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Overbite

An overbite, also known as a deep bite, is a type of malocclusion often associated with Class II division 2, characterized by excessive vertical overlap of the maxillary incisors over the mandibular incisors, typically exceeding 3 mm, which can lead to misalignment of the jaws and teeth.^[1] This malocclusion affects approximately 24% of the global population, with variations by region and demographics, and is often classified as mild, moderate, or severe based on the degree of overlap.^[2] Common causes of overbites include hereditary factors such as differences in jaw size between the upper and lower arches, as well as environmental influences like prolonged thumb-sucking beyond early childhood, premature loss of baby teeth, or jaw injuries.^[1] In some cases, impacted or extra teeth can contribute to the misalignment.^[1] While a slight overbite is considered normal and aids in proper chewing and speech, excessive overlap may result in symptoms including difficulty biting or chewing food, jaw pain, speech impediments, and aesthetic concerns due to changes in facial profile.^[3] Treatment for overbites primarily involves orthodontic intervention, with braces or clear aligners used to gradually reposition the teeth and jaws, often most effective during childhood and adolescence when facial bones are still developing.^[1] For severe cases involving skeletal discrepancies, orthognathic surgery may be necessary in conjunction with orthodontics to correct the jaw alignment.^[3] Post-treatment retainers are essential to maintain results, and early detection through routine dental checkups can prevent complications such as tooth wear, gum issues, or temporomandibular joint disorders.^[1]

Definition and Terminology

Definition

An overbite refers to the vertical overlap of the upper incisors over the lower incisors when the teeth are in occlusion, specifically the extent to which the maxillary incisors cover the mandibular incisors in the vertical plane during maximal intercuspation.^[4] This measurement is typically expressed in millimeters or as a percentage of the lower incisor's clinical crown height.^[4] A normal overbite is generally considered to range from 1 to 3 mm, corresponding to approximately 20-30% overlap of the lower incisors by the upper incisors, which supports proper occlusion and oral function.^[4]^[5] In contrast, an abnormal overbite, often termed a deep bite, occurs when this overlap exceeds 3-4 mm or 30%, resulting in a malocclusion that can disrupt normal bite alignment.^[4]^[5] This condition arises from the relative positioning of the maxilla (upper jaw) and mandible (lower jaw) in relation to the anterior teeth, where excessive vertical overlap may stem from discrepancies in jaw growth or tooth eruption patterns.^[4] Unlike overjet, which measures the horizontal protrusion of the upper teeth ahead of the lower teeth, overbite focuses solely on the vertical dimension.^[5] In dental terminology, overbite refers to the vertical overlap of the upper front teeth over the lower front teeth when the jaws are closed. A closely related term is overjet, which describes the horizontal protrusion of the upper front teeth beyond the lower front teeth, typically measured in millimeters; a normal overjet ranges from 2 to 3 mm, distinguishing it from the vertical dimension of overbite.^[6]^[7] Deep bite is often used synonymously with severe overbite, specifically indicating an excessive vertical overlap where the lower incisors may contact the palate or gingival tissue of the upper arch.^[8]^[5] In contrast, open bite represents the opposite malocclusion, characterized by a lack of vertical overlap or contact between the upper and lower anterior teeth when the mouth is closed.^[6]^[9] Colloquial terms such as "buck teeth" historically refer to prominent horizontal protrusion akin to overjet rather than true overbite, emphasizing the forward extension of the upper incisors.^[7]^[10]

