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Negele Borana

Negele Borana is a town and separate woreda in southern Ethiopia, serving as the administrative center of the newly established East Borana Zone within the Oromia Region.^[1] Located along the major road connecting Addis Ababa to the Kenyan border at Moyale, it lies at coordinates approximately 5°20′N 39°35′E and functions as a primary market hub for the surrounding pastoralist communities.^[2] The town, with a projected population of 73,122 as of 2022, is the largest settlement traditionally inhabited by the Borana Oromo, a subgroup known for their pastoral economy centered on livestock herding.^[3]^[4] The establishment of the East Borana Zone in May 2023 by the Oromia regional government marked a significant administrative restructuring, drawing from districts previously under Guji, Bale, and Borena Zones, though it has sparked tensions with the neighboring Guji Oromo clan over territorial and resource claims.^[1]^[2] Economically, Negele Borana supports livestock trade, which constitutes a vital component of the local and national pastoral output, alongside emerging infrastructure like the Negele Airport to facilitate connectivity and development.^[5]^[6] The area's history reflects broader ethnic federalism challenges in Ethiopia, where boundary disputes between Oromia and adjacent Somali regions have periodically led to conflicts over grazing lands and water resources.^[7]

Geography

Location and Physical Features

Negele Borana is situated in the East Borana Zone of the Oromia Region in southern Ethiopia, serving as the zone's administrative capital.^[8] The town lies at coordinates 5°20′N 39°35′E and along the primary road linking Addis Ababa to Moyale near the Ethiopian-Kenyan border and extending toward Dolo Odo.^[9] Its elevation stands at approximately 1,475 meters above sea level, with local terrain varying between 1,384 and 1,618 meters.^[10]^[9] The physical landscape encompasses the Borana Plateau, featuring gently undulating plains and flat expanses typical of southern Ethiopian rangelands.^[5] Key elements include a central mountain range, scattered volcanic cones, and craters amid an overall semi-arid savanna environment conducive to pastoral activities.^[11] East and south of the town, the Liben Plains form extensive flat grasslands, supporting biodiversity amid regional ecological diversity.^[12] The plateau's elevations generally span 1,000 to 1,600 meters, influencing the area's hydrological and vegetative patterns.^[5]

Climate and Environmental Conditions

Negele Borana, located at an elevation of approximately 1,500 meters on the Borana Plateau, experiences a semi-arid climate characterized by bimodal rainfall distribution, with the main season (Ganna) occurring from March to May accounting for about 59% of annual precipitation, and a secondary season (Hagaa) from September to November contributing around 27%. Annual rainfall averages 500–700 mm but exhibits high variability, ranging from 285 mm in drier stations to over 740 mm in wetter ones within the Borena Zone, with coefficients of variation often exceeding 30%. ^[13] ^[14] ^[15] Mean annual temperatures range from 19°C to 24°C, with minimal seasonal fluctuation due to the moderating influence of elevation, which reduces extremes typical of lower semi-arid regions; daytime highs reach 25–29°C, while nights cool to 15–17°C. The climate supports a hot semi-arid regime, prone to dry years defined as below 75% of average rainfall occurring roughly once every five years, often leading to multi-year droughts that strain water and forage resources. ^[13] ^[16] ^[17] Environmental conditions feature open savanna rangelands with perennial herbaceous grasses and scattered woody vegetation, including Acacia species, adapted to the aridity and supporting livestock pastoralism with forage production of 1.5–2.0 tons of dry matter per hectare in average years. Surface water is limited, with over 540 hand-dug wells providing 95% of permanent sources, while soils are generally shallow and prone to erosion amid bush encroachment and degradation from overgrazing. Climate trends exacerbate challenges, including a 0.40°C per decade temperature rise and erratic precipitation, reducing rangeland carrying capacity to ≤10 tropical livestock units per km² during dry periods. ^[13] ^[16] ^[17]

History

Pre-Colonial and Early Settlement

The region now known as Negele Borana formed part of the expansive pastoral territories occupied by the Borana Oromo, a southern subgroup of the Oromo people, who migrated southward from the Bale region in central Ethiopia during the mid-17th century. This emigration, as recounted in Borana oral traditions, enabled the establishment of semi-nomadic herding communities adapted to the semi-arid lowlands, relying on deep wells and seasonal grazing rotations for cattle, camels, sheep, and goats.^[18] The Borana maintained territorial boundaries defined by ecological features like river valleys and volcanic craters, which supported their transhumant lifestyle without fixed urban centers.^[19] Governance in these pre-colonial settlements operated under the Gadaa system, an indigenous democratic framework of age-grade sets that regulated political leadership, resource allocation, and dispute resolution every eight years, ensuring equitable access to water and pastures among clans.^[20] Early habitations clustered around vital wells—such as those near the Genale-Dorya River and in the Mega area—where temporary villages (goofas) housed extended families during dry seasons, fostering social cohesion through kinship networks and ritual practices tied to livestock wealth.^[21] Population densities remained low, estimated in the tens of thousands across broader Borana lands, sustained by mobility rather than intensive agriculture. Interactions with adjacent groups, including Somali pastoralists to the east and Digodi Oromo subgroups, involved both alliances for trade in salt and livestock and occasional resource-based skirmishes, mediated by customary laws emphasizing hospitality and reciprocity.^[22] Prior to the 1890s incursions by northern Ethiopian forces, the area lacked hierarchical states or tribute systems, prioritizing decentralized clan autonomy over centralized settlement, which preserved ecological balance in the face of recurrent droughts.^[23]

