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Grant

Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant; April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) was an American general and politician who commanded Union forces to victory in the and served as the 18th from 1869 to 1877. Grant rose from obscurity through decisive campaigns, including the Overland Campaign against Robert E. Lee's , culminating in the Confederate surrender at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865, which effectively ended the war. As president, he championed Reconstruction efforts to secure civil rights for freed African Americans, signing the Enforcement Acts to combat the and supporting the 15th Amendment's ratification to prohibit racial discrimination in voting. His administration achieved diplomatic successes, such as the Treaty of Washington resolving the with Britain, but faced persistent allegations of corruption in scandals like the and , involving subordinates and associates rather than Grant himself, who maintained personal honesty amid a patronage-driven . Recent historical reassessments emphasize Grant's strategic acumen and commitment to racial justice, countering earlier portrayals that emphasized administrative scandals over his substantive accomplishments.

Conceptual and linguistic uses

Etymology and definitions

The English word "grant" as a verb originated in the late 12th century from Middle English "gra(u)nten," borrowed from Old French "graunter" or "crëanter," a variant derived from Vulgar Latin "*credentare," stemming ultimately from Latin "credens," the present participle of "credere," meaning "to believe," "to trust," or "to entrust." This etymological root underscores the concept of granting as an act of giving credence, consent, or authorization, evolving from notions of belief and agreement. By the 13th century, it had established senses in English denoting formal permission or bestowal, particularly in legal contexts such as authorizing transfers of property or rights. As a verb, "grant" means to consent to or permit a request, to bestow or confer something such as a right, , or favor, or to allow as true in reasoning or . For instance, it implies yielding to an entreaty or formally endowing possession or benefit, as in legal or administrative acts. The noun form, emerging later around the late 15th century, refers to the act of granting or the thing conferred, encompassing , sums of money, tracts of land, or conveyances in writing under property law. In contemporary usage, a grant most commonly denotes a financial allocation from a , , or for a specified purpose, such as or public projects, without requiring repayment or reciprocity. This sense emphasizes non-commercial transfer, distinguishing it from loans, and often involves competitive application processes governed by eligibility criteria and reporting obligations. Historically, grants have included or feudal land bestowal, reflecting authoritative transfer without purchase. Separately, "Grant" as a surname or given name derives from Norman French "grant" or "grand," meaning "large" or "tall," functioning as a nickname for physical stature, with roots in Old French and no direct connection to the verb's Latin etymology of trust or consent. This proper noun usage appears in English records from the medieval period, often linked to Scottish clans or English families.

Financial and legal grants

Financial grants constitute non-repayable funds disbursed by governments, foundations, or other entities to support specific projects, public services, or initiatives, often aimed at stimulating economic activity or addressing societal needs. , these include awards to state and local governments totaling an estimated $1.1 trillion annually, funding areas such as , , and programs. Early American grants originated as land distributions under the to promote settlement and , evolving into cash-based aid by the with conditional requirements like . Types of financial grants vary by allocation method and purpose. Formula grants distribute funds based on predefined criteria, such as population or need indices, without competitive bidding, as seen in programs like funding to states. Project grants, conversely, require applications and for targeted outcomes, exemplified by research awards from agencies like the , which provided over $32 billion in fiscal year 2023 for biomedical studies. Block grants offer broader flexibility to recipients for general purposes, such as , reducing administrative oversight compared to categorical grants tied to narrow objectives. Legal grants denote the formal conveyance of , , or privileges from a grantor to a grantee, typically via written instruments like or patents. In , a grant deed transfers with warranties that the grantor has not previously conveyed the property to others or encumbered it beyond disclosed liens, serving as a standard document in many U.S. states for sales and gifts. Such transfers must be executed in writing to pass interests, distinguishing them from mere leases or licenses. Beyond , legal grants encompass authorizations like , issued by national offices such as the U.S. Patent and Office, conferring exclusive rights to inventions for limited terms—20 years from filing for utility —to incentivize . Historical examples include royal charters and , which granted colonial territories or monopolies, as in the 1606 charters to the authorizing land settlement and governance under English crown authority. These instruments, rooted in sovereign prerogative, evolved into modern statutory frameworks ensuring and public disclosure for validity.