Classification

Types

Overbite is classified into three primary types based on the underlying structural origins: dental, skeletal, and mixed. This etiological categorization distinguishes conditions arising from tooth positioning and alignment from those stemming from jaw discrepancies or a combination thereof.^[11] Dental overbite results from misalignment or improper angulation of the teeth, such as excessive labial or palatal inclination of the maxillary incisors, leading to increased vertical overlap without significant alterations to the skeletal framework. This type often involves supraeruption of the anterior teeth or infraocclusion of the posterior dentition, contributing to a deep bite primarily through dental compensation mechanisms. Skeletal overbite arises from discrepancies in jaw growth and positioning, including a retrognathic mandible or prognathic maxilla, which create an inherent vertical and anteroposterior imbalance.^[3] Such cases frequently present with a reduced lower facial height and may require orthopedic intervention to address the underlying bony structure.^[11] Mixed overbite combines elements of both dental and skeletal factors, where tooth malposition exacerbates jaw-related vertical disharmonies, often resulting in a more complex clinical presentation.^[11] This type reflects interactions between genetic predispositions and environmental influences on craniofacial development. Overbite types are commonly associated with Angle's classification of malocclusion, particularly Class II, where deep overbite is prevalent in both Division 1 (with proclined incisors and increased overjet) and Division 2 (with retroclined incisors), though it can occur in other classes as well.^[3]

Severity Levels

Overbite severity is assessed based on the vertical overlap of the maxillary incisors over the mandibular incisors, measured in millimeters or as a percentage of the lower incisor crown height, to determine clinical relevance.^[4] Normal overbite ranges from 1-2 mm or approximately 20-30%.^[3] Mild overbite typically involves 3-4 mm or 30-40% overlap and is often asymptomatic, seldom necessitating treatment beyond aesthetic considerations.^[4] Moderate overbite features 3-6 mm or 30-50% overlap, potentially leading to minor functional issues such as slight discomfort during chewing or speech.^[12] Severe overbite exceeds 5 mm or 50% overlap and is associated with significant malocclusion, including risks like tooth wear, jaw strain, and temporomandibular joint disorders.^[4] As overbite progresses from mild to severe, the clinical implications escalate, with increased likelihood of requiring orthodontic intervention or, in extreme cases, orthognathic surgery to mitigate long-term health risks.^[4]

Causes

Genetic Factors

Overbite, particularly in the context of skeletal Class II malocclusion, exhibits polygenic inheritance patterns that influence jaw growth and development, with multiple genes contributing to variations in mandibular and maxillary morphology. Familial clustering is commonly observed in Class II malocclusions, where relatives of affected individuals show a higher prevalence of similar traits, suggesting a heritable component beyond simple Mendelian patterns. This polygenic nature implies that overbite susceptibility arises from the additive effects of numerous genetic variants affecting craniofacial growth trajectories.^[13] During embryological development, genetic factors can disrupt the normal growth of the cranial base and maxilla in fetal stages, leading to disproportionate skeletal relationships that manifest as overbite. Abnormalities in neural crest cell migration and differentiation, governed by genes such as those in the BMP and FGF signaling pathways, may result in reduced mandibular length relative to the maxilla, contributing to retrognathia and increased vertical overlap. These disruptions occur early in gestation, highlighting the role of genetic regulation in establishing foundational craniofacial architecture.^[14] Certain genetic syndromes are associated with overbite due to mandibular hypoplasia, including Pierre Robin sequence and Treacher Collins syndrome. In Pierre Robin sequence, mutations near or in the SOX9 gene lead to micrognathia and resultant glossoptosis, often associated with Class II malocclusion and deep overbite.^[15]^[16] Treacher Collins syndrome, caused by mutations in TCOF1, POLR1B, or POLR1D genes, features bilateral mandibular hypoplasia from defective first and second branchial arch development, frequently presenting with Class II malocclusion.^[17] These syndromic cases underscore how specific genetic defects can directly precipitate overbite through impaired skeletal growth.^[18] Twin studies provide robust evidence for the genetic basis of skeletal overbites, demonstrating higher concordance rates in monozygotic twins compared to dizygotic pairs. For instance, identical twins exhibit 100% concordance for Class II division 2 malocclusion, which is characterized by deep overbite, indicating strong heritability for vertical facial dimensions. These findings affirm that genetic factors predominate in the etiology of skeletal overbites, with environmental influences playing a secondary role in expression.^[18]

