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PHD

'''PHD''' is an acronym with multiple meanings. It most commonly refers to the [[Doctor of Philosophy]], the highest academic degree in most fields, but may also denote other concepts in entertainment, science and technology, and various other uses. For a full list of meanings, see:
  • [[Doctor of Philosophy]] and [[Doctor of Philosophy by publication]] (academic qualifications)
  • ''[[Piled Higher and Deeper]]'', ''Ph.D. (band)'', ''PhD (television series)'', and ''PhD: Phantasy Degree'' (entertainment)
  • [[PHD finger]] and [[Push Here Dummy]] (science and technology)
  • [[PhD Media]] and [[Post-hole digger]] (other uses)

Academic Qualifications

Doctor of Philosophy

The Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), often abbreviated as Ph.D., is a terminal research-based doctoral degree awarded by universities for original and significant contributions to knowledge in a specific field. It represents the highest level of in most disciplines, typically requiring 3 to 7 years of full-time study following a bachelor's or , during which candidates conduct independent under supervision. The degree emphasizes the development of scholarly expertise through rigorous inquiry, culminating in a substantial body of work that advances theoretical or practical understanding in the field. The origins of the modern PhD trace back to 19th-century , where Wilhelm von Humboldt's educational reforms established the University of Berlin in 1810 as the first research-oriented institution, integrating teaching with original scholarship to train advanced researchers. This model, known as the Humboldtian ideal, transformed the from a medieval honorary title into a structured program focused on specialized research training. The PhD structure spread to the through , founded in 1876 as the nation's first research university, which adopted and adapted the German seminar method and dissertation requirements, awarding its first PhDs in 1878. By the early , this framework had gained global adoption, influencing systems worldwide and becoming the standard for advanced academic training. Core components of a PhD program generally include initial to build foundational , comprehensive qualifying examinations to assess readiness for , a dissertation outlining the proposed , and the of an original dissertation—typically 100 to 300 pages in length—that presents novel findings based on primary . The process concludes with an oral , known as a in many countries, where the candidate presents and defends their work before a panel of experts who evaluate its originality, methodology, and scholarly merit. These elements ensure that PhD recipients demonstrate mastery of their field and the ability to contribute meaningfully to ongoing academic discourse. Program structures vary significantly by country, reflecting differing educational philosophies and priorities. In the United States, PhD programs often emphasize breadth through 2–3 years of , qualifying exams, and assistantships to prepare candidates for academic careers, with total duration averaging 5–6 years. In contrast, the prioritizes independent from the outset, with minimal or no formal and a focus on the dissertation over 3–4 years, fostering early specialization. Australian PhD programs blend elements of both, typically lasting 3–4 years with some structured training components alongside , often including milestones. These variations influence the skills acquired and career trajectories of graduates. In the United States, over 57,000 doctorates were awarded in 2023, marking a slight increase from prior years and reflecting sustained demand for advanced expertise. Globally, approximately 280,000 PhDs are conferred annually, with notable growth in science, , , and mathematics (STEM) fields, where and sciences lead in award numbers and expansion rates due to innovation-driven economies. This upward trend underscores the degree's role in addressing complex societal challenges through specialized knowledge production. The PhD confers the title of "Doctor" upon its recipients, signifying recognized expertise and opening doors to prestigious careers in , where it is essential for tenure-track positions; research institutions, including government labs and think tanks; and high-level industry roles in sectors like , consulting, and pharmaceuticals. Holders of PhD degrees enjoy a salary premium of 20–30% over those with master's degrees in comparable fields, driven by their advanced analytical and innovative capabilities, though outcomes vary by and sector. This qualification not only enables in knowledge creation but also enhances in knowledge-intensive economies.

