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Pendulo Studios

Pendulo Studios was a Madrid-based Spanish video game developer specializing in point-and-click adventure games, founded in 1994 by Rafael Latiegui, Ramón Hernáez, and Felipe Gómez Pinilla, and renowned for titles like the Runaway trilogy, Hollywood Monsters, and Blacksad: Under the Skin until its closure in March 2025. As one of Spain's longest-running independent game studios, Pendulo debuted with Igor: Objective Uikokahonia in 1994, the first Spanish graphic adventure game, establishing its focus on narrative-driven 2D adventures that blended humor, mystery, and detailed hand-drawn art. The studio gained international acclaim with the Runaway series, starting with Runaway: A Road Adventure in 2001, which sold over a million copies across its trilogy (Runaway 2: The Dream of the Turtle in 2006 and Runaway: A Twist of Fate in 2009). Pendulo expanded into licensed properties with (2019), a adventure based on the comic series, and ventured into 3D with (2023), while facing industry challenges including layoffs in 2024 that affected 43% of its staff. The studio's final project, Tintin Reporter: Cigars of the Pharaoh (2023), underperformed commercially amid internal disarray and publisher pressures from , leading to an unannounced shutdown in March 2025 that left remaining employees unpaid and ended over 30 years of operations without official confirmation from management.

Overview

Founding and key personnel

Pendulo Studios was established in 1994 in , , by four individuals with experience in the Spanish . The founders included Rafael Latiegui, who served as the technical lead; Ramón Hernáez, the art director; Felipe Gómez Pinilla, the producer; and Miguel Angel Ramos, the programmer. These four formed the initial core team, leveraging their collective backgrounds in to launch the studio's debut project, Igor: Objective Uikokahonia, in 1994. Over time, the team's composition evolved to support the studio's growing focus on narrative-driven games. Miguel Angel Ramos departed after the first project, while the remaining founders continued to guide early productions. Notable later additions included Alberto Lozano, a 3D artist and storyboarder who joined in the and played a key role in narrative design and character modeling for subsequent titles. The company operated as Pendulo Studios S.L., maintaining its independence as a fully owned entity until entering a partnership in 2014.

Company focus and style

Pendulo Studios specialized in narrative-driven point-and-click graphic adventures, prioritizing rich that blends humor, , and engaging character arcs to create immersive experiences. This approach stems from the studio's foundational passion for crafting games that emphasize compelling narratives over mechanical complexity, resulting in titles that appeal to a broad audience through charismatic characters and balanced tones of comedy and suspense. Artistically, the studio adopted a distinctive hand-drawn style characterized by cartoon-like visuals, vibrant chromatics, and meticulous attention to detail, which evolved over time to incorporate interactive elements while maintaining a polished, accessible aesthetic. As a Madrid-based , Pendulo infused its works with cultural nuances, including bilingual development in Spanish and English, and subtle references to local environments and traditions that reflect the creative ethos of Spain's gaming scene. This cultural grounding helped position the studio as a in the Spanish adventure genre, contributing to its international recognition. Technically, Pendulo began with MS-DOS-compatible engines for its initial projects and advanced to proprietary engines designed for multi-platform support, including PC, , and consoles, enabling broader distribution and adaptation to evolving hardware. The studio placed significant emphasis on production quality, featuring games translated into up to ten languages with full in several major ones such as English, , , and to enhance immersion, alongside puzzles thoughtfully woven into the storyline rather than treated as standalone challenges, distinguishing its output from more puzzle-dominant adventures.

History

Early years: 1993–1997

Pendulo Studios was founded in 1994 in by Ramón Hernáez, Felipe Gómez Pinilla, Rafael Latiegui, and Miguel Ángel Ramos, a group of graduates passionate about graphic adventure games inspired by international titles from developers like LucasArts. The studio emerged as Spain's pioneering developer in the genre, operating initially with a small team on modest budgets and focusing on the domestic market through local publishers. The company's debut title, Igor: Objective Uikokahonia, was released in 1994 for MS-DOS and published by DROsoft. This point-and-click adventure followed a college student uncovering a criminal plot amid humorous puzzles and cartoonish, vibrant artwork, establishing Pendulo's signature style of comedic storytelling and detailed character design. Distributed on diskettes, it achieved significant domestic success as Spain's first graphic adventure game, though its reach remained limited to the local audience. Building on this foundation, Pendulo developed Hollywood Monsters (1997) for Windows, published in by Dinamic Multimedia. The game satirized through a comedic involving journalists investigating monster-related mysteries in an alternate , featuring , challenging puzzles, and praised writing paired with stylized 2D graphics. It became a commercial hit in , selling hundreds of thousands of units and solidifying Pendulo's reputation for witty, art-driven adventures, though international distribution efforts faltered, resulting in no widespread English release. Throughout these formative years, Pendulo navigated early challenges including constrained resources, dependence on Spanish publishers for market access, and stiff competition from global leaders like LucasArts, which limited the studio's initial ventures beyond national borders.

