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Pickerel

Pickerel is a primarily used for three species of small to medium-sized predatory in the Esocidae (pike family), native to eastern . These include the chain pickerel (Esox niger), (Esox americanus americanus), and grass pickerel (Esox americanus vermiculatus), all characterized by their slender, elongated bodies, duckbill-like snouts, sharp teeth, and ambush hunting behavior in vegetated waters. The chain pickerel, the largest and most widespread of the group, typically measures 30–67 cm in length and weighs 0.2–2.8 kg, with an olive-green body marked by interconnected dark chain-like patterns along its sides. It inhabits quiet, vegetated areas of lakes, ponds, swamps, and slow-moving streams from the Atlantic seaboard (Maine to Florida) westward to Texas, preferring clear, shallow waters with abundant cover for ambushing prey such as smaller fish, amphibians, and invertebrates. Redfin and grass pickerels are smaller, rarely exceeding 30 cm, with the redfin distinguished by its bright orange-red fins and vertical dark bars on the sides, while the grass pickerel features a more mottled pattern and fully scaled cheeks. These two subspecies occupy similar habitats in the eastern and central U.S., from the Atlantic and Gulf slopes to the Mississippi River basin, often in acidic, vegetated lowland streams and ditches. All pickerels are solitary, fast-growing predators that in over flooded , with females producing thousands of eggs but providing no ; they mature within 1–4 years and are popular as sport fish due to their aggressive strikes, though populations are stable and classified as Least Concern by the IUCN. In some regions, particularly parts of , "pickerel" may also refer to the unrelated (Sander vitreus), a perch family species, leading to occasional nomenclature confusion in North American .

Biology

Fish

Pickerel is a common name for small to medium-sized predatory belonging to the family Esocidae, which includes species like the and , known for their elongated bodies and hunting strategies. These are native to North American freshwater systems and play key roles in aquatic food webs as opportunistic carnivores. The (Esox niger) is the largest and most widespread pickerel species, typically measuring 14 to 24 inches (35 to 61 cm) in length and weighing 2 to 4 pounds (0.9 to 1.8 kg), with an elongated, pike-like body featuring greenish sides marked by distinctive chain-like dark patterns, a long duckbill-shaped , and sharp teeth adapted for grasping prey. Native to the , primarily along the Atlantic slope from to , the Gulf Coast westward to , and the basin northward to and , with introduced populations in the and parts of southern , it inhabits slow-moving rivers, vegetated lakes, swamps, and quiet backwaters with dense aquatic vegetation for cover. As solitary predators, chain pickerel lie in wait among weeds and submerged structures to strike at passing prey, exhibiting aggressive toward lures and smaller . They reproduce in early spring by spawning in shallow, vegetated waters, where females scatter adhesive eggs over aquatic plants; these hatch in 6 to 12 days, and juveniles reach at 1–4 years of age. is generally stable across its range (global rank G5, secure), though populations face threats from habitat loss due to and . The (Esox americanus) is a smaller relative, reaching up to 12 inches (30 cm) in length, with similar predatory habits but more subdued markings and a preference for clearer, vegetated waters in streams and ponds. It comprises two subspecies: the (E. a. americanus), found primarily in the southeastern U.S. along the Atlantic slope to southern , distinguished by its reddish fins and bolder vertical bars; and the grass pickerel (E. a. vermiculatus), distributed more northward and westward into the and Mississippi basins, featuring faint, vertical markings and a preference for weedy, low-oxygen habitats. Both subspecies smaller prey from cover, much like the chain pickerel, but their diminutive size limits them to less competitive niches in shared ecosystems. In regional nomenclature, particularly in Canada and parts of the northern United States, "pickerel" often refers to the walleye (Sander vitreus), a percid unrelated to Esocidae, characterized by its pale, reflective eyes adapted for low-light vision and averaging 20 inches (51 cm) in length; this usage stems from historical common naming rather than . Ecologically, true pickerel species serve as apex predators in freshwater systems, regulating populations of smaller , , amphibians, and occasionally small mammals or reptiles through their opportunistic , which helps maintain balance in vegetated habitats. As popular , they are subject to regulations such as bag limits (e.g., 10 per day in many Maine waters with no minimum length).