Doctor of Philosophy by publication

The Doctor of Philosophy by publication is a doctoral degree awarded for a portfolio of existing peer-reviewed publications, typically comprising 4 to 8 scholarly articles, book chapters, or books, that together form a cohesive body of work demonstrating an original contribution to knowledge. This route is particularly suited to mid-career academics, professionals, or researchers who have developed their expertise through prior independent scholarship outside a formal PhD program. Unlike the traditional Doctor of Philosophy, which requires a new, substantial dissertation based on original research conducted during candidature, the by-publication model retrospectively validates established outputs. This award originated in the , with the first instance granted by the in 1966, initially as a means to recognize the scholarly achievements of senior academics. It gained broader adoption in the during the 1980s, evolving from ad hoc recognitions to formalized programs at institutions like the . Today, it is offered across the , , —where article-based theses are a standard format in many fields—and other parts of , with over 50 universities providing the option by the early . The model remains distinct from conventional PhDs by emphasizing compilation and synthesis over prospective experimentation. The process begins with the assembling their selected publications, ensuring they are primarily - or lead-authored and span a defined scholarly theme. Accompanying this is a critical commentary—usually 8,000 to 20,000 words—that contextualizes the works, highlights their interconnections, and articulates their collective doctoral-level significance, often including reflections on and impact. No new or experiments are required, though the submission must evidence sustained intellectual development. External examiners, independent of the institution, rigorously assess the for , , and to a traditional PhD , potentially recommending minor revisions before awarding the . Eligibility generally requires a or equivalent, plus at least five to seven years of relevant post-qualification academic or professional experience to ensure the publications reflect mature scholarship. Candidates are often current or former university staff, , or those with strong institutional ties, as many programs restrict access to such groups. The publications must predate the application by several years—typically at least three to five—and be from reputable peer-reviewed sources, with the candidate holding primary responsibility for their content. One key advantage is the accelerated timeline, often completable in 1 to 2 years through preparation and examination, in contrast to the 4 to 6 years typical of traditional PhDs, making it efficient for recognizing pre-existing contributions without demanding additional full-time study. It also leverages already peer-reviewed materials, enhancing credibility and allowing professionals to formalize their expertise without disrupting careers. Criticisms include perceptions of reduced , as the route relies on assembly rather than , integrated , potentially undervaluing it in some academic hiring or funding contexts compared to full research doctorates. This pathway is especially prevalent in the and sciences, where book-based or article-driven scholarship aligns naturally with portfolio formats. For instance, the offers the PhD by Published Work to eligible staff with substantial records, emphasizing its role in rewarding long-term contributions in fields like and . Similarly, institutions such as the and the award it annually to candidates in these disciplines, supporting a growing trend in recognizing applied and interdisciplinary expertise.

Entertainment

Piled Higher and Deeper

Piled Higher and Deeper, commonly known as PHD Comics, is a series created by that satirizes the experiences of graduate students and academic life. Cham, then a master's student in at , began drawing the strips in October 1997 for The Stanford Daily, the university's student newspaper, as a way to cope with the stresses of graduate school. The series quickly gained traction, leading Cham to launch a website in late 1997 where he posted the comics online; by 2000, it had evolved into a regular feature, ultimately producing more than 1,500 strips before concluding in 2018. The comic's title is a playful pun on the degree, riffing on the phrase "piled higher and deeper" to evoke the overwhelming accumulation of work and stress in . Central themes include among students, tense dynamics with advisors, the awkwardness of academic conferences, challenges in the job market after , and the struggle to maintain work-life balance. Recurring motifs highlight the and absurdities of life, such as endless revisions or woes, often through the lens of a nameless graduate student protagonist and supporting characters like the demanding Professor Smith. These elements resonate with the broader pressures of pursuing a PhD, offering humorous insight into common stressors without delving into formal degree structures. Stylistically, the strips are typically cartoons in single-panel or multi-panel formats, emphasizing concise and exaggerated expressions to capture everyday scenarios. The full archive is freely accessible at phdcomics.com, alongside merchandise like posters and apparel featuring popular strips. Cham's work has been syndicated in numerous newspapers worldwide and collected in , including the 2007 volume The Ph.D. Grind, which compiles strips with additional commentary on graduate school perseverance. The series achieved significant global reach, attracting millions of readers from over 1,000 universities and garnering more than 5 million monthly page views at its peak. It has been translated into multiple languages, including Spanish, German, Portuguese, and others, broadening its appeal beyond English-speaking audiences. Cham's creation inspired his 2012 TEDxUCLA talk on "The Science Gap," which explored communication challenges in academia, and has sparked broader conversations on mental health issues like burnout among researchers. In 2005, after completing his PhD in robotics from Stanford and a brief stint as an instructor at Caltech, Cham transitioned to full-time cartooning, allowing the series to flourish until its 2018 finale. Reception has been overwhelmingly positive for its relatability, with academics praising its ability to normalize shared struggles; many universities, including Stanford, incorporate the strips into graduate orientations and wellness resources to foster community and reduce isolation.