Financial recovery and Runaway breakthrough: 1998–2003

Following the success of Hollywood Monsters in , Pendulo Studios initiated development of its next project, Runaway: A Road Adventure, in 1998, drawing inspiration from genres and classic s. The game follows Brian Basco, a who becomes entangled in a murder mystery after accidentally hitting a woman named Gina with his car and helping her assassins. Developed over approximately two years by a core team of nine members supplemented by freelancers, Runaway marked Pendulo's most ambitious production to date, emphasizing narrative depth and point-and-click mechanics. It was released for Windows in and in March 2001 by publisher Dinamic Multimedia, achieving strong initial domestic sales. Dinamic Multimedia's bankruptcy filing on September 21, 2001, mere months after 's debut, plunged Pendulo into , halting further game development and international distribution efforts. The studio, already operating on a modest scale, faced significant uncertainty as the adventure genre waned in popularity and potential publishers showed disinterest in acquiring the rights. In , Pendulo successfully reclaimed the publishing rights to and pursued independent distribution channels to salvage the project. The breakthrough came in 2003 when secured international publishing deals, including with Focus Home Interactive, leading to releases across that generated strong PC sales and critical acclaim for its engaging story and character-driven humor. This success revitalized Pendulo, stabilizing its finances and allowing the studio to resume operations, rehire staff, and plan sequels, effectively averting closure. By enabling broader market access, established Pendulo as a key player in the European adventure game scene.

Runaway expansion and sequels: 2004–2009

Following the success of the original Runaway: A Road Adventure, Pendulo Studios expanded the series with Runaway 2: The Dream of the Turtle, released in 2006 for Windows and published by Focus Home Interactive. The game continued the point-and-click adventure style, featuring protagonists Brian Basco and Gina Lommers traveling across diverse locations from to the depths of the ocean, incorporating environmental themes centered on protecting endangered sea turtles from poachers and exploitation. Later ports extended its reach to the in 2007, in 2009, and in 2010, marking Pendulo's initial foray into handheld and console platforms. The trilogy concluded with Runaway: A Twist of Fate in 2009, also for Windows and published by Focus Home Interactive, with subsequent DS and iOS releases. This installment maintained the point-and-click mechanics while adopting an episodic structure divided into three self-contained chapters, each advancing the narrative involving , memory loss, and corporate intrigue. By 2010, the entire Runaway trilogy had sold over 1 million units worldwide, solidifying its status as Pendulo's flagship series. During this period, Pendulo pursued broader expansion by porting titles to consoles and handhelds, including the and adaptations of 2. The studio developed an in-house engine for the sequels, incorporating such as dynamic and panoramic views to enhance visual depth while preserving the cartoon aesthetic. International localization efforts supported releases in at least five languages—English, , , , and —facilitating wider distribution. These initiatives represented Pendulo's commercial peak, with the studio achieving recognition as Spain's pioneering and longest-running developer dedicated to adventure games.

