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Developer

A '''developer''' is an individual or that creates, builds, or improves products, systems, or projects in various fields. The term has multiple meanings depending on the context, including in , , and other domains. In '''computing''', developers, particularly software developers, design, code, and maintain applications and systems to meet user needs. Detailed aspects such as roles, processes, and are covered in the Computing section. In '''''', property developers plan, finance, and construct buildings, , and communities, navigating phases from acquisition to completion. Further information is provided in the Real Estate section. In '''other fields''', the term applies to roles such as film developers in and chemical developers in and , as discussed in the relevant section.

Computing

Software Developers

A software developer is a professional who designs, codes, tests, and maintains software applications and systems using programming languages and development frameworks. These individuals create solutions that range from mobile apps and web platforms to enterprise systems, translating user requirements into functional digital products. The role emerged as technology advanced, requiring specialized skills to build reliable and efficient software. Key responsibilities of software developers include writing algorithms to solve computational problems, debugging code to identify and fix errors, and ensuring that software is scalable to handle increasing loads, secure against vulnerabilities, and compatible across devices. They collaborate with stakeholders to gather requirements, document code for maintainability, and integrate new features while adhering to performance standards. In modern practice, developers often employ methodologies like Agile to iterate on designs efficiently, though the core focus remains on producing robust code. The profession traces its origins to the 1950s, when early programmers like contributed to the development of , a high-level language that standardized business-oriented programming and reduced reliance on machine-specific code. This era marked the shift from hardware-focused computing to software as a distinct discipline, with pioneers addressing the complexities of early mainframe systems. The field expanded significantly in the 1970s with the advent of personal computing, exemplified by devices like the and , which democratized access to programming and spurred demand for consumer-facing software. As of 2024, there were approximately 28.7 million software developers worldwide, reflecting the rapid digitization of industries and the proliferation of connected devices. In the United States, approximately 1.9 million were employed as of 2024, and the projects a 15% growth in employment for software developers, quality assurance analysts, and testers from 2024 to 2034, much faster than the average for all occupations, driven by needs in , , and . Software developers often specialize based on their focus areas, with distinctions including front-end developers who handle user interfaces using technologies like , CSS, and ; back-end developers who manage server-side logic, databases, and APIs; full-stack developers who proficiently work across both front-end and back-end layers; and mobile developers who build applications for platforms like and using frameworks such as or Kotlin. These specializations allow developers to target specific aspects of the software ecosystem, enhancing efficiency in collaborative projects.

Development Roles and Processes

Software development teams rely on a collaborative structure of core roles to ensure efficient project execution. The oversees timelines, budgets, and to align the team with overall objectives and mitigate risks throughout the development process. The QA tester, or quality assurance engineer, validates software functionality by designing and executing tests to detect defects, verify compliance with requirements, and maintain high standards of reliability and . Complementing these, the DevOps engineer focuses on deployment and by automating pipelines, managing , and facilitating seamless between development and operations teams to accelerate releases and minimize downtime. Central to these roles is the software development lifecycle (SDLC), a systematic that outlines the phases of creating high-quality software. It begins with requirements gathering, where stakeholders' needs and specifications are collected and analyzed to define project scope. This is followed by , involving the creation of architectural blueprints, user interfaces, and data models to guide . The implementation stage entails coding and building the software based on the design. Subsequent testing identifies and resolves issues through unit, integration, and system-level checks. Deployment releases the software to production environments, often with monitoring for initial performance. Finally, addresses updates, bug fixes, and enhancements to ensure long-term viability. Various methodologies shape how teams navigate the SDLC, balancing structure with adaptability. The , a linear and sequential approach introduced by in his 1970 paper "Managing the Development of Large Software Systems," requires completion of each phase—such as requirements, design, and testing—before progressing to the next, making it suitable for projects with well-defined, unchanging requirements. In opposition, the Agile methodology, formalized through the 2001 Agile Manifesto by a group of software practitioners, promotes iterative development in short cycles called sprints, prioritizing customer collaboration, adaptive planning, and rapid delivery of working software to respond to evolving needs. Within Agile, the Scrum framework provides a detailed structure for team collaboration and incremental progress. It defines key roles such as the product owner, who is accountable for maximizing product value by managing the , prioritizing features, and representing stakeholder interests; and the scrum master, who facilitates processes, coaches the team, and removes obstacles to ensure smooth execution. Essential events include daily stand-ups, brief 15-minute meetings where team members discuss progress, plans, and impediments to foster transparency and quick issue resolution; and sprint reviews, held at the end of each sprint to demonstrate completed work, gather feedback, and adapt the for future iterations. Adopting structured processes like Agile has demonstrated measurable impacts on project outcomes. Research indicates that Agile methodologies can reduce development cycles and time-to-market by 30-40% compared to , enabling faster value delivery and better alignment with market demands. Furthermore, the Standish Group's Report reveals that Agile projects are three times more likely to than Waterfall projects, with success defined by on-time, on-budget delivery meeting user expectations, underscoring the role of iterative processes in enhancing overall project efficacy.