Other transfers and permissions

In legal and administrative contexts, a grant refers to the formal bestowal of permission, , or , distinct from monetary or proprietary transfers, often involving the to exercise specific or access. This usage encompasses concessions where one party yields a point, right, or allowance, such as in negotiations or disputes, without implying financial exchange. For instance, governments may grant charters or franchises authorizing private entities to operate public services like transportation or utilities under regulated terms. In law, grants commonly denote the licensed of usage rights, such as an granting a publisher exclusive permissions to reproduce and distribute a work, specifying scope like territory, duration, and media without ceding ownership. Similarly, licenses involve grants permitting third parties to exploit inventions under defined conditions, often created through express agreements to avoid infringement claims. These arrangements prioritize clarity in delineating revocable permissions over permanent alienation of rights. Administrative permissions, such as grants of or easements, exemplify non-financial transfers where authorities confer legal capacity to act, like executing a accessing another's for purposes, typically via written instruments to ensure enforceability. In international treaties, grants extend to concessions like warrants or orders allowing or resource use, reflecting broader diplomatic permissions rather than outright transfers. Such mechanisms underscore causal linkages between explicit and bounded exercise of , mitigating disputes through documented intent.

People

Historical and military figures

(born Hiram Ulysses Grant; April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) stands as the preeminent historical and military figure bearing the surname Grant, renowned for his command of Union forces during the (1861–1865), where he orchestrated decisive victories that preserved the . Graduating from the at West Point in 1843, Grant initially served in the Mexican–American War (1846–1848) as a with the 4th Infantry Regiment, participating in battles such as and , earning brevet promotions to captain for gallantry. He resigned from the army in 1854 amid personal struggles, including financial difficulties and reported issues with alcohol, but rejoined at the outbreak of the Civil War as colonel of the 21st Illinois Infantry Regiment on June 17, 1861. Grant's rapid ascent continued with his promotion to brigadier general in July 1861 and command of the District of Southeast Missouri by September. His early successes included the capture of Fort Henry on February 6, 1862, and on February 16, 1862—the latter yielding over 12,000 Confederate prisoners and earning him the nickname "" Grant after his demand for terms. Despite heavy losses at the (April 6–7, 1862), which resulted in approximately 13,000 Union casualties, Grant pressed onward, contributing to Union control of the through the (1862–1863), culminating in the city's surrender on July 4, 1863, after a 47-day siege that severed Confederate supply lines. In 1863, Grant's victory at the (November 23–25) secured federal dominance in , prompting his elevation to in March 1864 and appointment as of all Union armies. Leading the Overland Campaign against Robert E. Lee's , Grant inflicted relentless attrition, including at the (May 5–7, 1864), Spotsylvania Court House (May 8–21, 1864), and Cold Harbor (June 1–12, 1864), before besieging Petersburg from June 1864 to April 1865, which precipitated Lee's capitulation at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865, effectively ending the war. Grant's strategy emphasized and superior resources over tactical finesse, sustaining Union morale despite high casualties totaling over 50,000 in the Overland Campaign alone. Postwar, he was promoted to full general in 1866 and, posthumously in 2024, to the highest rank of . While lesser-known figures include Major General James Grant, who commanded light infantry in the and (notably defeated at the Battle of Grant's Old Stand in 1778), no other Grant rivals Ulysses S. Grant's impact on .

Political and business leaders

Grant (born October 30, 1971) served as New Zealand's Minister of Finance from 2017 to 2023 under the government, overseeing budget responses to economic pressures including the and subsequent recovery efforts that involved substantial fiscal stimulus. As from 2020, he coordinated inter-ministerial on and economic support, resigning from Parliament in early 2024 to assume the role of Vice-Chancellor at the . Bernie Grant (1944–2000), born in , represented the as for from 1987 until his death, focusing on initiatives and community representation for ethnic minorities in the UK. His tenure included advocacy for police reform following events like the 1985 in his constituency, though his outspoken positions drew criticism from party moderates. Helen Grant, elected as the Conservative MP for and The Weald in 2010, became the first Black woman to serve as a in a Conservative government, holding the portfolio for Women and Equalities from 2013 to 2016. She focused on prevention and sports policy, winning re-election in subsequent general elections including 2019. Grant Mitchell (born July 19, 1951) led the from 1988 to 1994 and served as a Canadian Senator for from 2005 to 2020, appointed by Prime Minister . Prior to federal roles, he sat in the Legislative Assembly from 1986 to 1998, emphasizing fiscal responsibility and in opposition to the dominant Conservatives. In business, Grant Cardone (born March 21, 1958) founded Cardone Enterprises, a sales training firm, and Cardone Capital, a vehicle that reported over $5 billion in by 2024 through multifamily property acquisitions. He authored The 10X Rule in 2011, promoting aggressive scaling in business, and expanded into online education via Cardone University, though his methods have faced scrutiny for high-pressure sales tactics. Hugh Grant (born March 23, 1958), a Scottish executive, led as CEO from 2003 to 2018, during which the company advanced genetically engineered seeds and faced legal challenges over products like . Under his leadership, achieved revenue growth to $14.6 billion by 2017 before its $63 billion acquisition by in 2018, integrating its into the larger entity.