Diversification and renewed challenges: 2010–2014

Following the success of the series, Pendulo Studios sought to diversify its portfolio by developing new intellectual properties outside the established franchise. In 2011, the studio released The Next Big Thing, a point-and-click adventure game satirizing the , featuring protagonists George and Liz as they navigate a chaotic movie production filled with eccentric characters and puzzles. The title launched on Windows and macOS via publisher Focus Home Interactive, with an iOS port following in 2012 under the name Hollywood Monsters. Building on this shift toward original narratives, Pendulo released Yesterday in 2012, a darker point-and-click exploring themes of and in , where investigator John Yesterday uncovers a series of gruesome murders linked to a enigmatic and zombie-like elements. Available on Windows, macOS, and through Focus Home Interactive, the game marked a tonal departure from the studio's earlier comedic works, emphasizing atmospheric storytelling over humor. To leverage the Runaway legacy while experimenting with subgenres, Pendulo also launched Hidden Runaway that same year, a hidden object puzzle game serving as a tenth-anniversary starring protagonists Brian Basco and Gina Jackson in a reimagined episode of their adventures. Published by BulkyPix for Windows and , it blended traditional adventure elements with casual hidden object mechanics to appeal to broader audiences. These efforts occurred amid a broader decline in the adventure game genre during the early 2010s, as market preferences shifted toward casual, mobile, and action-oriented titles, reducing demand for narrative-driven point-and-click experiences. Pendulo's titles achieved modest commercial performance, with The Next Big Thing and Yesterday garnering positive critical reception for their writing but failing to replicate the Runaway series' sales momentum, contributing to financial strain for the studio. In response, Pendulo explored mobile platforms through iOS releases and ventured into the hidden object market with Hidden Runaway to tap into casual gaming trends. The studio also experimented with crowdfunding, launching a 2012 Ulule campaign for Day One, a satirical adventure about corruption and mortality featuring journalist Ethan, which raised approximately €48,000 toward a €300,000 goal but ultimately fell short and was shelved. Despite these hurdles, Pendulo gained recognition for its narrative strengths. By late 2014, accumulating debts and the need for sustainable funding prompted Pendulo to seek external partnerships, culminating in a co-production deal with Microids for future projects.

Microids partnership: 2015–2023

In late 2014, Pendulo Studios entered into a co-production agreement with French publisher Microids, providing funding and distribution support for new projects and marking a shift toward licensed adaptations and multi-platform releases. This partnership began with the development of Yesterday Origins, a prequel to the studio's 2012 title Yesterday, which expanded the zombie apocalypse lore through the backstory of protagonist John McCallister, tracing his origins to 1481. Released on November 10, 2016, for PC, Mac, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch, iOS, and Android, the game received generally positive reviews for its narrative depth and art style but achieved only moderate sales, particularly on consoles. The collaboration continued with a focus on high-profile comic and film adaptations, emphasizing console ports to broaden market reach. In 2019, Pendulo released Blacksad: Under the Skin, a adventure based on the Spanish comic series by Juan Díaz Canales and Juanjo Guarnido, where players control anthropomorphic John Blacksad investigating a in . Launched on November 14, 2019, for PC, , , and (with later PS5 and Xbox Series X/S versions), the game was praised for its faithful comic-inspired visuals and atmospheric storytelling but criticized for clunky controls and investigative mechanics. This was followed in 2021 by , a inspired by the film, featuring branching narratives and exploration of themes like and through FBI Ed Hopper's investigation. Released on December 16, 2021, for PC, , , , , and Xbox Series X/S, it earned acclaim for its artistic direction and Hitchcockian tension but faced backlash over unresponsive controls and technical issues. The partnership's final major release was Tintin Reporter – Cigars of the Pharaoh in 2023, an action-adventure adaptation of Hergé's classic comic, reimagining young reporter and his dog Snowy thwarting an international smuggling ring in 1930s . Issued on November 7, 2023, for PC, , , , Xbox Series X/S, and , the game suffered from a rushed cycle imposed by tight deadlines, resulting in numerous bugs, underdeveloped , and overwhelmingly negative reviews. Throughout this period, Pendulo's operations shifted toward console-centric development to align with ' publishing strategy, stabilizing the team at approximately 75 employees after earlier financial instability. However, growing tensions arose over aggressive production timelines, which strained resources and contributed to quality compromises in later titles.

Closure: 2024–2025

Following the release of Tintin Reporter – Cigars of the Pharaoh in November 2023, Pendulo Studios faced significant challenges due to the game's disappointing commercial performance and widespread critical backlash over its unfinished state, including numerous bugs and performance issues that marred the player experience. Tensions with publisher escalated, as the studio alleged pressure to rush the launch despite ongoing development needs, leading to erratic decisions and disputes over withheld payments that exacerbated financial strain. In response to mounting losses and as part of broader industry layoffs in , Pendulo Studios implemented major cost-cutting measures, culminating in layoffs on January 31, , that affected 43% of its workforce—approximately 33 employees—leaving around 40 staff to handle minimal operations. These dismissals were directly tied to the fallout from recent projects, including the title, and aimed to sustain the studio amid ongoing financial difficulties. The studio's operations fully ceased in late March 2025, with no from management, who reportedly sought to conceal the shutdown; the closure came to light only through reports from former employees. Employees who remained into March completed work but received no salaries for that period, marking a chaotic end to activities. While details on asset acquisitions remain unclear, speculation points to potential involvement from in handling remnants of the studio's . In the aftermath, founders Ramón Hernáez, Felipe Gómez Pinilla, Rafael Latiegui, and Miguel Ángel Ramos maintained silence on the closure, leaving unresolved questions about ongoing projects that were halted mid-development. media outlets reflected on the studio's 30-year legacy as a pioneer in adventure games, highlighting titles like the series and while lamenting the quiet demise of a key player in the nation's gaming industry.