Colonial Era and Initial Administration

The conquest of the Borana Oromo territories by Ethiopian imperial forces under Emperor Menelik II occurred primarily between 1897 and 1907, marking the incorporation of the region into the Ethiopian Empire through military campaigns that subdued local pastoralist resistance.^[24] This expansion established initial administrative control via appointed governors and garrisons, prioritizing security and tribute collection over local governance structures. Negele Borana emerged as a key outpost in this framework, founded in the early 20th century as an Amhara-dominated settlement and military fortress to anchor Ethiopian presence amid ongoing frontier tensions.^[2] By the 1930s, Negele Borana had developed as a strategic garrison town, described in 1934 as an "Amhara new settlement and fortress" reflecting centralized imperial administration.^[2] During the Second Italo-Ethiopian War (1935–1936), it served as the operational headquarters for Ras Desta Damtew's southern forces, mobilizing troops for offensives toward Italian Somaliland. Italian troops under General Rodolfo Graziani captured Negele Borana on 20 January 1936, securing the Borana area as part of their rapid southern advance.^[25] The ensuing Italian occupation (1936–1941) reorganized the Borana region under the Galla-Sidamo Governorship within Italian East Africa, emphasizing resource extraction, infrastructure for colonial settlers, and suppression of Ethiopian loyalists through forced labor and reprisals.^[26] Local accounts indicate mixed indigenous responses, with some viewing Italian rule as a temporary disruption to prior Ethiopian exactions, though direct control in remote pastoral areas remained uneven due to guerrilla resistance. Allied liberation in 1941 restored Ethiopian sovereignty, reinstating imperial administration under Haile Selassie, with Negele Borana resuming its role as a military and administrative hub; by 1958, it was designated a First Class Township, signifying formalized urban governance.^[27]

Post-Independence Developments and Administrative Shifts

Following the restoration of Ethiopian sovereignty in 1941 after the Italian occupation, Negele Borana emerged as a key administrative and military outpost in the southern frontier, initially within Bale Province under Emperor Haile Selassie's centralized system. The town served as a garrison center, reflecting the government's efforts to consolidate control over pastoralist areas inhabited primarily by Borana Oromo clans. By the 1970s, under the Derg regime, it gained notoriety as the site of a barrack mutiny in 1974, widely regarded as the inaugural spark of the Ethiopian Revolution that toppled the monarchy.^[28] This event underscored the town's strategic military role amid growing discontent with imperial rule, though administrative structures remained focused on provincial oversight from larger centers like Goba in Bale. – wait, no wiki. The Derg's socialist reorganization in the late 1970s and 1980s integrated Negele Borana into the broader Sidamo or Bale administrative frameworks, emphasizing collectivized agriculture and security against cross-border threats, but with limited local autonomy for ethnic groups. Post-1991, after the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) ousted the Derg, the adoption of ethnic federalism profoundly altered the town's status. The 1995 Constitution established the Oromia National Regional State, delineating boundaries along ethno-linguistic lines, which positioned Negele Borana within the newly formed Borena Zone as its administrative capital. This shift empowered Oromo-majority governance, aligning with Borana cultural dominance in the area, though it sowed seeds for later clan-based disputes.^[2] In September 2003, administrative restructuring split upland woredas from Borena Zone to create the Guji Zone, transferring Negele Borana to the latter while relocating Borena's headquarters to Yabello. This realignment aimed to better reflect Guji Oromo presence in higher elevations but fueled inter-clan frictions, as Borana groups viewed it as diluting their influence over the town. Negele Borana retained its status as a separate woreda and Guji Zone capital, facilitating local governance amid pastoral resource competitions.^[29]^[1] A further shift occurred on May 24, 2023, when the Oromia Regional State Council established the East Borana Zone as its 21st administrative unit, carving districts including Negele Borana from Guji, Bale, and Borena Zones, with the town designated as the new zone's capital. This decision, intended to address Borana demands for dedicated representation, reignited ethnic tensions, prompting Guji protests against the boundary changes and perceived favoritism toward Borana clans—evident in clashes that displaced communities and disrupted trade routes. Sources from Oromo advocacy outlets highlight Borana jubilation, while Guji-aligned reports decry it as clan gerrymandering, underscoring systemic challenges in Ethiopia's federalism where administrative redraws often exacerbate resource-based rivalries rather than resolve them. Ongoing boundary disputes, including 2025 protests in Negele Borana over Somali Region encroachments, illustrate persistent instability.^[2]^[1]^[30]

Demographics and Society

Population Composition and Ethnic Dynamics

Negele Borana is predominantly inhabited by members of the Borana Oromo ethnic subgroup, who have traditionally dominated the town's population as semi-nomadic pastoralists controlling key grazing lands and water resources in the surrounding lowlands. This composition reflects the broader demographics of the Guji Zone, where Oromo groups, including Borana and Guji subgroups, form the core of the resident population, supplemented by smaller communities of Somali traders and herders along border areas, as well as Amhara settlers and Gedeo agriculturalists in peripheral settlements. The town's role as a commercial hub on the Addis Ababa-Moyale road has fostered a degree of ethnic mixing, with non-Oromo minorities engaging in trade and military postings, though Borana Oromo maintain cultural and economic primacy through customary institutions like the gadaa system governing resource access.^[2] Ethnic dynamics in Negele Borana are shaped by longstanding clan-based affiliations within the Oromo, particularly rivalries between Borana and Guji subgroups over territorial claims and administrative authority. The Borana view Negele as their historical stronghold, predating modern boundaries, leading to recurrent disputes with Guji Oromo, who exercise regional governance under Oromia's federal structure. These tensions escalated in 2023 with the federal government's creation of the East Borana Zone, carving out territory from Guji Zone to address Borana grievances over marginalization in employment, land allocation, and local decision-making; the move triggered protests, clashes, and displacement as Borana sought greater autonomy while Guji resisted perceived encroachments on their domain.^[2]^[1] Such inter-clan frictions are rooted in competition for scarce pastoral resources amid environmental pressures like drought, compounded by state interventions that often favor one subgroup, exacerbating perceptions of bias in resource distribution and security provision. Despite these challenges, traditional Borana mechanisms, including elder councils (jaarsummaa), continue to mediate internal disputes and interface with government authorities, preserving social cohesion among the majority ethnic group while highlighting the fragility of ethnic balances in frontier zones.^[31] The Borana Oromo of Negele Borana maintain a social structure rooted in the Gadaa system, an indigenous democratic framework that organizes society into generational classes, each assuming leadership roles for eight-year cycles, fostering egalitarian governance and conflict resolution through elected councils.^[32]^[33] This system divides males into age-sets progressing from childhood herding duties to warrior phases and elder advisory roles, with women participating in parallel supportive structures like the siqqee institution for rights enforcement.^[34] Clans, such as the Digalu, Meti, and Wakabora, form the foundational units, each governed by assemblies of elders known as the gumii or senate, which mediate disputes and uphold customary laws via consensus rather than coercion.^[35] Pastoralism defines core cultural practices, with households centering on cattle herding as a measure of wealth and social status, involving seasonal migrations to wells and grazing lands managed collectively under Gadaa oversight to prevent overexploitation.^[31] Rituals tied to this livelihood include the butta ceremony for well-digging blessings and oath-taking by elders to enforce resource-sharing norms, emphasizing communal reciprocity over individual accumulation.^[36] Marriage customs prioritize clan alliances and paternal authority, typically arranged by fathers selecting brides based on family compatibility, livestock exchanges, and ritual approvals rather than romantic choice, with ceremonies featuring bridewealth payments in cattle and communal feasts to seal alliances.^[37] Post-marriage, couples integrate into extended patrilineal households, where polygyny is common among prosperous herders, and divorce requires elder arbitration to preserve social harmony.^[38] These practices reinforce endogamous tendencies within Borana subgroups, adapting to semi-nomadic life while countering external pressures from sedentarization.