Environmental Factors

Environmental factors play a significant role in the development of overbite, particularly through modifiable habits and external influences that disrupt normal dentofacial growth during childhood. These acquired elements can alter tooth positioning and jaw development, often in ways that exacerbate vertical overlap of the anterior teeth. Unlike inherent predispositions, environmental contributors are frequently linked to behaviors or conditions that can be addressed early to mitigate risks. Childhood habits such as prolonged thumb sucking exert pressure on the dental arches, pushing the upper incisors forward and the lower incisors inward, which can result in increased overbite.^[19] Similarly, prolonged pacifier use beyond 3 years has been associated with malocclusions, including alterations in overjet that contribute to deeper anterior overlap when combined with other factors.^[20] Tongue thrusting, where the tongue abnormally presses against the anterior teeth during swallowing, can lead to infraocclusion of posterior teeth, thereby deepening the anterior bite relationship.^[4] Premature loss of primary teeth can cause adjacent teeth to drift and tilt, leading to space loss, crowding, and potential development of overbite as permanent teeth erupt into misaligned positions.^[1] Likewise, impacted or supernumerary (extra) teeth can displace erupting teeth, contributing to misalignment and increased vertical overlap.^[1] Mouth breathing, often stemming from allergies, enlarged adenoids, or nasal obstructions, promotes an open-mouth posture that affects mandibular growth and tongue positioning, potentially increasing overbite by favoring vertical facial development over horizontal.^[21] This habitual shift from nasal to oral respiration alters the balance of orofacial muscles, contributing to Class II malocclusions characterized by excessive incisor overlap.^[3] Facial trauma, such as injuries to the jaw or teeth during early development, can disrupt mandibular positioning and lead to compensatory overbite as the body adapts to the damage.^[3] Nutritional deficiencies in early childhood, particularly vitamin D shortfall, impair calcium and phosphorus metabolism, resulting in skeletal defects and tooth crowding that contribute to malocclusion development.^[22] Addressing these factors through habit cessation and medical intervention can prevent progression in many cases.^[4]

Signs and Symptoms

Functional Impacts

Overbite, particularly when excessive or deep, can impair masticatory efficiency by limiting proper contact between the upper and lower incisors during biting and chewing. This misalignment often results in reduced grinding capability, as the posterior teeth bear disproportionate load while the anterior teeth fail to engage effectively, leading to shorter chewing cycles and incomplete food breakdown.^[23] Consequently, uneven tooth wear may occur, with excessive attrition on the incisal edges of the lower incisors or the lingual surfaces of the upper incisors due to aberrant occlusal forces.^[9] In terms of speech, deep overbite can contribute to rare articulation difficulties, such as lisps, by altering tongue positioning and oral space dynamics.^[1] These impediments are more likely in severe cases. Deep overbite can exert additional strain on the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), potentially leading to jaw pain.^[9] Impaired chewing efficiency in malocclusions may indirectly affect swallowing and digestive processes.^[24] Slight overbites are often normal and asymptomatic, while severe cases are more likely to exhibit functional impacts.

Aesthetic and Health Concerns

Overbites can significantly impact facial aesthetics, often resulting in a protruding upper lip due to the forward positioning of the maxillary incisors, which disrupts overall facial proportions and symmetry.^[25] In association with Class II division 2 malocclusion, a deep overbite may exacerbate the appearance of chin recession by highlighting a retrognathic mandible and creating a convex profile.^[26] These alterations can lead to a less harmonious side profile, with the excessive vertical overlap of the upper teeth contributing to a "gummy smile" or imbalanced soft tissue contours.^[9] From a health perspective, overbites pose notable periodontal risks, as the deepened vertical overlap facilitates trauma to the gingival tissues, particularly on the palatal aspect of the maxillary anterior teeth where lower incisors may impinge during function.^[27] This traumatic occlusion can accelerate gingival recession, with studies documenting severe cases up to 15 mm in depth, often compounded by mucogingival stress and poor oral hygiene, leading to bone loss and attachment deterioration if untreated.^[28] Such chronic irritation increases susceptibility to periodontal disease, including inflammation and pocket formation in the affected areas.^[27] The excessive overlap in overbites also promotes uneven occlusal forces, resulting in accelerated enamel wear on the incisal edges of both upper and lower anterior teeth, as well as heightened risk of chipping or fracturing the incisors due to concentrated stress.^[9] Over time, this enamel erosion can expose dentin, causing sensitivity and necessitating restorative interventions to prevent further structural compromise.^[9] Psychologically, overbites in adolescents are linked to diminished oral health-related quality of life, with greater severity correlating to increased emotional distress over appearance, though direct effects on global self-esteem may be less pronounced.^[29] This can manifest as self-consciousness about the smile, potentially influencing social interactions during a formative period.^[30]

