employing algorithms to aid and accelerate efforts for researchers. Additionally, NNM has pursued broader collaborations to strengthen ties in Nalanda's historic landscape.

Campus and Infrastructure

Location and Surrounding Area

Nava Nalanda Mahavihara is located in the of , , approximately 90 km southeast of , on the southern bank of the historical Indrapushkarini Lake. This positioning places it close to the ruins of the ancient , a that serves as a key historical reference for the modern institution. The surrounding environment features a rural dominated by agricultural fields, fostering a tranquil setting ideal for scholarly reflection and . Indrapushkarini Lake, adjacent to the campus, holds significance in ancient Buddhist traditions, mentioned in texts like the Jatakas as a pilgrimage site associated with Lord Buddha's visits. The lake's proximity enhances the site's spiritual ambiance, connecting the contemporary university to the region's millennia-old heritage of learning and contemplation. Accessibility to the campus is facilitated by the NH-20 national highway, linking it to major routes toward and . The nearest airport is in , roughly 90 km away, providing air connectivity for visitors and students. For rail travel, Nalanda Railway Station is just 3 km from the campus, while Bihar Sharif Junction, a larger station, lies about 15 km away, with frequent trains to regional hubs.

Facilities and Resources

The Central Library of serves as a key resource for , housed in a two-story building featuring 16 research cubicles and two large halls designed for scholarly work. It maintains an extensive collection of books, journals, and manuscripts primarily focused on , , and related disciplines, supporting both print and digital access for students and researchers. The library is in the process of automation to enhance accessibility, including intranet-based digitized archives of rare texts such as Tripitaka editions. Residential facilities at the university include separate hostels for male and female students, with three hostels designated for boys and one for girls, accommodating over 300 students in total. These accommodations feature dedicated wings for monks to align with the institution's , and all hostels include compulsory facilities providing vegetarian meals prepared in a central kitchen that adheres to principles of non-violence and simplicity. Additional amenities support academic and wellness activities, including an auditorium and conference room suitable for hosting seminars and events with capacities for large gatherings. The university maintains a dedicated Vipassana Meditation Center where regular 10-day residential courses and workshops are conducted to promote mindfulness practices integral to Buddhist training. Computer labs, equipped with air-conditioned facilities accommodating up to 25 users, provide access to internet, audio-visual tools, and specialized linguistic software for analyzing ancient scripts like Pali. Sports infrastructure encompasses indoor and outdoor options, including a fully equipped gymnasium, and dedicated yoga halls under the Department of Vipassana and Yoga for physical and meditative exercises. For sustainability, the campus has incorporated systems, with provisions for 13-20 KVA capacity installed in recent years to support energy needs while reflecting .

Academic Offerings

Degree Programs

(NNM) provides undergraduate and postgraduate taught degree programs centered on , ancient languages, and related disciplines, aligning with its mission to revive the scholarly traditions of ancient Nalanda. These programs follow the Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) under the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, emphasizing interdisciplinary learning and research orientation. The undergraduate offerings include the Bachelor of Arts (Hons.) in Buddhist Studies, a 4-year program spanning 8 semesters with 40 seats, designed to introduce students to foundational aspects of Buddhist philosophy, history, and textual traditions. Similarly, the BA (Hons.) in Pali and the BA in Sanskrit are 4-year programs, each accommodating 40 students, focusing on classical languages essential to Buddhist and Indian scriptural studies. Eligibility for these programs requires completion of 10+2 or equivalent from a recognized board. The curriculum incorporates major core courses (80 credits) in subjects like Buddhist scriptures, philosophy, and ancient languages, alongside minor electives (32 credits), multidisciplinary modules (9 credits), ability enhancement courses (8 credits), skill enhancement courses (9 credits), value-added courses (6-8 credits), internships (2-4 credits), and a research project (2-4 credits). Electives may include options in Tibetan and Hindi to broaden linguistic proficiency. Assessment combines semester-end examinations (typically 100 marks for 3-6 credit courses), internal evaluations, project work, and mandatory 75% attendance. At the postgraduate level, NNM offers the in , a 2-year program over 4 semesters with 40 seats, emphasizing advanced exploration of and traditions through textual analysis, philosophical inquiry, and historical contexts. The MA in Ancient Indian History and , also 2 years with 40 seats, integrates classroom learning with practical field trips to archaeological sites linked to Buddhist heritage. Admission to these programs requires a with at least 45% marks and a proficiency test. The curriculum features core modules on Buddhist scriptures, , and relevant languages, with opportunities for electives in and ; evaluation occurs through semester examinations, seminars, theses, and a 75% attendance requirement. These programs prepare students for scholarly pursuits, with brief extensions into available in subsequent sections.