Entertainers and athletes

(1904–1986) was a British-American celebrated for his sophisticated screen persona and roles in over 70 productions, including Alfred Hitchcock's (1959). is a whose career spans comedies and dramas, with films collectively grossing billions at the . , born in Swaziland and based in , debuted in film as the lead in the cult comedy (1987) and has since earned acclaim for supporting roles in productions like (1993). In music, stands out as a prominent Christian contemporary artist with multiple for albums such as (1991). Among athletes, (born October 5, 1972) is a retired American basketball player, Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductee, seven-time NBA All-Star, and two-time NCAA champion who later served as vice president of basketball operations and co-owner of the . (born March 5, 1972) played as a and in the NBA for teams including the and over a 12-year career. Other figures include television actor , known for portraying The Flash in the series from 2014 to 2023, and hockey , a six-time NHL All-Star who won five Stanley Cups with the .

Other notable individuals

Adam M. Grant (born August 13, 1981) is an American organizational psychologist and management professor at the of the , where he has been recognized as the top-rated professor for seven consecutive years. His research focuses on , , and workplace dynamics, with findings published in peer-reviewed journals and popularized through bestselling books such as Give and Take (2013) and Originals (2016). George Franklin Grant (1847–1910) was an African American dentist and inventor, notable as the first Black faculty member at , appointed in 1876. He patented the wooden golf tee in 1899, revolutionizing the sport by providing a consistent elevation for the ball, and earlier developed the oblate palate, a prosthetic for cleft patients to aid speech and eating. Grant practiced dentistry in , treating patients including Harvard presidents, and contributed to civil rights through affiliations with organizations like the . George Parkin Grant (1918–1988) was a Canadian philosopher and whose critiques of , , and influenced conservative thought. Best known for Lament for a Nation (), which mourned the erosion of amid American cultural dominance, Grant drew on , Nietzsche, and to argue against unchecked technological progress. He taught at institutions including McMaster and Dalhousie Universities, blending politics with pessimism about liberalism's trajectory. Edward Grant (1926–2020) was an American historian of science, specializing in medieval , and served as Emeritus at from 1960 to 2001. His works, including The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages (1996), traced the continuity between Aristotelian traditions and early modern developments, challenging narratives of abrupt . Grant authored over twelve books and ninety articles, earning accolades like the John Frederick Lewis Award from the .

Places

In the United States

Several counties in the United States bear the name Grant, most commonly in honor of President . , lies in the north-central part of the state and includes municipalities such as , Gas City, and Fairmount. , established as one of the state's younger counties, had a of 89,120 according to the 2010 census, with Ephrata as its seat. In , has as its sole and , with a total of 7,916. Other examples include Grant County, Arkansas, formed in 1869 from parts of adjacent counties; Grant County, Oklahoma, situated on the state's northern border with a 2010 population of 4,527; and Grant County, South Dakota, covering 691 square miles along the Minnesota River Valley. Municipalities named Grant are scattered across the country, often small towns or cities. Grant, , is a town in north-central Marshall County, incorporated on November 15, 1945, and located atop Gunter Mountain at an elevation of 1,310 feet amid foothills. It operates under a mayor-council structure with a five-member council serving four-year terms. Grant, Minnesota, is a city in on the eastern edge of the metropolitan area. These locales, along with approximately 20 other populated places sharing the name across states including , , , , and , reflect the widespread commemoration of the general and president.

In other countries

In Canada, Grant is an unincorporated place and in the Unorganized North Part of Cochrane District, , originally settled as a small farming community in the mid-19th century with a established in 1869 and a in 1872; it declined due to rural depopulation and railway changes. In , the District Council of Grant is a in the Limestone region of , the southernmost council in the state, encompassing coastal towns such as Port MacDonnell and covering approximately 1,134 square kilometers with a population of around 8,843 as of the 2021 . The County of Grant is a cadastral division in , located west of and encompassing areas around and , used historically for land administration and titles. In Slovenia, is a small and village in the Municipality of in the Littoral– Statistical Region, situated in the hills above the Baška Grapa valley north of Grahovo ob Bači, known for its rural, mountainous terrain.