Diagnosis

Clinical Examination

The clinical examination for overbite begins with a thorough patient history to identify potential contributing factors. Dentists inquire about oral habits such as prolonged thumb-sucking, nail-biting, tongue-thrusting, or bruxism, which can exacerbate vertical incisor overlap, as well as family dental traits indicating genetic predisposition to jaw misalignment or malocclusion.^[5]^[3] This history helps contextualize the condition, as overbite often involves inherited skeletal patterns alongside environmental influences like childhood habits.^[3] Visual inspection forms the cornerstone of initial assessment, focusing on the patient's occlusion in centric position—where the jaws meet in maximum intercuspation. The dentist observes the vertical overlap of the maxillary incisors over the mandibular incisors, noting excessive overlap (deep bite) exceeding 3 mm as indicative of overbite; this is distinct from overjet, which measures horizontal protrusion.^[31]^[32] The examination includes evaluating facial symmetry, lip competence, and smile aesthetics to gauge the extent of anterior tooth coverage.^[3] Palpation follows to assess jaw alignment and associated soft tissues. The clinician gently palpates the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) for clicks, deviations, or tenderness during opening and closing, while checking the masseter and temporalis muscles for hypertrophy or pain that may signal compensatory habits in overbite cases.^[3] Finger pressure along the mandibular border helps detect any lateral shifts or asymmetry in condylar positioning relative to the maxilla.^[31] Bite registration employs articulating paper to precisely map occlusal contacts. The patient bites down on thin, colored paper (typically 20-40 microns thick) in centric occlusion, revealing contact points as dye marks on the teeth; heavy or uneven markings on posterior teeth often accompany anterior deep bites, highlighting premature contacts or interferences.^[32] This method confirms the static bite relationship and identifies any dynamic shifts during light closure.^[3]