Research and Specialized Studies

Nava Nalanda Mahavihara offers doctoral programs in , , , Tibetan Studies, , , and English, typically lasting three to five years and emphasizing original under supervision. These programs admit a select number of candidates each year, prioritizing those with prior master's qualifications in related fields to ensure rigorous, independent inquiry. The institution hosts key research centers dedicated to preserving and analyzing Buddhist textual heritage. The Center for Pali Manuscripts, recognized as a Manuscript Resource Centre by India's , focuses on the , transcription, and scholarly examination of ancient and allied language manuscripts, supporting global access to rare documents. As Bihar's inaugural Manuscript Cluster Centre, it facilitates interdisciplinary collaborations for conserving over thousands of folios from historical collections, enhancing understanding of early Buddhist doctrines. Beyond degree programs, NNM provides specialized non-degree offerings in applied Buddhist practices. The one-year Post Graduate Diploma in Vipassana and Yoga integrates techniques with Buddhist principles, training participants in and wellness applications. Certificate courses and short-term 10-day residential Vipassana programs further emphasize practical training in contemplative practices, drawing on traditions to promote ethical and psychological well-being. Ongoing research initiatives include collaborative projects on Buddhist artifacts and texts, often partnering with Asian institutions to document cultural exchanges. Research outputs from these endeavors are disseminated through institutional publications, notably the biannual refereed journal Shri Nalanda, which covers and social sciences with a strong emphasis on , history, and comparative studies since its establishment. This journal serves as a platform for seminal contributions, including analyses of Indo-Asian Buddhist linkages and manuscript-based insights, fostering high-impact scholarship in the field.

Administration and Faculty

Governance and Leadership

The governance of (NNM) is structured as a under the , , with oversight from the University Grants Commission (UGC). The Board of Governors serves as the primary decision-making authority, responsible for strategic direction, policy formulation, and ensuring compliance with UGC regulations for deemed universities. The Executive Council, also referred to as the Board of Management, manages daily operations, including academic planning, resource allocation, and administrative execution, while supporting bodies such as the Academic Council and Finance Committee handle specialized functions like and budgeting. As of 2025, the leadership is headed by Vice-Chancellor Professor Siddharth Singh, appointed in October 2024, who specializes in and with a focus on and the practical applications of . The Registrar, Dr. Meeta (in charge) as of 2024, oversees academic affairs, student admissions, and institutional records. Historically, NNM's foundational leadership was provided by Venerable Jagdish Kashyap, who served as the first Director from 1951 to 1955, establishing the institution as a center for Buddhist research and education. Following the attainment of status in 2006, notable Vice-Chancellors have included Professor Baidyanath Labh (appointed 2018), who advanced interdisciplinary , and Professor Ravindra Panth (served circa 2010), emphasizing institutional growth. Recent appointments, such as that of Professor Singh, reflect efforts to enhance international collaboration in Buddhist scholarship.

Academic Staff

The academic staff at (NNM) comprises approximately 30 full-time faculty members as of 2024, with a significant portion specializing in such as the and literature. This composition reflects a deliberate emphasis on , drawing from the university's mission to revive ancient Nalanda traditions. The faculty includes a mix of Indian scholars trained in classical and visiting experts from countries such as and , who bring perspectives on and traditions to interdisciplinary courses. Among the notable members, Prof. Chandra Bhushan Mishra serves as Head of the Department of , Culture & , contributing to research on Nalanda's archaeological heritage and historical significance. These scholars exemplify NNM's integration of textual analysis with empirical research. Recruitment and professional development at NNM emphasize global standards, featuring annual workshops on to equip faculty with tools for digitizing ancient manuscripts and conducting virtual collaborations. A portion of the faculty hold PhDs from abroad, including prestigious institutions like Oxford University and Tokyo University, fostering cross-cultural exchanges in and . The collective achievements of the academic staff are substantial, with numerous books published on topics ranging from to archaeological heritage preservation. Additionally, the faculty has secured grants from the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) to support collaborative projects, such as interdisciplinary studies on Nalanda's influence in .