Tools and Technologies

Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) are essential tools that provide comprehensive facilities for software development, including code editing, debugging, and building applications. Visual Studio Code, developed by Microsoft and first released as a preview in 2015 before reaching version 1.0 in 2016, is an open-source, lightweight IDE that supports a wide range of programming languages through extensible plugins and an integrated terminal. Its extensibility allows developers to customize workflows, making it popular for web, mobile, and backend development. Another prominent IDE is IntelliJ IDEA, created by JetBrains and first released in January 2001, which is particularly focused on Java development with advanced features like intelligent code completion, refactoring tools, and built-in support for frameworks such as Spring. Version control systems enable developers to track changes in code, collaborate effectively, and maintain project history. , a system created by in 2005 to manage development, revolutionized by allowing decentralized repositories and efficient handling of large projects. Key workflows in Git include branching, which creates isolated lines of development for features or fixes, and merging, which integrates changes back into the main codebase, facilitating agile development practices. Programming paradigms guide how developers structure code to solve problems, influencing efficiency and maintainability. (OOP) organizes software around classes and objects, emphasizing concepts like , where subclasses acquire properties from parent classes, as exemplified in where all classes ultimately inherit from the Object class. In contrast, treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions, promoting pure functions that produce the same output for the same input without side effects; exemplifies this paradigm with its strict enforcement of and immutability. Cloud platforms have become integral for deploying and scaling applications, offering managed infrastructure and services. (AWS) provides tools like CodeDeploy for automating software deployments across environments, ensuring and rapid updates. Similarly, supports deployment through , enabling and delivery (CI/CD) pipelines for any language or cloud. Containerization technologies further enhance these platforms; , launched in 2013, packages applications into portable containers that include code, runtime, and dependencies, simplifying consistent deployment across environments. Orchestration is managed by , an open-source system first committed in June 2014, which automates the deployment, scaling, and operation of containerized applications. Emerging technologies are transforming development by integrating to boost productivity. , introduced as a technical preview in June 2021, is an AI-powered tool that assists in and autocompletion by suggesting entire lines or functions based on context, trained on public repositories. This enables developers to focus on higher-level problem-solving while reducing boilerplate coding time.

Real Estate

Property Developers

Property developers are individuals or firms that acquire , secure necessary permits, and oversee the of buildings for residential, , or mixed-use purposes, transforming raw sites into functional assets. They coordinate the entire process from initial concept to completion and sale, managing risks, timelines, and multidisciplinary teams to ensure projects meet market demands and regulatory standards. The profession traces its roots to 19th-century urban expansion, when rapid industrialization spurred large-scale redevelopment to accommodate growing populations and improve infrastructure. A seminal example is the Haussmann renovation of Paris in the 1850s, a government-commissioned program under that demolished medieval structures to create wide boulevards, parks, and modern housing, setting a model for speculative urban development. In the modern era, figures like exemplified individual entry into the field through early 1970s projects, such as the renovation of the Commodore Hotel into the Grand New York, which marked his shift from family rentals to high-profile commercial ventures. Key responsibilities include , where developers evaluate location viability based on , , and environmental factors; feasibility studies to assess financial projections, market trends, and potential risks; and coordination with architects, contractors, engineers, and local authorities to align project execution with interests. These tasks require balancing creative vision with practical constraints to deliver profitable outcomes. Property developers vary by scale and structure, ranging from individual entrepreneurs handling small-scale projects like single-family homes or local renovations to large corporate entities managing expansive global portfolios. Individual developers often focus on niche, community-oriented developments with limited resources, while corporations like operate at an institutional level, overseeing over 115 active sites worldwide, including mixed-use complexes, centers, and residential communities totaling more than 55 million square feet in their development pipeline. Economically, property developers drive growth by fostering job creation in , , and related services; in the U.S., commercial contributed $544.7 billion to GDP in 2024 while supporting 2.7 million , underscoring their role in national productivity and urban revitalization.