Economy

Traditional Pastoralism and Resource Use

The Borana Oromo, predominant in the Negele Boran area, have historically sustained themselves through semi-nomadic pastoralism on extensive communal rangelands in southern Ethiopia's semi-arid lowlands. Livestock rearing forms the core of this system, with herds typically comprising cattle as the primary asset for milk, meat, traction, and cultural value, supplemented by camels for transport and drought resilience, alongside sheep and goats for quicker reproduction and risk diversification.^[39] Traditional management yields cattle productivity comparable to low-input systems elsewhere, with calving rates around 60-70% under optimal conditions, though variability arises from rainfall dependence.^[5] Grazing resources are regulated via indigenous classifications and rotational practices embedded in the Gadaa governance system, dividing rangelands into lafa worra guddaa (grazing for the "larger family," including humans and settled stock during wet seasons) and areas reserved for dry-season or weak livestock to prevent overgrazing.^[40] Enclosures known as pala serve as dry-season reserves, while mobility allows herders to follow seasonal forage patterns across clan territories, minimizing degradation in this variable ecosystem.^[41] These customary institutions enforce access rules through elders and assemblies, balancing communal use with sustainability amid sparse vegetation dominated by grasses like Chloris gayana and acacia shrubs.^[31] Water access relies on collectively maintained deep wells called digas or tulas, hand-dug to depths of 20-30 meters in alluvial basins, with nine principal clusters serving dispersed herds during dry periods.^[42] Herders rotate well usage and allocate labor for maintenance, integrating resource control with social hierarchies where well-owners (abba tuula) hold authority. This system supports herd survival in low-rainfall zones averaging 500-800 mm annually, though it faces strains from bush encroachment reducing infiltration.^[43] Livestock sales, primarily to urban markets like Negele Boran, provide cash for grains and goods, underscoring pastoralism's role in local exchange economies.^[44]

Emerging Sectors and Trade

In the Borana Zone, where Negele Boran serves as the administrative hub, efforts to bolster the pastoral economy include expanding animal feed production across over 600,000 hectares of land as of June 2024, aimed at mitigating fodder shortages and enhancing livestock productivity amid recurrent droughts.^[45] This initiative represents a shift towards supplementary agricultural activities to support traditional herding, with feed cultivation providing a buffer against environmental variability.^[45] Infrastructure developments, such as the ongoing construction of Negele Boran's airport—valued at 1.5 billion Birr and progressing as of August 2025—are poised to facilitate greater trade volumes by improving connectivity to domestic and regional markets, potentially attracting investment in logistics and tourism.^[6] These enhancements address longstanding limitations in remote access, enabling faster livestock transport to central Ethiopian feedlots and abattoirs.^[46] Livestock trade dominates economic exchanges, with Borana pastoralists increasingly channeling animals through Negele towards urban demand centers and export points, including cross-border routes to Kenya that sustain regional commerce despite logistical challenges.^[46] Local marketing groups in Negele have expanded operations to include both shoats and cattle, accumulating capital for larger-scale transactions and diversification beyond subsistence sales.^[47] Adaptations in herd composition, such as reducing reliance on cattle in favor of camels and small ruminants, reflect pragmatic responses to drought-induced losses, with pastoralists in southern Ethiopia prioritizing resilient species for sustained trade viability.^[48] These shifts, observed since the early 2000s, are supported by capacity-building programs that promote livelihood diversification, though commercial agriculture remains marginal due to arid conditions.^[49]

Infrastructure and Public Services

Transportation Networks

Negele Boran lies along the primary road linking Addis Ababa northward to the town and southward toward Moyale at the Kenyan border, serving as a vital artery for overland trade and passenger movement in southern Ethiopia.^[50] This route, however, has historically faced challenges including delays, safety hazards, and poor conditions that affect perishable goods transport, such as fresh produce reaching markets spoiled.^[51] In February 2021, the Ethiopian government awarded $456 million in contracts for asphalt road upgrades, including a southern highway from Negele Boran to Dollo Ado and Melkasuftu, aimed at enhancing connectivity with Kenya and Somalia.^[52] These projects form part of broader efforts to expand Ethiopia's road network, though implementation progress remains tied to funding and regional stability.^[53] Air transport in Negele Boran centers on Negele Airport (IATA: EGL, ICAO: HANG), a small facility at approximately 5,230 feet elevation, primarily designated for military use with limited civilian operations.^[54] Ethiopian Airlines announced in January 2025 ongoing construction of a new airport in Negele Borena as one of six domestic sites to bolster internal air connectivity, though specific timelines and capacities for this development have not been detailed publicly.^[55] No operational rail lines or major public transit systems connect the town, underscoring reliance on road and nascent air infrastructure for regional access.^[56]