Student Community

Admissions Process

The admissions process at (NNM) is designed to select candidates committed to the study of , , , and related disciplines, with a focus on merit-based evaluation through entrance examinations and interviews where applicable. All programs, including BA (Hons), , and , require candidates to appear for the NNM Entrance Test, which assesses knowledge in relevant subjects such as , history, and languages. For 2025, applications were extended to October 30, with spot admission rounds for BA and from September 16 to 30 and interviews for BA applicants held August 7–8. Selection is merit-based, determined by performance in the entrance test, with additional interviews for applicants to evaluate potential and alignment with the university's scholarly objectives. Eligibility criteria vary by program but emphasize academic preparedness and foundational knowledge. For BA (Hons) programs, candidates must have completed or equivalent with at least 50% marks in aggregate from a recognized board, while MA applicants require a with a minimum of 50% marks. Preference is given to those with prior exposure to or , reflecting the institution's emphasis on classical Buddhist languages. PhD eligibility necessitates a in a relevant field with strong academic standing. Reservations follow Indian government quotas for SC//OBC/EWS categories, ensuring inclusive access, and foreign applicants must hold equivalent qualifications along with a valid visa. Applications are submitted through the online portal at nnm.ac.in, payable via specified modes; offline submissions are also accepted by downloading forms from the website and delivering them to the Registrar's office with required documents such as mark sheets, certificates, and photographs. The process is streamlined to accommodate both domestic and applicants. Scholarships are available for SC/ST students and candidates, offering up to 50% tuition waiver based on merit and need, often facilitated through partnerships like the (ICCR) for foreign scholars. In the 2025 intake, NNM admitted a diverse cohort comprising Indian and foreign nationals, primarily from Buddhist-majority countries in Asia, underscoring its international appeal.

International Engagement and Student Life

NNM maintains a diverse student body comprising both Indian and international scholars pursuing studies in Buddhist philosophy, Pali, and related fields. The gender distribution reflects 67% male and 33% female enrollment, underscoring the institution's role as a residential hub for monastic and lay students alike. International engagement is a cornerstone of NNM's community, with around 80 foreign students as of 2024 representing various nationalities, including those from Asian countries such as , , , and . These students, who hail from over a dozen nations, enrich the academic environment through cross-cultural perspectives on Buddhist traditions. A dedicated hostel accommodates undergraduates and prioritizes foreign students, providing essential facilities like medical support, dining areas, and access to utilities to facilitate their integration. Student life at NNM revolves around a disciplined routine designed to balance scholarly rigor with spiritual development. Classes run from 10:00 AM to 5:00 PM on weekdays and 8:00 AM to 1:00 PM on Saturdays, allowing time for personal reflection and communal activities. The day often incorporates elements of Buddhist practice, such as sessions, alongside academic sessions, culminating in evening discussions that promote deeper engagement with philosophical texts. To support holistic growth, the university offers a range of extracurriculars, including and clubs that hone skills and facilitate cultural exchanges among peers. Annual events like the Kathina Civara Dana Festival further enliven campus life, drawing students into traditional celebrations that reinforce communal bonds and Buddhist heritage. Global outreach extends through institutional collaborations and student initiatives, including memoranda of understanding for academic exchanges that connect NNM with universities in regions like and beyond. Students actively participate in research projects addressing contemporary applications of Buddhist thought, such as explorations of ethics in environmental contexts, exemplified by faculty-guided studies on through a Buddhist lens presented in recent conferences. These efforts highlight the university's commitment to applying ancient teachings to modern challenges. Support services at NNM prioritize the well-being of its monastic and international students, featuring a resident medical officer and emergency medical provisions within hostels to address health needs promptly. Merit-based scholarships aid deserving students financially, while wellness programs rooted in Buddhist practices, including and counseling tailored for monastic life, promote mental and emotional . These resources ensure a nurturing environment that sustains the demanding academic and spiritual pursuits of the community.