Imaging and Measurement

Cephalometric analysis employs lateral cephalometric radiographs to quantify skeletal relationships underlying overbite by evaluating angular measurements that reflect jaw positioning. The SNA angle, defined by the intersection of lines from sella to nasion and nasion to point A (the deepest point on the anterior maxillary contour), measures the anteroposterior position of the maxilla relative to the cranial base, with a normative value of 81° ± 3°; an increased SNA suggests maxillary protrusion that may exacerbate deep overbite, while a decreased value indicates retrusion potentially contributing to reduced overlap.^[33] The SNB angle, formed similarly from sella to nasion and nasion to point B (the deepest point on the anterior mandibular contour), assesses mandibular position at a normal 78° ± 3°; a reduced SNB often signifies mandibular retrognathia, a skeletal factor in Class II malocclusions associated with excessive overbite.^[33] Additionally, the maxillary-mandibular planes angle (MMPA), averaging 27° ± 4°, evaluates vertical skeletal harmony; a decreased MMPA (hypodivergent pattern) correlates with deep overbite, whereas an increased MMPA (hyperdivergent pattern) is associated with reduced overbite or open bite.^[33] These measurements collectively aid in distinguishing skeletal contributions to overbite, such as those seen in skeletal deep bite patterns. Overbite quantification focuses on the vertical overlap between the maxillary and mandibular incisors, expressed in millimeters, with normal values typically ranging from 2 to 3 mm to ensure functional and aesthetic balance.^[34] This is achieved through direct measurement on articulated dental models using digital calipers calibrated to 0.01 mm precision, where the distance is recorded from the incisal edge of the mandibular central incisor to the corresponding maxillary edge in centric occlusion.^[34] Digital software integrated with intraoral scanners or 3D model viewers automates this process, offering reproducible results with intra-examiner reliability coefficients of 0.94–0.98 and inter-examiner values of 0.90–0.97, minimizing errors compared to manual techniques.^[34] Study models, often created as plaster casts from alginate impressions of the maxillary and mandibular arches, enable accurate overbite calculation by mounting the casts on an articulator to simulate occlusion and directly measuring the vertical incisor overlap with calipers or rulers.^[35] This method allows for repeated assessments without patient discomfort and supports detailed analysis of arch form and tooth alignment influencing overlap.^[35] When transitioned to digital formats via scanning, these models preserve measurement fidelity for overbite, with software tools providing linear distances comparable to physical casts and enhanced visualization for complex discrepancies.^[35] Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) offers advanced 3D imaging for overbite assessment in cases requiring in-depth bone and root evaluation, such as those with suspected skeletal anomalies or periodontal involvement.^[36] CBCT scans generate volumetric data that, when reconstructed into digital models, allow precise linear measurement of vertical overbite, achieving accuracy levels equivalent to conventional study models for values like 2–4 mm overlap.^[36] This technique excels in visualizing alveolar bone height and incisor angulation, providing quantitative metrics essential for confirming overbite etiology in intricate presentations.^[36]

Treatment

Orthodontic Approaches

Orthodontic approaches to overbite correction primarily involve the use of appliances to realign teeth and, in growing patients, guide jaw development without invasive procedures. These methods are most effective for dental overbites or skeletal discrepancies amenable to growth modification, particularly in children and adolescents, and are selected based on the severity of the condition, such as mild to moderate cases where overbite exceeds 3 mm but skeletal maturity allows non-surgical intervention.^[8]^[5] Fixed orthodontic appliances, such as traditional braces, consist of brackets bonded to the teeth and connected by archwires that apply controlled forces to reposition the dentition. Braces correct overbite by intruding the upper incisors, extruding the lower incisors, or a combination thereof, achieving significant reductions in deep bite through sustained pressure over 18-24 months. Studies demonstrate their high efficacy in resolving severe deep overbites by aligning teeth and improving occlusal relationships.^[37]^[38] Clear aligners, exemplified by Invisalign, offer a removable alternative using sequential trays that progressively shift teeth via programmed movements. They are particularly suited for mild to moderate overbites, where overbite correction averages 1.5-2 mm through anterior intrusion and posterior extrusion, though efficacy drops to about 33% of planned movement in deeper cases, often necessitating overcorrection and refinements. Systematic reviews confirm their effectiveness in non-extraction treatments for adolescents and adults, with success rates comparable to braces for vertical control when auxiliaries like attachments are incorporated, but they may underperform in severe skeletal overbites without compliance.^[39]^[40]^[41] Functional appliances target skeletal overbites in growing children by modifying jaw growth patterns. The Herbst appliance, a fixed device with telescoping rods connecting upper and lower jaws, advances the mandible to reduce overbite and overjet, achieving 2-4 mm of correction in Class II malocclusions over 6-12 months when used with braces. Headgear, a removable extraoral device, restrains maxillary growth while allowing mandibular advancement, effectively reducing overbite by 1-3 mm in prepubertal patients through posterior force application. Both modalities show comparable efficacy in overjet reduction, with Herbst preferred for its full-time wear and lower reliance on patient cooperation.^[42]^[43]^[44] Auxiliary components like intermaxillary elastics and intrusion springs enhance overbite correction in conjunction with primary appliances. Class II elastics, hooked from upper canines to lower molars, generate reciprocal forces to retract maxillary incisors and protract the mandible, contributing to overbite reduction with consistent wear. Intrusion springs, typically nickel-titanium coils inserted into the archwire, selectively move upper incisors apically by 1-2 mm to level the bite plane, minimizing posterior extrusion. Temporary anchorage devices (TADs), such as miniscrews, provide skeletal anchorage for precise intrusion of anterior teeth or molars, improving vertical control especially in adults.^[45]^[46]^[47]^[48] These tools are integral for precise vertical control, with elastics proving highly effective in non-growing patients when combined with fixed appliances.