Education, Healthcare, and Utilities

Negele Boran serves as a hub for basic education in the Borena Zone, featuring institutions such as Negele Borana High School, though overall enrollment in the zone remains constrained by the pastoralist lifestyle, which prioritizes mobility for livestock herding over formal schooling.^[57]^[58] Primary school participation rates in Borena were reported at approximately 56% as of the 2004/05 academic year, reflecting persistent challenges like inadequate infrastructure and cultural preferences for traditional knowledge transmission.^[59] Recent initiatives, including school renovations benefiting around 170 students in the town, aim to address dilapidated facilities and improve access for economically disadvantaged families.^[60] Healthcare in Negele Boran is anchored by the Negele Borana General Hospital, which has provided services such as antiretroviral therapy for HIV patients since 2005 and received equipment upgrades through partnerships as recently as 2023 to enhance capacity.^[61]^[62] The broader Borena Zone includes this general hospital, four primary hospitals, and 44 health centers serving a population prone to malnutrition and maternal health risks, with improved drinking water access at about 38% contributing to vulnerabilities like high maternal mortality rates exceeding national averages.^[63]^[64] Recent assessments highlight ongoing difficulties in service delivery due to drought and conflict disruptions, though community health posts support basic interventions.^[65] Utilities in Negele Boran and the surrounding Borena Zone face significant limitations, with electricity access historically low at around 4% zone-wide as of 2004, though national rural electrification efforts have expanded to 55% overall by 2023 without specific updates confirming substantial gains in this arid pastoral area.^[29] Water supply relies heavily on traditional systems like deep wells and seasonal streams managed communally, but coverage for improved sources stood at 41.8% in rural areas by 2009, with recent district-level data indicating up to 83% of households lacking reliable access amid recurrent droughts.^[66]^[67]^[68] Ongoing projects, including a 2025 African Development Bank initiative for climate-resilient infrastructure, target enhanced water security for people and livestock in the zone.^[69]

Security and Conflicts

Historical Inter-Clan and Border Disputes

The Negele Borana area has been marked by longstanding inter-clan disputes primarily between the Borana and Guji subgroups of the Oromo ethnic group, centered on territorial claims and administrative control of the town. These intra-Oromo tensions trace back to pre-modern clan migrations and land use patterns in southern Ethiopia's pastoral lowlands, where overlapping grazing territories fostered rivalry over resources like water points and dry-season pastures.^[70] Historical narratives from both clans assert foundational rights to the Negele vicinity, with Borana oral traditions emphasizing their southward expansion from northern Oromo heartlands and Guji accounts highlighting indigenous settlement predating Borana arrivals.^[71] Such claims have periodically erupted into localized violence, often mediated through traditional Gadaa institutions but unresolved due to evolving political boundaries.^[72] Administrative decisions intensified these disputes, notably the 2003 bifurcation of the former Borana Zone by the Oromia regional government into the Borana Zone (headquartered at Yabello) and Guji Zone (with Negele Borana as its capital), intended to reflect ethnic demographics but perceived by Borana as marginalizing their historical presence in Negele.^[1] This reorganization, while reducing some immediate clashes, entrenched grievances over town ownership, leading to recurrent assertions of Borana primacy based on demographic shares and economic stakes, against Guji insistence on the division's finality.^[73] Conflicts manifested in sporadic raids and blockades, with casualties reported in the dozens during flare-ups tied to zone boundary demarcations in the mid-2000s.^[74] Border disputes have compounded inter-clan frictions through clashes with neighboring Somali clans, particularly the Garre and Gerri, over transboundary grazing corridors in the Oromia-Somali Region interface adjacent to Guji Zone. These originated in 19th-century expansions amid imperial conquests, escalating post-1991 ethnic federalism as regional administrations vied for kebeles along the Ethio-Somali frontier, displacing pastoralists and igniting revenge cycles.^[75] Initial Borana-Gerri skirmishes in the early 2000s over wells and drylands drew in Guji allies, resulting in hundreds killed and thousands displaced by 2010, driven by competition for shrinking rangelands amid drought and population growth.^[76] Traditional mechanisms, including inter-clan councils, have intermittently quelled violence, but state interventions often prioritized federal boundaries over customary resource-sharing pacts.^[77]

Root Causes and Government Responses

The root causes of security conflicts in Negele Borana and the surrounding Borana Zone primarily stem from competition over scarce pastoral resources, including grazing lands and water points, in a semi-arid environment where nomadic herding predominates among Borana Oromo communities. These tensions are exacerbated by recurrent droughts, population pressures, and the fragmentation of traditional migration routes due to fixed administrative boundaries under Ethiopia's ethnic federalism system, which often misalign with historical clan territories. Inter-ethnic clashes frequently involve neighboring groups such as Somali pastoralists and Garre communities, driven by territorial encroachments and retaliatory raids, as seen in disputes near Moyale where resource scarcity has led to cycles of violence since at least the early 2000s.^[78]^[74]^[7] Intra-Oromo rivalries, particularly between Borana and Guji subgroups, further compound issues through land use disputes, with traditional wells and pastures becoming flashpoints amid expanding agricultural encroachments and unclear zoning.^[79]^[2] Political factors, including perceived manipulations by regional elites and the politicization of ethnic identities, have intensified these resource-based conflicts, transforming localized disputes into broader inter-communal violence. For instance, historical alliances and betrayals during regime changes, such as post-1991 shifts in Somali-Borana relations, have embedded grievances over land loss and identity marginalization. External threats, including incursions by armed groups claiming Somali affiliation, add layers of insecurity, often framed within regional dynamics rather than purely local clan feuds.^[80]^[81] Ethiopian government responses to these conflicts have centered on security force deployments and administrative interventions, though with mixed efficacy. Regional authorities in Oromia have established command posts and conducted joint military operations to curb raids and enforce borders, particularly along Oromia-Somali interfaces, as part of broader counter-insurgency efforts against groups like the Oromo Liberation Army (OLA), which occasionally exploit local grievances.^[82] In 2023, the Oromia cabinet's creation of the East Borana Zone aimed to address Borana territorial claims but provoked Guji opposition, leading to heightened unrest and calls for federal mediation. Traditional mechanisms, such as Borana's Gada system of elders' councils, have been integrated into state-led peace processes, with government facilitation of inter-clan dialogues to resolve specific water and pasture disputes.^[2]^[1] Despite these measures, responses have faced criticism for over-reliance on force, including arbitrary detentions and civilian casualties during operations, which can alienate communities and perpetuate cycles of retaliation. Nationwide states of emergency, such as the one extended in 2023-2024 amid Amhara conflicts but applied broadly, have enabled heightened surveillance in Oromia zones like Borana, yet they have not fully mitigated underlying resource drivers. Grassroots initiatives, supported by federal peacebuilding funds, emphasize community-led reconciliation involving youth and women to build resilience against recurring threats.^[83]^[84]^[85]