Ph.D. (band)

Ph.D. was a synth-pop band formed in 1981, consisting of vocalist Jim Diamond, keyboardist , and drummer Simon Phillips. The group's name derived from the initials of the members' surnames—Phillips, Hymas, and Diamond—reflecting a playful nod to the academic degree. Emerging during the early 1980s scene, Ph.D. blended electronic synth elements with soulful vocals and pop melodies, achieving brief but notable success with their debut single "I Won't Let You Down," which topped the charts in the in 1981 before reaching number 3 on the in 1982. The band's self-titled debut album, Ph.D., released in on Records, showcased their signature sound of lush keyboards, rhythmic grooves, and Diamond's emotive delivery. Produced by the band alongside co-producer Cy Langston, the record featured tracks like "Little Suzi's on the Up" and "There's No Answer to It," but it was the re-release of "I Won't Let You Down" that propelled them to wider recognition across . The album captured the era's aesthetic while incorporating soul influences, contributing to Ph.D.'s reputation for accessible, radio-friendly hits. Following this, they issued the single "I Didn't Know" in 1983 from their second album, Is It Safe?, though it failed to replicate the debut's commercial impact. Ph.D. disbanded in 1983 after Diamond pursued a solo career, scoring a number 1 hit in 1984 with "." The group briefly reunited in the late 2000s, releasing their third and final album, Three, in , which revisited their synth-driven style with modern production touches by Hymas. Tragically, Diamond passed away in at age 64, marking the end of any further activity for as of 2025. Hymas has continued in session work and projects, while Phillips remains active as a prolific session . Despite their short-lived original run, Ph.D. left a modest legacy in 1980s pop, influencing the smooth fusion of synth textures and vocal harmonies heard in subsequent acts. Their discography includes the Ph.D. (1981), Is It Safe? (1983), and Three (2009); key singles such as "I Won't Let You Down" (1981), "Little Suzi's on the Up" (1981), and "I Didn't Know" (1983); and compilations like the 2008 reissue of their debut with bonus tracks. The band's output emphasized conceptual pop songwriting over extensive touring, cementing their place as a with enduring appeal in retro circles.

PhD: Phantasy Degree

PhD: Phantasy Degree is a South Korean series written and illustrated by Son Hee-joon, serialized starting in 2004 by Daiwon C.I. The story centers on Sang, a bold and spunky human girl determined to locate the Demon School Hades, a prestigious academy for supernatural beings. Upon arriving, she encounters a ragtag group of truant monster students, including a , a , and other misfits, who reluctantly aid her in navigating the school's chaotic environment and embarking on fantastical adventures. Blending , fantasy, and themes of among outcasts, the narrative explores the students' efforts to avoid expulsion while uncovering secrets of the demon world. The series unfolds across 10 volumes, with the final one published in , after which it went on indefinite hiatus despite being listed as ongoing by the publisher. licensed it for English release, bringing out volumes from 2005 to , targeting a audience with its lighthearted monster school trope and dynamic artwork. Key elements include humorous escapades involving magical mishaps, rivalries with elite students, and Sang's integration into the group, emphasizing themes of acceptance and rebellion against authority. No adaptations such as or drama CDs were produced, and fan discussions often lament the unresolved plotlines. Reception within the manhwa community highlighted its engaging character dynamics and whimsical fantasy setting, though some critics noted pacing issues and the abrupt end. Sales figures for the English edition were modest, typical for early 2000s imported titles, contributing to its niche status among fantasy comedy fans. As of 2025, no revival has occurred, and physical copies remain available through secondhand markets. The title's "PhD" playfully nods to the academic pursuit in a fantastical context, underscoring the exploratory journey of its protagonists.