Surgical Options

Surgical options for correcting severe overbites primarily involve orthognathic surgery, which addresses underlying skeletal discrepancies in the maxilla and mandible that cannot be resolved through orthodontic means alone. This approach is indicated for adults with significant anteroposterior or vertical skeletal malocclusions, such as Class II division 1 patterns with deep overbite, where growth modification is no longer feasible and orthodontic camouflage would compromise facial aesthetics or function.^[49]^[50] Key procedures include the Le Fort I osteotomy for maxillary repositioning, often involving superior impaction to reduce excessive vertical maxillary height and improve overbite by autorotation of the mandible. For mandibular retrognathia contributing to the overbite, bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) facilitates advancement of the lower jaw to achieve better occlusion and facial harmony. These surgeries are typically performed under general anesthesia, with the maxilla or mandible sectioned, repositioned using surgical plates and screws, and stabilized.^[51]^[52]^[53] Treatment integrates pre-surgical orthodontics to align teeth and decompensate the bite, followed by surgery, and post-surgical orthodontics to fine-tune occlusion over 6-12 months. This combined protocol enhances stability and ensures optimal functional and aesthetic outcomes.^[54]^[55] Potential risks include neurosensory disturbances from nerve damage, particularly to the inferior alveolar or infraorbital nerves, with temporary numbness affecting up to 80% of patients but often resolving within 6-12 months; permanent deficits occur in less than 10% of cases. Relapse, or partial return to preoperative position, affects about 20-30% of mandibular advancements but is typically clinically insignificant with rigid fixation. Recovery involves initial swelling and pain managed with medications, a liquid-to-soft diet for 4-6 weeks, and full return to normal activities in 6-12 weeks, though complete bony healing takes 6-12 months.^[56]^[57]^[58]

Epidemiology

Prevalence

Overbite, defined as an increased vertical overlap of the maxillary incisors over the mandibular incisors (deep overbite generally exceeding 3-4 mm), affects approximately 20-30% of the global population with noticeable manifestations, based on systematic reviews of malocclusion traits across diverse studies.^[2]^[4] Deep overbite is a characteristic feature of Class II division 2 malocclusions, which occur in approximately 5-10% of the population.^[59]^[4]^[60] The condition peaks in prevalence during adolescence, driven by rapid mandibular growth relative to the maxilla, with studies reporting around 20% of children and adolescents exhibiting overbites greater than 5 mm.^[4] Severe cases, typically those exceeding 6 mm and often requiring orthodontic intervention, affect approximately 5-8% of this age group.^[61]^[62]^[63] Gender differences show a slight predominance in males, attributed to variations in pubertal jaw growth patterns.^[64]^[65] Ethnic variations are notable, with higher rates observed in Caucasian populations—up to 40% in some European cohorts—compared to Asian groups, where prevalence hovers around 20%, reflecting differences in craniofacial morphology.^[66]^[2]^[67]