Recent Incidents and Impacts

In mid-July 2025, inter-communal clashes erupted along the Oromia-Somali regional border near Borana areas, including East Borana Zone, stemming from disputes over land, water, and grazing rights between Oromo (primarily Borana) and Somali communities.^[86]^[87] These incidents resulted in several fatalities and prompted intervention by Ethiopian National Defense Forces to restore order.^[87] Protests followed on July 28, 2025, in towns including Negelle Borana, Yabello, and others in Borana and East Borana zones, triggered by perceived boundary encroachments and administrative restructuring in the Somali Region.^[30] The violence displaced over 288,000 people across affected districts since July 2025, exacerbating humanitarian needs in host communities and IDP sites with risks of food insecurity and limited access to services.^[88] Infrastructure damage included disruptions to key routes, such as the two-month closure of the Negelle Borana-Moyale road, hindering trade, livestock movement, and emergency access amid stalled peace negotiations between regional officials.^[87] In August 2025, an armed clash in Gomole district of Borena Zone killed three civilians, highlighting ongoing localized violence.^[89] These events have intensified resource competition in pastoralist areas, where weak state presence and historical clan rivalries contribute to cycles of retaliation, though federal responses emphasize dialogue over partisan blame.^[90] Economic impacts include reduced market access for Borana herders, potentially leading to livestock losses and heightened vulnerability to drought, while social tensions strain inter-ethnic relations despite prior mediation attempts.^[87]^[86]

Recent Developments

Infrastructure Expansions

In 2025, the African Development Bank Group approved an additional $16.38 million in financing for phase II of the Borana Resilient Water Development for Improved Livelihoods Programme (BRWDLP), targeting climate-resilient water infrastructure across Ethiopia's Borana Zone, which encompasses Negele Borana as its administrative center.^[69] This funding builds on prior investments to construct deep wells, solar-powered pumps, reservoirs, and distribution networks, aiming to supply reliable water to pastoralist communities amid recurrent droughts.^[91] The initiative is projected to provide clean water access to about 23,000 people and 50,000 livestock, enhancing sanitation and reducing waterborne diseases while supporting livestock-dependent economies.^[91]^[92] Road network expansions have also progressed in the area, with ongoing construction of the Negele Borena to Dolo Ado-Melkasuftu highway (Lot 1, up to km 64+500) under the Ethiopian Roads Authority to bolster trade links toward the Kenyan border and facilitate pastoral mobility.^[93] Complementary efforts include gravel road upgrades totaling 36 km in Borena Zone, incorporating earthworks, sub-base preparation, and gravel surfacing to connect rural kebeles to Negele Borana's markets.^[94] These projects address longstanding connectivity gaps exacerbated by terrain and seasonal flooding, though implementation has faced intermittent delays from security issues along border routes.^[87] No major expansions to electricity or airport facilities in Negele Borana were reported in this period, with existing utilities remaining tied to national grid extensions from earlier decades.^[95] In response to recurrent droughts and food insecurity affecting pastoralist communities, international and local organizations have implemented programs targeting nutrition and livelihood resilience in the Negele Boran area and surrounding Borana-inhabited zones of Oromia. In August 2025, Action For Development (AFD), a humanitarian NGO, partnered with Plan International Ethiopia to launch initiatives combating acute malnutrition in East Borana, focusing on screening, treatment, and community education for vulnerable populations, including children under five.^[96] This effort builds on broader pastoralist support, addressing livestock losses that have decimated local economies, where herding accounts for approximately 90% of income in Borana regions.^[97] Water infrastructure and climate adaptation projects represent key economic initiatives to sustain pastoralism, the dominant sector contributing significantly to Ethiopia's livestock GDP. The Borana Resilient Water Development for Improved Livelihoods Program, approved by the African Development Fund in December 2022 with a $13.95 million grant, enhances water access through boreholes, harvesting systems, and rangeland rehabilitation to support over 200,000 beneficiaries in drought-prone areas, including those near Negele Boran.^[98] Complementing this, a June 2025 climate adaptation strategy integrated into Borana water programs promotes resilient infrastructure against erratic rainfall, emphasizing community-managed resources to reduce vulnerability and enable economic diversification beyond pure pastoralism.^[99] Social programs have also emphasized women's economic empowerment and anticipatory action against crises. CARE Ethiopia's interventions in Borana, evaluated in participatory assessments, supported women-led income-generating groups through training in alternative livelihoods like beekeeping and crop integration, yielding measurable improvements in household food security.^[46] Additionally, community-based anticipatory action in Borana Zone, including cash transfers and livestock redistribution aligned with traditional "buusa gonofa" practices, has mitigated drought impacts by enabling early response, as implemented by organizations like ADRA Denmark in 2025.^[100] These initiatives prioritize empirical needs over ideological frameworks, drawing on local knowledge to foster sustainable gains amid environmental pressures.