Cultural and Scholarly Impact

Connection to Ancient Nalanda

The ancient , founded around the CE during the period, emerged as a preeminent global center for Buddhist scholarship and monastic education, attracting scholars from across for nearly 800 years until its destruction in 1193 CE by Turkish Muslim invaders led by Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khilji. This institution exemplified the monastic-university model, integrating residential learning with rigorous intellectual pursuits in and related disciplines. (NNM) was established in 1951 near the original site in , , explicitly to revive this model as a modern center for higher studies in language and , fulfilling a vision articulated by India's first President, , to resurrect the legacy of ancient Nalanda. Symbolically, NNM adopts the title "Mahavihara," directly referencing the ancient complex's status as a "great monastery," while "Nava" signifies "new," underscoring its role as a successor institution. Its curriculum echoes ancient Nalanda's emphasis on core subjects such as Buddhist logic (hetuvidya) and (vyakarana), alongside and textual studies, fostering a parallel tradition of analytical and linguistic training central to Buddhist exegesis. The university also holds annual commemorative events, including scholarly gatherings and rituals at the nearby ruins, to honor the site's enduring heritage and reinforce institutional continuity. NNM's , situated in immediate physical proximity to the ancient —mere kilometers from the excavated remnants—incorporates architectural elements inspired by traditional Buddhist designs, such as courtyards and monastic layouts reminiscent of the original viharas and stupas. Its campus location supports engagement in heritage preservation efforts related to the site. Philosophically, NNM upholds a non-sectarian approach to , promoting the holistic study of , , and traditions without doctrinal bias, which mirrors ancient Nalanda's ecumenical ethos where monks and scholars from diverse sects coexisted and debated, transcending sectarian divides to advance universal Buddhist principles. This continuity underscores NNM's commitment to the ancient institution's role as a unifying hub.

Contributions to Buddhist Scholarship

Nava Nalanda Mahavihara (NNM) has significantly advanced Buddhist scholarship through its extensive translation and publication initiatives, particularly focusing on Pali canonical texts. One of its seminal projects is the publication of the Pali Tipitaka in script, comprising 41 volumes that make ancient Buddhist scriptures accessible to modern Indian scholars and readers who may not be proficient in traditional scripts. This effort, initiated under the institute's founding vision, has been complemented by ongoing translations into , including the release of the Pali-Hindi (Volume I, Part I) in 2007 and progressive work on the full Tipitaka. NNM's commitment to dialogue and exchange is evident in its hosting of over 10 international symposia and conferences since , serving as platforms for global scholars to explore contemporary and historical aspects of . Notable events include the Global Buddhist Conference in 2021, which addressed [Buddhist ethics](/page/Buddhist ethics) and modern challenges, and the 2024 International Conference on "Exploring the Life and Living Legacy of Guru ," organized in collaboration with the International Buddhist Confederation (IBC). These gatherings have facilitated interdisciplinary discussions and strengthened partnerships, including academic collaborations with institutions like Dharma College in the and universities in . Additionally, NNM's involvement in heritage preservation aligns with broader efforts, such as those supported by UNESCO's recognition of the site as a World Heritage property in 2016. The institute's broader impact is reflected in the global reach of its alumni, who have assumed leadership roles in Buddhist institutions across numerous countries, promoting the dissemination of and worldwide. For instance, NNM graduates have influenced academic and monastic centers in and beyond, building on the institute's reputation as a hub for rigorous research. A key example of its ongoing scholarly influence is the 2023 publication of Dasabodhisattupatti Katha, a critical edition that has garnered attention in Buddhist textual studies and been referenced in subsequent academic works. This output underscores NNM's role in adapting to contemporary contexts. In terms of preservation efforts, NNM serves as a vital Manuscript Resource Centre under India's National Mission for Manuscripts, housing a library collection exceeding 60,000 volumes, including rare xylographic Tibetan manuscripts and complete Tripitaka sets from countries like , , and . The institute has played a supportive role in and initiatives, such as documenting and safeguarding artifacts linked to the ancient Nalanda tradition, exemplified by the 2007 inauguration of the Xuanzang Memorial Hall to house significant relics and promote cultural recovery. In 2025, NNM announced plans to develop "Nava Nalanda Mahavihara Norbu – AI," a Buddhist system in collaboration with Malaysian partners, aimed at enhancing access to Buddhist teachings and texts through technology. These activities ensure the enduring accessibility of Buddhist heritage for future generations of scholars.

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