Evolutionary Changes

In ancestral human populations, particularly among hunter-gatherers during the Paleolithic era, dentition typically featured minimal overbite and an edge-to-edge bite configuration, supported by larger jaws adapted to a tough, unprocessed diet that required substantial masticatory force.^[68] This bite alignment, akin to that observed in non-human primates, minimized vertical overlap between upper and lower teeth, facilitating efficient processing of fibrous foods like raw plants and meats.^[69] The transition to agriculture during the Neolithic period, approximately 10,000 years ago, marked a pivotal shift as food-processing techniques—such as grinding and cooking—introduced softer diets that reduced the need for robust jaw development.^[70] This led to progressive jaw size reduction and the emergence of overbite in human populations, with archaeological evidence indicating its persistence into adulthood by around 6,000–8,000 years ago.^[68] Consequently, the incidence of malocclusions, including overbite, increased as smaller mandibles and maxillae failed to accommodate teeth adequately, a trend observed in skeletal remains from early farming communities.^[70] In the 20th and 21st centuries, industrial diets dominated by ultra-processed and soft foods have accelerated jaw size diminution, exacerbating overbite and related malocclusions.^[71] Comparative studies of medieval and modern skulls reveal a significant rise in both prevalence and severity of these conditions over the past 400–700 years, with orthodontic treatment needs reaching up to 20% in populations like the United States.^[72]^[70] Anthropological evidence from fossil records underscores this evolutionary trajectory, documenting a gradual shift from the edge-to-edge bite of Pleistocene hominids to the overbite-dominant occlusion in post-Neolithic humans, driven by dietary softening rather than genetic selection alone.^[68] Post-Pleistocene dental analyses further confirm sharp reductions in tooth and jaw dimensions, correlating with the onset of agriculture and aligning with increased overbite observations in global skeletal collections.^[73]