Science and Technology

PHD finger

The is a consisting of approximately 50-60 that functions as a recognition module for modifications, playing a key role in and . It belongs to the superfamily of domains and is characterized by a conserved Cys₄-His-Cys₃ that coordinates two , enabling specific interactions with modified tails. Named and characterized in 1995 by Aasland, Gibson, and Stewart based on a Cys-rich previously identified (1993) in homeodomain proteins—hence its name—the was recognized as a structural distinct from classical but sharing structural similarities, such as metal coordination for stability. Structurally, the PHD finger adopts a compact globular fold featuring a double-stranded antiparallel β-sheet packed against a short α-helix, with the two zinc ions tetrahedrally coordinated by eight conserved residues: typically six cysteines and two histidines arranged in an interleaved pattern. This architecture positions a conserved tryptophan residue on the protein surface to engage the histone surface, facilitating binding to specific post-translational modifications on histones H3 and H4, such as unmethylated lysine 4 on H3 (H3K4me0) or acetylated lysine 14 on H3 (H3K14ac). The binding specificity arises from subtle variations in the domain's sequence and surface topology, allowing PHD fingers to act as "readers" of the epigenetic code. In epigenetics, PHD fingers are essential for interpreting histone marks to guide gene expression; for instance, the PHD finger in the bromodomain PHD finger transcription factor (BPTF) recognizes trimethylated H3K4 (H3K4me3), recruiting the nucleosome remodeling factor (NURF) complex to activate transcription of developmental genes. Mutations or dysregulation of PHD fingers are implicated in diseases, including acute myeloid leukemia—where disruptions in PHD domains of proteins like MLL lead to aberrant chromatin states— and neurodevelopmental disorders such as Sotos syndrome, caused by NSD1 PHD mutations that impair growth regulation. PHD fingers are present in approximately 170 human proteins, including TRIM33 (involved in TGF-β signaling) and AIRE (critical for by promoting thymic ). Recent advances, such as cryo-EM structures of PHD finger-containing complexes like CHD4-nucleosome (resolved at 3.1 Å in 2020), have revealed atomic details of binding specificity and dynamics, enhancing understanding of how these domains interface with . As of 2024, new structures like Cfp1 PHD with reveal atypical features such as non-canonical zinc coordination. Evolutionarily conserved across eukaryotes, PHD fingers are targeted in cancer , with fragment-based approaches identifying small molecules that disrupt PHD-histone interactions in proteins like BAZ2B to inhibit tumor progression.

Push Here Dummy

"Push Here Dummy," often abbreviated as PHD, is a slang term used by photographers to describe point-and-shoot cameras designed for simplicity, where users simply press a button to capture images with minimal manual adjustments. The term, originating in the 1970s for automatic film cameras, gained renewed use in the 1990s as digital compact cameras gained popularity, mocking their automated features that handled exposure, focus, and flash without requiring technical knowledge from the operator. It was particularly applied to early models like the Canon PowerShot series, introduced in 1996, and the Sony Cyber-shot line, launched the same year, which prioritized ease of use for casual photographers over professional controls. These cameras typically featured fixed lenses, sensors ranging from 5 to 20 megapixels, and LCD screens for instant previews, but lacked interchangeable lenses or manual modes in their basic configurations. The term gained traction in the film industry, where professionals derided the devices for their "dummy-proof" operation that bypassed creative . Sales of such compact digital cameras peaked in the , exceeding 120 million units annually around , driven by their accessibility and affordability. However, by 2015, shipments had begun a sharp decline due to the rise of cameras, dropping by 20-30% yearly through the mid-2010s, as mobile devices offered comparable automatic functionality in a more integrated form. By 2023, annual shipments fell to around 10 million units. Culturally, "Push Here Dummy" cameras symbolized the democratization of photography, enabling widespread image capture without specialized skills, as exemplified by the Kodak EasyShare series launched in 2001, which emphasized one-button sharing. Yet, they faced criticism for stifling artistic growth by over-relying on automation, limiting users' understanding of photographic principles. By the 2020s, the term had largely faded from common use, persisting mainly in nostalgic memes among photography enthusiasts, though hybrid models like the Fujifilm Instax series revived the simple, automatic ethos with instant film for stylish, casual shooting. As of 2025, point-and-shoot cameras occupy a niche in travel and snapshot photography, where portability and foolproof operation remain valued despite smartphone dominance.