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Rainfall variability and trends in the Borana zone of southern Ethiopia
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[15]
Climate trend analysis for a semi-arid Borana zone in southern ...
Mar 4, 2022 · The study area received a mean annual rainfall of 470.27 mm from 1981 to 2018 and 1997 (750.64 mm) was the year when the peak rainfall observed.
[16]
Changes in climate extreme indices and agricultural drought ...
Jan 30, 2025 · Semi-arid areas of Borana zone have a hot climate with average annual temperature that ranges from 18 to 29 °C. The area experiences mean ...
[17]
Temporal climate conditions and spatial drought patterns across ...
Jul 10, 2023 · In particular, the mean annual temperature in the Borana, Guji and South Omo pastoral areas in Southern Ethiopia increased by 0.40 °C per decade ...<|separator|>
[18]
[PDF] The Menelik Conquest from the Perspective of the Boorana
According to oral traditions of Boorana which I collected, the Boorana emigrated in the mid-17th century from the Baale region to the land which they inhabit ...
[19]
https://brill.com/display/book/9789004255227/B9789004255227-s003.pdf
[20]
BORANA PEOPLE: THE LARGEST OROMO PASTORALIST AND ...
Oct 20, 2016 · The Borana are a large, semi-nomadic Oromo pastoralist group, mostly in Ethiopia, with a population of almost 4 million. They are known as " ...
[21]
[PDF] Borana Oromo - Horn of Africa Evangelical Mission
The. Borana are closely related to the Arsi and Guji. Oromo and are the southern-most of the three. The Borana are nomadic and raise cattle, sheep and goats.
[22]
[PDF] The politics of space in Borana Oromo, Ethiopia - IRIS UniPA
Borana and Somali at the time of the expedition.24. The pre-colonial time is indeed already characterized by a south and westward movement of several Somali ...<|separator|>
[23]
[PDF] Metamorphosis in Conquest of Borana Oromo (c. 1897-1907)
Dec 2, 2019 · ABSTRACT. This study is aimed to note the process of conquest of Borana Oromo and the final stages in the formation of modern. Ethiopia.
[24]
Metamorphosis in Conquest of Borana Oromo (c. 1897-1907)
Nov 3, 2022 · This study is aimed to note the process of conquest of Borana Oromo and the final stages in the formation of modern Ethiopia.Missing: 1890s | Show results with:1890s
[25]
[PDF] the italian invasion of abyssinia 1935-36 - South African History Online
20 January 1936 Italians reach main Ethiopian military base at Negele, take Borana. 14 April 1936 Italians start major thrust towards Harar. 15 April 1936 ...
[26]
https://brill.com/previewpdf/book/9789004255227/B9789004255227-s010.xml
[27]
[PDF] A Note on Religious Activities of Some Sheikhs in Negelle, Borana ...
1969 Muslim politics and resistance to colonial rule: Shaykh Uways b. Muhammad al-Barawi and the. Qadiriya brotherhood in East Africa. Journal of African ...Missing: era | Show results with:era
[28]
About: Negele Borana - DBpedia
Negele Borana or Neghelle, is a town and separate woreda in southern Ethiopia. Located in the Guji Zone of the Oromia Region on the road connecting Addis Ababa ...Missing: facts | Show results with:facts
[29]
Borena Zone - Wikipedia
Borena (Oromo: Boorana) is a zone in Oromia Region of Ethiopia. Borena is named after one of the two major subgroups of the Oromo people.Missing: significance | Show results with:significance
[30]
negele borena - Wix.com
Feb 1, 2015 · Borena (or Borana) is one of the zones of the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. Borena is named after a tribe of the Oromo people.
[31]
Protests Erupt in Oromia Over Boundary Dispute with Somali Region
Jul 28, 2025 · Protests erupted on July 28, 2025, in several towns of East Borana and Borana zones of Oromia region, including Negelle and Yabello, over the ...<|separator|>
[32]
[PDF] Traditional institutions, multiple stakeholders and modern ...
This paper discusses traditional institutions, multiple stakeholders, and modern perspectives in common property, specifically in the Borana pastoral system, ...
[33]
Gada system, an indigenous democratic socio-political system of the ...
Gada is a traditional system of governance used by the Oromo people in Ethiopia developed from knowledge gained by community experience over generations.Missing: Borana | Show results with:Borana
[34]
The Gadaa System of the Oromo People - Participedia
The Gadaa system is an indigenous egalitarian democratic system that has been practiced among the Oromo nation of East Africa for the last five hundred years.
[35]
[PDF] Gadaa (Oromo Democracy)
Gadaa has three interrelated meanings: it is the grade during which a class of people assumes politico-ritual leadership, a period of eight years during which ...
[36]
An Introduction to the Council Organisation of the Borana-Oromo - jstor
A central feature of the Borana and Oromo polity is the generation class system, an institution shared with many African peoples. I also believe that even the ...
[37]
[PDF] The Case of Borana Oromo - Scientific Research Publishing
Feb 13, 2020 · The main objective of this study was to explore the roles, challenges and op- portunities of Gadaa system on water conflict resolution in Borana ...
[38]
The Borana-Oromo marriage system - WAAQEFFANNAA
Borana marriages are not based on love, but on family approval, cultural criteria, and the father's choice of wife for his son.Missing: Negele pastoralism
[39]
A guide to Borana wedding: From courtship to celebration - The Star
Dec 22, 2024 · Here is a comprehensive breakdown of how a Borana wedding is conducted, from courtship to post-wedding rituals.Missing: Negele | Show results with:Negele
[40]
[PDF] The Borana People Must Better Manage Rangelands and Diversify ...
It was concluded that the pastoralists must begin to better manage grazing, rehabilitate the land, and diversify livelihoods. Both the traditional leadership ...Missing: Borena | Show results with:Borena
[41]
Pastoralists' perception of grazing land classification in the Borana...
Borana pastoralists classify land into two major categories (Figure 1), called land for the bigger family ('Lafa Worra Guddaa') and land for the dry livestock ( ...Missing: Borena | Show results with:Borena
[42]
[PDF] Rangeland Management for Improved Pastoralist Livelihoods The ...
Apr 3, 2010 · My work focused on the Borana pastoralists and I was keen to draw on the direct knowledge I gained from this experience for my dissertation.Missing: Negele | Show results with:Negele
[43]
[PDF] Changing Climate Adaptation Strategies of Boran Pastoralists in ...
May 11, 2014 · Water management is deeply integrated into the Borana social structure. There are nine clusters of traditional deep wells, called tulas, around ...<|separator|>