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May 21, 2025 · Objectives: This systematic review evaluated the effectiveness and accuracy of clear aligners (CA) for dental and skeletal deep bite correction.Missing: Invisalign | Show results with:Invisalign
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Deep overbite reduction in adolescent patients treated with Invisalign
Aug 12, 2024 · Data regarding the efficacy of deep overbite correction with clear aligner therapy in adolescent patients are lacking.
[41]
Comparison of Twin Block appliance and Herbst ... - PubMed
Feb 26, 2024 · Conclusion: As the findings revealed both Herbst and Twin Block appliances contributed successfully to the correction of Class II malocclusion.
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Herbst Appliance: Purpose, Benefits & What To Expect
Jul 30, 2024 · A Herbst appliance is an orthodontic device that can bring your lower jaw forward and help correct malocclusion (a “bad bite”).
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Orthodontic treatment for deep bite and retroclined upper front teeth ...
This is done by applying a force to the teeth from the back of the head using a head brace (headgear) and transmitting this force to part of a fixed or ...
[44]
Analysis of Class II Intermaxillary Elastics Applied Forces - Frontiers
Jan 17, 2022 · Inter-arch elastics are considered one of the most important auxiliaries in orthodontics, supporting the correction of molar relationship, ...
[45]
Treatment of a Class II Malocclusion with Deep Overbite in an Adult ...
This paper aimed to describe the orthodontic treatment of an adult patient with the following characteristics: asymmetric Class II malocclusion, left ...
[46]
Intrusive Arch versus Miniscrew-Supported Intrusion for Deep Bite ...
The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness and efficiency of miniscrew-supported intrusion versus intrusion arch for treatment of deep bite.
[47]
Orthognathic Surgery: General Considerations - PMC - NIH
Orthognathic surgery to reposition the maxilla, mandible, or chin is the mainstay treatment for patients who are too old for growth modification and for ...
[48]
[PDF] Indications for Orthognathic Surgery - AAOMS
The following statements are intended to summarize the indications for orthognathic surgery. These indications are based on a thorough review of the world ...
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LeFort I Osteotomy - PMC - PubMed Central - NIH
Furthermore, patients with segmental LeFort 1 osteotomies or anterior movements greater than 9 mm were at a higher risk for complications. Careful preoperative ...Lefort I Osteotomy · Technique · Lefort 1 Distraction...
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Le Fort Osteotomy - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
Aug 12, 2024 · The LeFort I osteotomy improves facial harmony and aesthetics by addressing maxillary asymmetry and protrusion. The technique also enhances ...
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Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy for Mandibular Retrognathism
Treatment goals were set to improve the facial profile by reducing facial convexity, to increase lower facial height, and to achieve normal overjet and overbite ...
[52]
Orthognathic Surgery | Johns Hopkins Medicine
Orthognathic surgery is completed with a team comprised of a surgeon and an orthodontist. The orthodontist uses braces and other appliances to align the teeth ...Le Fort I Osteotomy · Bilateral Sagittal Split... · Combined Lefort I Osteotomy...
[53]
Surgical treatment to correct a bad bite | University of Iowa Health Care
Nov 1, 2018 · Orthognathic surgery is usually completed in conjunction with orthodontic treatment or braces. ... combined with a lower jaw or mandibular ...What Surgery Is Done To... · How And When Do You Wire A... · If I Have A Severe Underbite...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Complications associated with orthognathic surgery - PMC - NIH
Serious complications such as death rarely occurs when orthognathic surgery is performed by experienced surgeons with all the necessary equipment, and ...Missing: indications | Show results with:indications
[55]
Jaw surgery - Mayo Clinic
Jan 30, 2025 · Jaw surgery, also known as orthognathic (or-thog-NATH-ik) surgery, corrects jawbones that are crooked, uneven or have other conditions.Overview · How You Prepare · What You Can Expect
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Long-term stability of mandibular advancement with bilateral sagittal ...
Mandibular advancement with BSSO in healthy Class II patients is considered a stable procedure. 25% skeletal relapse was found with clinically non-significant ...
[57]
Treatment of Class II Malocclusion in the Growing Patient: Early or ...
Class II malocclusion is one of the most common orthodontic problems, occurring in 20-25% of the population worldwide. Such patients can present with a variety ...
[58]
Prevalence and distribution of selected occlusal characteristics in ...
Eight percent of the population had severe overbite of 6 mm or more. The average overbite was 2.9 mm.
[59]
Stability of deep-bite correction: A systematic review - ScienceDirect
Deep bite occurs in about 15% to 20% of the US population. Currently, it is unknown which types of correction are most efficient or stable.
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Prevalence and distribution by gender of occlusal characteristics in ...
Jul 11, 2005 · Males were more likely than females to show both an increased overbite and an increased overjet, although the latter result was not confirmed by ...
[61]
Prevalence and gender comparison of malocclusion among ...
The prevalence of malocclusion was 46.5%. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that girls were 1.56 times more likely than boys to develop malocclusion, ...
[62]
Malocclusion prevalence in an ethnic Chinese population - PubMed
Increased overbites were also less common in this Chinese population compared with caucasians. Compared with caucasians, crossbites were also less frequent in ...
[63]
Prevalence of malocclusion in primary dentition in mainland China ...
Mar 16, 2018 · The meta-analysis of malocclusion types based on 14 primary articles revealed the following proportions: deep overbite 33.66% (CI: 27.66–39.67% ...
[64]
Human sound systems are shaped by post-Neolithic changes in bite ...
Mar 15, 2019 · In line with this, the archaeological record of skulls offers evidence of overbite and overjet persistence as early as 4300 years ago in ...
[65]
Before Agriculture, Human Jaws Were a Perfect Fit for Human Teeth
Feb 6, 2015 · Early farmers, on the other hand, had a softer diet, consuming cooked foods like beans and cereals that didn't demand such a high level of mouth ...
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The Jaw Epidemic: Recognition, Origins, Cures, and Prevention - NIH
Jul 22, 2020 · The agricultural and industrial revolutions have produced smaller jaws and less-toned muscles of the face and oropharynx, which contribute to ...
[67]
The toll of shrinking jaws on human health | Stanford Report
Jul 21, 2020 · The shrinking of the human jaw in modern humans is not due to genetics but is a lifestyle disease that can be proactively addressed, according ...
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Are malocclusions more prevalent and severe now? A comparative ...
This study indicates a significant increase in both the prevalence and the severity of malocclusions during the last 400 to 700 years in Oslo, Norway.
[69]
[PDF] Post-Pleistocene Changes in the Human Dentition
ABSTRACT. Published evidence indicates sharp reductions in the hominid dentition following the end of the Pleistocene. These reductions, both in size and.<|control11|><|separator|>