Arts, entertainment, and media

Film and television

Grant is a three-part that chronicles the life of , from his early struggles to his role as Union general during the and his presidency. Directed by Malcolm Venville and narrated by Justin Salinger as Grant, the series draws on historical accounts to depict Grant's military strategies, efforts, and battles against corruption. It premiered on the over three consecutive nights starting May 25, 2020, and features interviews with historians including , whose 2017 biography inspired the production. A earlier documentary, , is a two-part film produced for PBS's series, examining Grant's frontier upbringing, Civil War leadership, presidency, and final years writing memoirs amid financial ruin. Directed by Stephen Ives and first aired on May 5, 2002, it emphasizes Grant's tactical innovations and commitment to civil rights enforcement post-war.

Literature and music

(2017) is a biography of Ulysses S. Grant written by historian , synthesizing extensive archival research to portray Grant's military leadership during the , his presidency, and personal struggles with alcoholism and business failures. The book, published by Penguin Press, received widespread acclaim for rehabilitating Grant's historical reputation against long-standing criticisms of corruption and incompetence in his administration, earning selection as a top book of the year by . Grant: A Novel (1997) by Max Byrd is a work depicting S. Grant's post-presidency world tour in 1877–1880, blending factual events with imagined dialogues to explore his reflections on power, , and family. Published by , the novel draws on Grant's real travels to , , and the , emphasizing his interactions with figures like and his efforts to secure financial stability amid scandals. In music, "Grant Is the Man" is a composed by Harry Birch in 1872 to support Ulysses S. Grant's reelection bid, with lyrics praising his victories and presidential record through verses like "Grant is the man, we'll vote for him again." Published by White, Smith & Perry in , the reflects Republican Party enthusiasm amid post-war debates, featuring simple piano accompaniment typical of 19th-century political tunes.

Other media

In comic books, the name Grant is associated with several fictional characters. Theodore "Ted" Grant, better known as the superhero , debuted as a champion who gains enhanced abilities after wearing magical contact lenses; he became a charter member of the and appeared in titles such as Sensation Comics #1 (January 1942). Grant Wilson, the son of the assassin , operates as the mercenary Ravager in DC Comics continuity, inheriting a variant of his father's superhuman enhancements and debuting in Deathstroke #14 (2015). In video games, Grant Danasty is a playable character in Castlevania: Harmony of Dissonance (2003), a former pirate ally to the protagonist Juste Belmont, distinguished by his acrobatic mobility, claw attacks, and ability to cling to walls; the Game Boy Advance title was developed by and released on November 7, 2003, in . The pseudonym Maxwell Grant, used by Walter B. Gibson and subsequent writers, credits the The Shadow pulp hero adaptations into comic books (e.g., DC Comics' 1973–1975 series) and a radio drama series that aired over 600 episodes from September 26, 1937, to December 18, 1954, across networks like the , with early episodes voiced by (1937–1938).

Organizations and businesses

Companies named Grant

Grant Thornton is a multinational professional services network headquartered in , comprising independent member firms that deliver , , and advisory services across more than 150 countries. The U.S. member firm, , operates 59 offices with approximately 8,500 employees and generates annual revenues exceeding $1.9 billion as of recent reports. Founded through mergers beginning in the early , the network emphasizes client-focused expertise in areas like financial advisory and , ranking among the world's top organizations by revenue. W. T. Grant, formally the W. T. Grant Company, was a U.S.-based chain of mass-merchandise variety stores founded by William Thomas Grant in 1906. At its peak in the mid-1970s, it ranked as the fifth-largest retailer in the United States, with hundreds of locations offering affordable goods like , , and household items targeted at working-class families. The company expanded aggressively through the but encountered financial distress from overexpansion and inventory issues, culminating in a 1976 bankruptcy filing—the second-largest in U.S. history at the time—which led to the closure of all stores by of that year. William Ltd. is an independent, family-owned Scottish distilling company established in 1887 by William Grant in , Speyside. It produces a range of Scotch whiskies, including the blended brand, which ranks as one of the world's top-selling Scotch whiskies with distribution in over 180 countries. The firm maintains control over its supply chain, from to bottling, and has grown to employ thousands while preserving six generations of family leadership as of 2025. Grant Industries, based in , specializes in the development and manufacture of specialty chemicals and emollients for personal care and cosmetic formulations. Operational since the mid-20th century, it supplies raw materials like thickeners and conditioning agents to global formulators, focusing on innovative solutions for skincare and haircare products without broader retail presence.