Games developed

Major series and titles

Pendulo Studios' most prominent series is the Runaway trilogy, a collection of graphic adventure games centered on themes of romance, mystery, and episodic storytelling following protagonist Brian Basco and his companion Gina in perilous journeys across various global locations. The first installment, Runaway: A Road Adventure, was released in 2001 for Windows, with later ports to Macintosh and iOS devices enhancing its accessibility on mobile platforms. Subsequent entries expanded the narrative while maintaining the series' signature 2D cartoon art style and point-and-click mechanics. Runaway 2: The Dream of the Turtle arrived in 2006, initially for Windows and Macintosh, followed by ports to Nintendo DS and Wii, allowing console players to experience the story of Brian's quest amid environmental and criminal threats. The trilogy concluded with Runaway: A Twist of Fate in 2009 for Windows and Nintendo DS, introducing point-and-click elements blended with light action sequences as Brian confronts a cult and personal fate. iOS adaptations of all three titles were released in the early 2010s through publishers like Focus Home Interactive, broadening the series' reach to mobile audiences. The Runaway series collectively sold over 1 million units worldwide, establishing Pendulo as a key player in the adventure genre revival. Another notable multi-game series from Pendulo Studios is Yesterday, which shifts toward darker and elements, exploring , satanic cults, and moral dilemmas through dual timelines connecting modern-day to historical events. The initial game, Yesterday, launched in 2012 for Windows, with subsequent ports to and , featuring protagonist John Yesterday investigating murders among the homeless while grappling with his own enigmatic past. Its prequel, Yesterday Origins, released in 2016 for Windows, Macintosh, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Nintendo Switch via publisher Microïds, delves into John's 15th-century origins during the , employing 3D visuals for enhanced atmospheric tension and puzzle-solving. Console and modern PC ports of the series were handled by Microïds, while versions emphasized touch-based controls for portable play. The Yesterday duology emphasizes narrative depth over action.

Standalone games

Pendulo Studios developed a variety of standalone adventure games that explored unique themes, from satirical humor to noir mysteries and literary adaptations, often blending point-and-click mechanics with narrative depth. The studio's debut title, , was released in 1994 for as a humorous graphic . In it, players control , an college student who stumbles upon a while attempting to date the most attractive girl at his during a trip to the fictional of Uikokahonia. The game featured visuals and puzzle-solving typical of early 1990s adventures, establishing Pendulo's signature witty storytelling. Hollywood Monsters, launched in 1997 for Windows, offered a satirical take on the film industry set in a world populated by classic movie monsters. guide Dick Omen and his plant companion through a global mystery involving espionage, murders, and glamour, interacting with up to 50 characters drawn from horror cinema lore like and the Wolf Man. The game's blend of comedy, puzzles, and pop culture references made it a favorite among adventure enthusiasts. In 2011, Pendulo released The Next Big Thing for Windows, macOS, and , a point-and-click adventure parodying and B-movie tropes. Protagonists Murray, a fading action star, and Liz Allaire, a , team up to solve a scandalous mystery amid parties and red carpets, featuring hand-drawn art, , and inventory-based puzzles. It earned generally favorable reviews for its humor and production values, scoring 75 on . Blacksad: Under the Skin, developed in 2019 for , , Windows, [Xbox One](/page/Xbox One), and macOS, adapted the acclaimed Spanish comic series into a detective adventure. Players embody anthropomorphic private investigator John in 1950s , navigating a scandal in the underworld through choices, exploration, and quick-time events, with visuals faithful to the source material's style. The game achieved solid commercial performance, with estimated sales between 372,000 and 931,000 units, and received positive user feedback, including an 82% approval rating on from over 6,000 reviews. Alfred Hitchcock – Vertigo, released for Windows in 2021, and for , , , , and Xbox Series X/S in 2022, is a inspired by the director's film. Players investigate a murder case as FBI agent Kathy Summers, uncovering twists that blur reality and hallucination through branching narratives, multiple playable perspectives, and puzzle-solving in a setting. The game received mixed reviews, praised for its atmospheric tension but criticized for uneven pacing and technical issues, averaging 68% on . Tintin Reporter – Cigars of the Pharaoh, Pendulo's 2023 adaptation of Hergé's classic comic album, launched in 2023 for , , Windows, , and Xbox Series X/S, with the version released in 2024. As journalist and his dog Snowy, players pursue a drug trafficking ring from to , combining investigative dialogue, , puzzles, and light action elements like chases in an viewpoint. Despite its faithful recreation of the source story and characters, the game faced poor due to bugs, repetitive gameplay, and superficial mechanics, scoring 49% in one major review and a mixed 60% positive rating on from 249 users. Finally, Hidden Runaway (2012) for Windows and experimented with the hidden object genre, featuring familiar characters Brian and Gina from the series in short, self-contained stories. Players search cluttered scenes for items to progress through light narratives and mini-puzzles, providing a casual twist on Pendulo's adventure roots. It garnered average reviews, with a score of 65.