Other Uses

PhD Media

PHD Media is a global media and communications planning agency headquartered in , , specializing in strategic media solutions. Founded in 1990 by David Pattison, Jonathan Durden, and Nick Horswell—initially as Pattison Horswell Durden (PHD)—it pioneered the concept of a planning-led at a time when the industry primarily focused on cost-efficient buying. The agency was acquired by in 1996 for £12 million, enabling its expansion into a worldwide network under the Omnicom Media Group (). By emphasizing "Intelligence. Connected.," PHD integrates data, technology, and human insights to deliver growth-oriented strategies for clients. The agency's core services include media strategy, negotiation and buying, digital , and performance analytics, with a strong emphasis on behavioral and data-driven to optimize consumer engagement. Notable clients encompass major brands such as , , , , the , and (as global media agency of record since August 2025). For instance, PHD handles 's media in territories including the , , , and , supporting campaigns that promote through targeted social media and influencer strategies. This client-centric approach has driven key initiatives like the VIBA campaign, which earned a at the 2023 Internationalist Awards for innovative digital solutions using voice-activated banking to enhance . PHD's work often highlights sustainable and innovative media execution, such as the 's "Heart Stopping" campaign, which simulated cardiac arrests in public spaces to raise awareness and won a at the 2023 Lions International of Creativity. Over its history, PHD has secured more than 20 Lions awards across various years, including four Lions in 2023 alone, underscoring its excellence in creative . As of 2023, PHD employed approximately 346 staff across its offices in and , contributing to the global network's over 6,000 employees in more than 100 locations worldwide, including . The operation reported Nielsen billings of £538 million in 2024, reflecting a 10% increase and solidifying its position as a top-tier . Under CEO Paul Knight, who assumed the role in late 2024 following Ali Reed, PHD has intensified its focus on integration in and since 2020, leveraging tools for and personalized targeting to enhance efficiency and ROI. This includes collaborations within to address challenges like Apple's App Tracking Transparency changes. In the advertising industry, is recognized as a in behavioral planning, blending creative and strategic to foster long-term client growth, and has merged capabilities with siblings like for enhanced global reach. Its innovative ethos has earned accolades such as ADWEEK's Global of the Year in 2024 and 2025, highlighting its role in outpacing market trends through technology-driven solutions.

Post-hole digger

A post-hole digger, often abbreviated as PHD in agricultural and contexts, is a specialized designed to create narrow, deep holes in for installing posts, supports, poles, or similar structures. These holes typically measure 6 to 12 inches in and 2 to 4 feet deep, allowing for secure anchoring while minimizing soil displacement. Post-hole diggers come in several types suited to different scales of work. Manual versions feature two long handles connected to clamshell-style blades that and lift ; these are lightweight, portable, and commonly priced between $20 and $50, making them ideal for small-scale or projects. Auger-based models use a helical (bit) to bore into the ground, available in hand-crank styles for light duty or powered variants driven by electric drills, gas engines, or with bits ranging from 3 to 8 inches in diameter for varied hole sizes. Hydraulic models, often attached to heavy machinery like skid steers or excavators, provide high for demanding professional applications such as large-scale farming or . The post-hole digger traces its origins to the , when augers and clam-shell designs emerged to support expanding farming and ranching needs, particularly during the boom in around the 1870s. Modern iterations, featuring durable construction for enhanced longevity, became widespread in the as mechanized grew. Leading brands today include Ames, known for ergonomic diggers with handles, and Bully Tools, which specializes in heavy-duty models with reinforced blades for tough soils. In usage, post-hole diggers are staples in , , and for efficient hole creation. The standard technique for manual models involves positioning the blades over the desired spot, driving them into the with foot pressure, twisting the handles to loosen , and lifting the to remove the spoil; this process is repeated until the required depth is reached. considerations are essential, especially on rocky ground where blades may bind or shatter—users should employ digging bars to break up obstructions first—and to mitigate fatigue from repetitive lifting, which can lead to strains if proper posture is not maintained. Variations expand functionality for specific needs, such as earth augers for larger-diameter holes in softer soils or 18V battery-powered electric models, which gained popularity in the for DIY enthusiasts due to their cordless convenience and reduced physical effort compared to gas-powered alternatives. The global market for post-hole diggers and augers was projected to reach approximately $2.2 billion annually by 2025, driven by rising demand in residential and agricultural sectors. Maintenance ensures longevity and performance; users should regularly sharpen blades with a mill file to maintain cutting efficiency, lubricate pivot points and mechanisms with to prevent and seizing, and clean residue after each use to avoid buildup. For minor tasks, traditional shovels serve as simpler alternatives, though they lack the precision of dedicated diggers.

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