Philanthropic and legal entities

The William T. Grant Foundation, established in 1936 by retailer William Thomas Grant, funds social science to improve outcomes for young people aged 5 to 25 in the United States. Its primary focus areas include programs, policies, and practices that reduce inequality in youth outcomes—such as disparities in education, health, and economic opportunity—and strategies to enhance the use of evidence in policy decisions and youth-serving organizations. The foundation awards grants typically lasting two to four years, supports early-career scholars via five-year and programs, and invests in research-practice partnerships to bridge academic findings with practical applications. Incorporated in , it maintains an endowment derived from Grant's business success in retail chains, directing resources toward empirical studies rather than direct service provision. Grant & Eisenhofer P.A., founded in 1997 and headquartered in Wilmington, Delaware, is a plaintiffs' law firm specializing in complex securities litigation, corporate governance disputes, and financial fraud cases. The firm represents institutional investors and other clients in class actions, opt-out litigation, and mergers-and-acquisitions challenges, often securing multimillion-dollar recoveries through settlements and trials in federal and state courts. It maintains additional offices in Chicago, New York, and Los Angeles, emphasizing global ESG (environmental, social, and governance) initiatives alongside traditional fiduciary breach claims. Recognized for its trial advocacy in high-stakes Chancery Court matters, the firm operates as a contingency-based practice, aligning fees with client recoveries.

Transportation and technology

Vehicles

The Grant automobile was manufactured by the Grant Motor Company, established on June 19, 1913, by brothers George D. and Charles A. Grant alongside David A. Shaw initially in , . Production began in 1914 after relocating to , focusing on affordable roadsters with a four-cylinder rated at 12 horsepower, a 90-inch , and standard 56-inch tread. Models evolved to include six-cylinder variants by the late , with the company ceasing operations in 1922 amid post-World War I market challenges. The M3 Grant medium tank, a design developed by the and adopted by British Commonwealth forces starting in 1941, was named after General . Featuring a hull-mounted 75 mm main gun in a for high-angle fire capability—alongside a turreted 37 mm gun, machine guns, and armor up to 51 mm thick—it served as a transitional armored vehicle until the M4 Sherman's introduction, with production totaling around 5,000 units across variants from 1941 to 1943. Deployed notably in the from May 1942, the Grant provided Allied forces with superior firepower against and IV tanks, contributing to victories at Gazala and the despite vulnerabilities like its tall silhouette and limited traverse. Grant Locomotive Works produced steam locomotives from 1867 to 1895, beginning operations in , before relocating to in the 1880s. The firm built various freight and passenger engines, including early consolidation types for American railroads, with output including dozens of , , and larger articulated designs adapted for heavy hauling. Financial strain from labor strikes and economic downturns prompted bankruptcy in 1895, after which assets were acquired by other builders.

Other technical uses

In relational database management systems compliant with the SQL standard, the GRANT statement assigns specific privileges, such as SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE, to users or roles on database objects including tables, views, sequences, and stored procedures, enabling fine-grained . This command, introduced in early SQL implementations and formalized in ANSI/ISO SQL standards since 1986, contrasts with REVOKE for withdrawing permissions and supports cascading privileges through the WITH GRANT OPTION clause. Variations exist across systems like , which extends GRANT for system-level privileges such as CREATE SESSION, and , which applies it to schemas and functions. In the OAuth 2.0 authorization framework, a grant denotes a mechanism by which a client application obtains an to access protected resources on behalf of a resource owner, without sharing credentials. Defined in RFC 6749 (published October 2012), grant types include the authorization code grant for web applications, implicit grant for client-side scripts, resource owner password credentials grant, client credentials grant for machine-to-machine interactions, and extension grants like device code or refresh token flows. These types address security trade-offs, with authorization code preferred for its resistance to interception attacks via PKCE extensions standardized in RFC 7636 (2015). In the open-source , grant tables provide a paravirtualized interface for domains to share memory pages securely and efficiently, avoiding copies for I/O operations between front-end drivers in guest domains and back-end in Dom0. Introduced in Xen 3.0 (2005), this mechanism uses hypercalls to map foreign pages into a domain's , with gnttab interfaces in the for allocation and permission management, supporting features like map/unmap and transfer operations tracked via reference counts. Grant tables underpin protocols such as blkfront/blkback for block devices and /netback for networking, minimizing overhead in and server environments.

Other uses

[Other uses - no content]

References

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