Cancelled projects

In 2012, Pendulo Studios launched a campaign on Ulule for Day One, a dark adventure game centered on corruption, politics, and a facing a . The project aimed to raise €300,000 but only collected €48,004 by the campaign's end, falling short at 16% of the goal and resulting in its cancellation. The failure to secure sufficient funding led Pendulo to pivot resources toward other projects, including the development of Yesterday, amid broader financial constraints during the early . Following the 1997 release of Hollywood Monsters, Pendulo Studios initiated early concepts and expansions for a , envisioning further adventures in the monster-filled universe. However, these efforts were abandoned in 2001 when the studio's publisher, Dinamic Multimedia, filed for , leaving Pendulo without distribution support and nearly driving the developer into itself. The forced Pendulo to lay off most staff and halt all ongoing work, delaying any until over a decade later with the The Next Big Thing in 2011.

Legacy

Awards and nominations

Pendulo Studios garnered recognition for its narrative-focused adventure games through various national and international awards and nominations, though wins have been limited compared to the studio's overall output of over 20 titles. In its early years, the studio's debut major release, Hollywood Monsters (1997), was honored as the Best Spanish Video Game of the year at the Marcianitos de Oro awards, a listener-voted accolade from the Spanish Game 40. The series marked a breakthrough for Pendulo, underscoring the trilogy's impact on game development. On the international stage, Pendulo's titles received nominations at various events, often praising its strong narrative design, though actual wins remain few, emphasizing quality over quantity in accolades. (2019) achieved a notable win as Best at the Awards, highlighting the studio's adaptation of narratives into . The studio's portfolio has amassed nominations across these events. The trilogy received acclaim in Spanish awards, contributing to its status as a landmark in national adventure gaming.

Impact on the industry

Pendulo Studios played a pioneering role in the video game industry, operating as the longest-running active developer in the country from its founding in 1994 until its closure in 2025. As the first Spanish studio to specialize exclusively in adventure games, it helped establish a foothold for narrative-driven titles in a market traditionally dominated by international publishers. This longevity inspired subsequent generations of local developers, fostering growth in Spain's scene and demonstrating viability for story-focused games in non-English-speaking regions. The studio's contributions extended to revitalizing the point-and-click adventure genre in following the decline of major American developers like LucasArts in the late 1990s. Its series, launched in 2001, was instrumental in the 2000s of adventure gaming, blending humor, intricate puzzles, and cinematic storytelling to attract both longtime fans and new audiences. This resurgence influenced the evolution of narrative adventures, paving the way for episodic, choice-driven titles that emphasized emotional engagement over traditional mechanics. Economically, Pendulo sustained dozens of jobs at its peak, employing around people in recent years and creating over 100 positions cumulatively across its three-decade history, contributing to the broader creative sector amid a global valued in billions. Partnerships with publishers like , beginning in 2014, expanded the reach of Spanish-developed games worldwide, elevating local talent on global platforms and facilitating cross-cultural collaborations. The studio's 2025 closure, following layoffs and project setbacks, underscored the vulnerabilities facing developers in an era of economic instability and consolidation within the gaming sector. Culturally, Pendulo promoted adaptations of comics, most notably through its 2019 game Blacksad: Under the Skin, which brought the acclaimed series by Spanish creators Juan Díaz Canales and Juanjo Guarnido to , introducing its anthropomorphic world and social themes to broader audiences. Similarly, its work on titles like Tintin Reporter: extended the legacy of classic European into digital formats. Post-closure, Pendulo's catalog remains accessible via digital storefronts such as , ensuring ongoing availability for players and preserving its influence on the genre.

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