Development Phases

Real estate development projects progress through distinct sequential phases that transform an idea into a functional , each involving specific activities, stakeholders, and potential challenges. These phases—pre-development, and , , and post-development—require coordinated efforts among developers, architects, engineers, regulators, and contractors to mitigate risks and ensure viability. The pre-development phase initiates the project with foundational assessments to evaluate feasibility and secure initial approvals. Key activities include conducting to gauge demand, competition, and economic viability; obtaining approvals from local planning authorities to confirm compatibility; and performing environmental impact assessments (EIAs) to identify potential ecological effects, as mandated under frameworks like the U.S. (NEPA) of 1969, which requires federal agencies to assess significant environmental impacts of proposed actions. This phase often uncovers uncertainties, such as market shifts or regulatory constraints, which can necessitate idea iteration or project abandonment if viability is not confirmed. Following pre-development, the design and planning phase refines the concept into actionable blueprints. Developers collaborate with architects and engineers to create detailed architectural plans, develop comprehensive budgets, and procure building permits from municipal authorities, ensuring with building codes and site-specific requirements. This stage typically spans 6 to 12 months, depending on and local regulations, during which conceptual designs evolve through feasibility studies and consultations. The construction phase executes the physical build-out, marking the most resource-intensive period. It begins with site preparation, including clearing, grading, and utility installations, followed by the erection of structures under the supervision of general contractors. measures, such as regular inspections and adherence to safety standards, are critical throughout to prevent defects. Since the , the adoption of (BIM) software has revolutionized this phase by enabling digital representations of the project, facilitating clash detection, scheduling, and among teams to reduce errors and rework. In the post-development phase, the completed transitions to operational use through , leasing or efforts, and ongoing . Developers or their agents promote the asset to attract tenants or buyers, finalize , and hand over operations to owners or managers, ensuring stabilized performance and revenue generation. This stage focuses on achieving full and addressing any punch-list items from . Each phase carries inherent risks, particularly delays from regulatory hurdles like zoning disputes or environmental reviews, which contribute to broader project overruns. According to McKinsey research, large construction projects typically overrun schedules by 20%, often due to such pre-construction bottlenecks. Effective risk management, including contingency planning and phased milestones, is essential to contain these impacts across the development lifecycle.

Financing and Regulation

Real estate development relies on a mix of financing mechanisms to fund projects, primarily through , , and public-private partnerships (PPPs). financing involves investor funds from sources such as firms, , or high-net-worth individuals, providing ownership stakes in exchange for capital without repayment obligations beyond returns on investment. financing typically comes from loans, including construction mortgages that cover building costs and are secured by the property itself, often structured with interest-only payments during the development phase. PPPs combine public and private resources for infrastructure-related developments, such as urban redevelopment, where governments contribute land or regulatory support while private entities handle and operations; a notable example is the U.S. of 2021, which allocates over $550 billion for transportation and projects that can integrate components. Project cost structures generally break down into land acquisition, , and soft costs, with developers aiming for targeted returns to justify risks. Land acquisition often comprises 20-30% of the total , varying by location and scale, as it secures the for development. costs, encompassing hard expenses like materials and labor, typically account for 50-60% of the , forming the core physical . Soft costs, including permits, legal fees, and , represent 25-35% and can escalate due to regulatory hurdles. Developers commonly target an (IRR) of 15-20% to account for market volatility and opportunity costs. Regulatory frameworks ensure safety, equity, and environmental compliance, shaping development feasibility through codes and mandates. Building codes, such as the International Building Code (IBC), set standards for structural integrity and , with the latest 2024 edition introducing updates like enhanced provisions and mass timber allowances for sustainable construction. Land-use laws govern and density, restricting or enabling project scopes based on local ordinances to promote orderly urban growth. Sustainability mandates, including LEED certification launched by the U.S. Council in 2000, require energy-efficient designs and materials, influencing up to 20% of project costs through credits for and waste reduction. Global variations in financing and regulation reflect differing economic and policy priorities. In the , the Green Deal announced in 2019 imposes stricter environmental regulations, mandating zero-emission buildings by 2030 under the revised Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, which drives renovations and green financing but increases compliance costs for developers. In , land allocation remains state-controlled, with the government granting use rights for fixed terms (e.g., 70 years for residential) through auctions or administrative assignment, limiting private ownership and tying development to national goals. Rising interest rates since 2022 have posed significant challenges, increasing borrowing costs and reducing project affordability, leading to broader declines in starts and transaction volumes. In the U.S., commercial transactions fell approximately 43% in 2023 compared to 2022, reaching the lowest levels since 2012; however, as of 2024, volumes stabilized around $500-600 billion with early signs of recovery in sectors like and multifamily amid anticipated rate cuts in 2025. This environment has heightened risks for leveraged developments, particularly in and sectors, underscoring the need for diversified financing to mitigate volatility.