[44]
Inter-connection between land use/land cover change and herders ...
Apr 15, 2014 · This study was carried out across three eco-environments in Ethiopia. These were the pastoral, agro-pastoral and the mixed crop-livestock ...
[45]
https://www.ena.et/web/eng/w/eng_4626749
[46]
Borana Zone Expands Animal Feed Production ... - ENA English
Addis Ababa ,June 19/2024(ENA)- The Borana Zone of Oromia Regional State has made significant strides in developing over 600,000 hectares of land for animal ...
[47]
[PDF] MIND THE GAP - Feinstein International Center
Somali and Boran pastoralists and herders have a history of exploiting new market opportunities. ... Negele market – also in Oromia Region, Negele is the ...Missing: controversies | Show results with:controversies
[48]
[PDF] Pastoral Livestock Marketing Groups in Southern Ethiopia: Some ...
Also, the Negelle and Moyale groups intend to diversify into cattle trading in addition to shoats if their capital base allows them to do so.Missing: Boran | Show results with:Boran
[49]
(PDF) Cattle Reduction and Livestock Diversification among Borana ...
Aug 10, 2025 · We hypothesised that this livestock diversification would vary according to geographic location (drought severity, proximity to Somalis and to ...Missing: Negele | Show results with:Negele
[50]
Cattle reduction and livestock diversification among Borana ...
Jan 1, 2014 · Many Borana still preferred cattle to other livestock, but were becoming increasingly aware of the economic value of camels and of the ...Missing: Negele trade
[51]
Ethiopia planning road network growth - Global Highways
These include building the Meki-Ziway section, the stretch linking Ziway with Arsi Negele and the section to connect Arsi Negele with Modjo. The highway ...
[52]
144 hours in Ethiopia: A dangerous crossing - AF.mil
Jan 12, 2012 · The delays and safety hazards along the road to Negele Borena often lead to fresh produce arriving to market past its prime. Because of this, ...
[53]
Ethiopia signs $456m deals to improve road links with neighbours
Feb 5, 2021 · In the south, a highway will be built between Negele Borena in the Oromia Regio, and will link Ethiopia with Kenya and Somalia. The ...Missing: connecting | Show results with:connecting
[54]
$$456 million asphalt roads to connect Ethiopia with neighbors
Feb 3, 2021 · Durbete-Qunzilla-Gellago-Metema road will be connecting Ethiopia with Sudan. Negeleborena-Dollo Ado-Melkasuftu will be linking Ethiopia with ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[55]
Ethiopian Airlines Group and African Development Bank Sign a ...
Aug 11, 2025 · Located 40 kilometers south of Addis Ababa in Abusera, the new greenfield airport will have an initial capacity of 60 million passengers ...
[56]
Ethiopian Airlines expands infrastructure to strengthen domestic ...
Jan 5, 2025 · Ethiopian Airlines is presently engaged in the construction of airports in six areas throughout the country, including Negele Borena, Yabelo, ...Missing: Boran roads
[57]
[PDF] Ethiopian Transport Master Plan Integrated Model
One of the strategic focus areas of the Ethiopian National. Development Plan is thus the expansion of quality, accessible and economic transport infrastructure.
[58]
Negele Borena High school - Facebook
Negele Borena High school. 9 likes. School. 󱘆. Like ... About. Mentions. Details. 󱛐. Page · School. 󱦗. Negele, Ethiopia.
[59]
(PDF) Education for Borena pastoralist community Boru FULL ...
Jul 27, 2023 · The study attempted to examine the practices and challenges of education for Borena pastoralist communities' children.
[60]
[PDF] the regional government of oromiya
According to the 2004/05 education data, the regional school participation rate varied between. 106.7% in Illubabor to 55.7% in Borena Zones, while at district ...Missing: statistics | Show results with:statistics
[61]
School Renovation for 170 Negelle Borena Students - GlobalGiving
This school hosts 170 students whose parents are economically poor and less privileged in socio-economic development aspects. The project solves the problem by ...Missing: Boran | Show results with:Boran
[62]
Ethiopia: Negelle Borena Hospital Begins Providing Antiretroviral Drug
Oct 16, 2005 · The Negelle Borena Hospital in Oromia State has begun providing free medical treatment and antiretroviral (ARV) drugs to persons living with ...Missing: Boran center
[63]
ANE and Human Bridge Strengthen Partnership to Enhance Medical ...
ANE and Human Bridge have reinforced their collaboration to provide essential medical equipment to Negele Borena General Hospital.Missing: Boran center
[64]
Determinants of Maternal Death in a Pastoralist Area of Borena ...
Jan 20, 2019 · According to the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS, 2016) report, the maternal mortality rate (MMR) in Ethiopia is 412/100,000 live ...
[65]
Map of Borena zone study area. - ResearchGate
... 22,23 In terms of medical facilities, Borena zone has 4 primary hospitals, 1 general public hospital, and 44 health centers. 24 A facility-based cross- ...<|separator|>
[66]
[PDF] Multi-Sectoral Needs Assessment Ethiopia 2024: Oromia Region
School attendance across the assessed zones of Oromia was relatively limited, with 29% of children who did not attend school in the year prior to data ...
[67]
[PDF] WATER IN BORANA ETHIOPIA: - CELEP
These systems ensure equitable access for the livestock of all Borana households. Water sources can be divided into surface and groundwater, with people and ...
[68]
[PDF] Report on general characteristics of the Borana zone, Ethiopia
Nov 18, 2010 · The Borana zone is one of 13 administrative zones within Ethiopia's Oromia state. It is located in the Southern part of the state (between 3 ...
[69]
(PDF) Drought Needs Assessment in Yabello District, Borana Zone ...
Aug 20, 2025 · Overall, 83.4% of households lack access to improved water sources. ... The research use mixed method to collect and analyze data. Data ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[70]
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305750X17303157
[71]
Land use Conflicts and Resolution Mechanisms among Borana and ...
This article explores the determinants of different types of land-use disputes and mechanisms for their settlement in Guji and Borana Zones, southern Ethiopia.
[72]
Looking back into the Oromo history, the case of Gujii-Borana
When we look back into the Oromo history, we find several sorrowful chapters of clan conflicts and it's tragic consequence that we feel today.
[73]
[PDF] International Journal of Social Science Research and Review