Other Fields

Photography and Film

In traditional photography, a developer is a chemical solution that converts the latent image formed by light exposure on film or photographic paper into a visible image. These solutions typically contain reducing agents such as metol or hydroquinone, which selectively reduce exposed silver halide crystals in the emulsion to metallic silver grains, while leaving unexposed crystals unaffected, thereby forming a negative image. Metol is valued for its ability to enhance shadow detail with low contrast development, whereas hydroquinone provides higher contrast but develops more slowly. The development process usually occurs in an alkaline bath at a controlled temperature of 20°C, lasting 3-10 minutes depending on the film type and developer formula, after which a stop bath of dilute acetic acid neutralizes the alkali to halt the reaction and prevent overdevelopment. This is followed by fixation using sodium thiosulfate, which dissolves and removes the unexposed silver halides, stabilizing the image for archiving. The historical evolution of photographic development began with the daguerreotype process introduced by Louis Daguerre in 1839, which used mercury vapor to develop images on silvered copper plates, marking the first practical photographic method. Over the subsequent decades, processes advanced through wet collodion and dry plate techniques, leading to the widespread adoption of liquid chemical developers in gelatin emulsions by the late 19th century. This culminated in modern standardized systems, such as Kodak's C-41 process for color negative films, introduced in 1972, which incorporates color couplers and multiple bath steps to produce full-color negatives suitable for printing. In motion picture production, developers played a parallel role, processing celluloid film strips through similar chemical baths—often variations of black-and-white or color negative processes like ECN-2—to create projection prints or intermediates. However, the rise of digital cinematography in the 2000s, with major films shifting to electronic capture by the mid-2010s, significantly diminished the reliance on chemical development for feature films. Today, amid a resurgence of in the driven by interest in tactile creativity and , developers remain essential in niche artisanal labs that cater to enthusiasts or specialty . The global film processing service market was valued at approximately $2.5 billion in 2024, with a projected of 3% through 2033. These labs, numbering fewer than 1,000 globally as of 2025, emphasize handcrafted workflows but highlight safety concerns associated with handling toxic developers like , a potent that can be absorbed through the skin, lungs, or , potentially causing , burns, or systemic . Proper , gloves, and neutralization protocols are recommended to mitigate these risks during preparation and use.

Biology and Chemistry

In biology, developers refer to chemical agents used in histological techniques to reveal cellular and structures, particularly through silver-based methods. These developers act as reducing agents that convert silver ions into visible metallic silver deposits, highlighting features such as fibers and neurofibrils. For instance, in the Bielschowsky silver protocol, sections are first impregnated with ammoniacal , followed by treatment with a developer like or , which reduces the silver to black deposits along axons and fibers, enabling visualization of neural architecture in . In chemistry, developers are solvent systems employed in analytical separation techniques like (), where they serve as the mobile phase to elute and separate compounds on a stationary adsorbent. In , the developer—often a such as hexane-ethyl (7:3)—migrates up the plate via , partitioning analytes based on their affinity for the stationary phase (e.g., ) versus the developer, resulting in distinct Rf values for identification. The efficacy of chemical developers, particularly in reduction-based processes like silver staining, is governed by reaction kinetics described by the rate equation: \text{Rate} = k [\text{developer}]^m [\text{substrate}]^n where k is the rate constant, and m and n are reaction orders determined experimentally, reflecting dependencies on developer concentration (e.g., ) and substrate (e.g., silver ions). This framework, derived from fundamental , ensures controlled deposition in analytical applications by optimizing conditions to avoid over-reduction.

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