Aug 8, 2025 · This paper explores the role of the Gada institution in mediating conflicts and fostering sustainable peace among the Guji, Gabra, and Borana ...
[74]
the case of borana and guji oromo cnflict over negele ... - AAU-ETD
Examines intra-Ethnic conflict Between borana and guji oromo cnflict over the ownership of over negele borana tawon.Missing: inter- clan
[75]
[PDF] Conflicts among Pastoralists in the Borana Area of Southern Ethiopia
The study has reviewed and analyzed the macro historical and political trends in Ethiopia in relation to conflicts between different pastoralist communities. It ...<|separator|>
[76]
Full article: The quest for sustainable peace building in Guji-Burji ...
Mar 18, 2024 · Guji Oromo has recorded violent conflicts and a history of confrontation with its adjacent ethnic groups like Burji, Borana, Konso, Garre, and ...
[77]
[PDF] Conflict Dynamics between Two Neighbours: Looking Beyond ...
Jan 2, 2021 · Initially, the conflict erupted between the Borana, a dominant Oromo clan and Gerri, Somali clan, but later on the Gujji, the other Oromo ...
[78]
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-41278618
[79]
What is behind clashes in Ethiopia's Oromia and Somali regions?
Sep 18, 2017 · Historically, their relationship has been characterised by territorial competition which often leads to disputes and conflicts over resources, ...Missing: inter- clan
[80]
Land use Conflicts and Resolution Mechanisms among Borana and ...
Aug 5, 2025 · The article explores the determinants of different types of land-use disputes and institutional mechanisms for their settlement in the ...
[81]
[PDF] Solomon Mebrie - Addis Ababa University
The conflict between Borana and various groups some of whom claim. Somali identity had also got regional political context. For example, while the pre 1991 ...<|separator|>
[82]
Policy-driven Inter-ethnic Conflicts in Southern Ethiopia - ScienceOpen
Persistent inter-ethnic conflicts in southern Ethiopia have created a crisis in security of customary land tenure in the grazing lands.Missing: Negele | Show results with:Negele
[83]
[PDF] BEYOND LAW ENFORCEMENT - Amnesty International
In response to the armed violence, the government in January 2019 launched a law-enforcement offensive against the OLA by establishing command posts – which ...
[84]
[PDF] The Security and Human Rights Situation in Oromia, Ethiopia - NOAS
Jan 3, 2025 · The government has adopted a hardline approach, employing military offensives and crackdowns that have caused numerous casualties, displaced ...
[85]
2024 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ethiopia
In August 2023, the government imposed a state of emergency related to conflict in the Amhara Region that applied nationwide, under which numerous abuses were ...
[86]
[PDF] FINAL PROJECT EVALUATION REPORT - UN.org.
Oromia-SNNPR cluster to connect the woredas with the zone and report information on peace and security issues to the zone administration. The facilities ...
[87]
Ethiopia - Conflict-induced displacement (UN OCHA, DG ECHO ...
Jul 31, 2025 · An inter-communal conflict, rooted in longstanding disputes over land, water, and grazing rights, erupted mid-July 2025 between Somali and ...
[88]
East Borana Residents Report Two Month Closure of Nagelle ...
Oct 15, 2025 · Ethiopia: East Borana Residents Report Two Month Closure of Nagelle Borana-Moyale Road Amid Conflicting Official Claims and Stalled Peace ...
[89]
Ethiopia: Over 288,000 People Reportedly Displaced Following ...
Oct 10, 2025 · Addis Abeba- Over 288,000 people have been displaced since July 2025 following renewed inter-communal violence between Oromo and Somali ...
[90]
Ethiopia Monthly Protection Overview – August 2025 - ReliefWeb
Sep 9, 2025 · Oromia: Armed clash reported in Gomole district of Borena zone, with three civilians killed. Unidentified Armed Group (UAG) movement ...Missing: Negele | Show results with:Negele
[91]
Ethiopia: Renewed violence in districts bordering Oromia ... - OCHA
Oct 8, 2025 · Tensions and clashes escalated again in mid-July 2025, leading to widespread displacement, fatalities, and infrastructure damage, according to ...Missing: Borana | Show results with:Borana
[92]
https://fasi.eu/en/articles/news/29236-afdb-boosts-climate-resilient-water-infrastructure-in-ethiopia-s-borana-region.html
[93]
AfDB Boosts Climate-Resilient Water Infrastructure in Ethiopia's ...
The Board of Directors of the African Development Bank has approved an additional $16.38 million in financing for the Borana Resilient Water Development for ...Missing: details | Show results with:details
[94]
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia | On-going Projects - MCG Construction PLC
On-going Projects · Adama Cultural Center · Construction of Borena University Infrastructure Works · Gelan Mental Rehabilitation & Treatment Center · Construction ...Missing: 2020-2025 | Show results with:2020-2025
[95]
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia | Completed Projects - MCG Construction PLC
Client: Oromia Roads Authority. Location: Borena Zone. Type: Road. Description: – Construction of 36km of Gravel Road involving Earth Works, Sub-Base and ...Missing: Borana | Show results with:Borana
[96]
[PDF] World Bank Document
Jan 30, 2020 · Specific projects under NEDI covering water supply, energy and agriculture were approved by the World Bank Board in 2017. NETIP complements ...Missing: electricity | Show results with:electricity
[97]
NEW PARTNERSHIP TO COMBAT MALNUTRITION IN EAST ...
Aug 22, 2025 · Action For Development (AFD) and its partner, Plan International Ethiopia (PIE), have joined hands to combat severe malnutrition in the Goro ...Missing: Boran economy emerging sectors trade
[98]
Crisis or rebirth? The future of Ethiopia's pastoralist tribes
May 3, 2012 · In Borana, it makes up 90 per cent of the local economy highlighting the continued importance of pastoralists. For all the scepticism of their ' ...
[99]
The Borana Resilient Water Development for Improved Livelihoods ...
Dec 1, 2022 · Ethiopia: African Development Fund Approves $13.95 Million Grant for Borana Resilient Water Development for Improved Livelihoods Program.Missing: zone | Show results with:zone
[100]
Mainstreaming Climate Adaptation in Ethiopia's Borana Water ...
Jun 2, 2025 · Its goal: to enhance water access for tens of thousands of people and livestock, reinforcing the critical link between water security, nutrition ...
[101]
[PDF] Community-based Anticipatory Action in the Borana Zone, Ethiopia
The economic redistribution of cattle lies at the heart of "buusa gonofa," often referred to as the "cattle economy," emphasizing both the prestige of cattle ...