Plants

Pickerelweed refers to species in the genus Pontederia within the family Pontederiaceae, with Pontederia cordata L. serving as the primary species commonly known by this name. The genus Pontederia is named after the Italian botanist Guilio Pontedera (1688–1757). The common name "pickerelweed" derives from its association with habitats frequented by pickerel fish, where the plant provides cover for the fish to ambush prey. Pontederia cordata is an emergent aquatic perennial herb that grows 2–4 feet tall, with light green, spongy stems emerging from the . It features glossy, waxy leaves that are heart-shaped to lanceolate, measuring 2–10 inches long and 0.5–6 inches wide, often with rounded basal lobes. In summer, from May to October, erect spikes 3–6 inches long bear numerous tubular flowers in shades of violet-blue, occasionally white. The plant roots in shallow mud or up to 12 inches deep, tolerating partial and nutrient-rich conditions. Native to the Americas, Pontederia cordata ranges from eastern Canada (Nova Scotia to Quebec) and the northern United States (Minnesota to New England) southward through eastern and central North America to Florida and Texas, extending into Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and northern South America (including Argentina and Brazil). It thrives in freshwater wetlands, including marshes, pond and lake edges, slow-moving streams, and ditches, preferring still or slow-flowing, nutrient-rich waters with pH 6.0–8.0 and depths up to 20 inches, though it flourishes in full sun and fertile, loamy soils. As an obligate wetland species (OBL), it occurs almost exclusively in wetlands under natural conditions. The plant reproduces primarily through seeds, producing up to 5,000 seeds per pound dispersed by wind, water, and , with each containing a single . It also spreads vegetatively via short rhizomes and root corms, forming dense colonies. Flowers attract pollinators such as bumblebees (Bombus spp.) and other bees, which collect and . As a , it exhibits seasonal dieback in winter, with foliage emerging anew each from submerged rhizomes. Ecologically, Pontederia cordata plays a vital role in wetland ecosystems by providing habitat and cover for fish, including pickerel, as well as for birds, amphibians, and invertebrates. Its seeds serve as a food source for waterfowl and small mammals, while leaves and stems are consumed by geese, muskrats, and insects. The dense root system stabilizes sediments, aiding in erosion control along shorelines and reducing nutrient runoff. Additionally, it absorbs excess nutrients and heavy metals from water, contributing to purification in constructed wetlands and indicating healthy, undisturbed wetland conditions.

Geography

Settlements

Pickerel, Wisconsin, is an unincorporated community located in the northeast corner of Langlade County, in the Town of Ainsworth, along Wisconsin Highway 55 near Post Lake. The area emerged in the 1860s alongside European trading posts, driven by the timber industry and early agriculture, with initial settlers including fur traders such as "Old Dutch Frank" and George Gardner; development was supported by U.S. government roads and a military route from Fort Howard to Fort Wilkins. The community's name derives from the abundant pickerel fish populations in local waters, reflecting influences from Native American languages like Chippewa (), where terms related to pike or pickerel appear in regional place names such as Oconto, meaning "place of the pickerel" in the dialect. The local economy historically centered on and in the early but has shifted toward rural services and , including the Pickerel Emergency Medical Service that supports Ainsworth and surrounding areas. Culturally, the community maintains ties to its heritage through events and its role in regional tourism, bolstered by proximity to Pickerel Lake and attractions like the 5-mile Pickerel/Pearson ATV Trail, which winds through county forests and connects to broader networks of over 106 miles of ATV/UTV routes in Langlade County. Beyond , Pickerel Lake Township in Freeborn County, , represents another notable settlement bearing the name, organized in 1858 with pioneer arrivals dating to 1856, including early farmers like John Ruble who contributed to its agricultural foundation. The township, encompassing rural farmlands and the namesake lake, had a of 643 as of the 2020 U.S. , with an estimated 630 as of 2025, a predominantly demographic (over 98%), and common ancestries including (37.7%) and (32.1%); its economy revolves around farming, with historical significance marked by the first local burial in 1861. These settlements highlight how the name Pickerel, often linked to natural resources, influenced the establishment of small, resource-dependent communities in the during the mid-19th century.

Natural features

Natural features named after the pickerel fish are predominantly water bodies across , often serving as habitats that support diverse ecosystems with clear waters and varying . These features typically exhibit high due to spring-fed sources or glacial origins, fostering rich ecological communities including wetlands and riparian zones that contribute to regional . Human activities such as and efforts have shaped their management, with many protected for , , and ecological preservation. Pickerel Lake in , located near Grenville in Day County, spans 955 acres and reaches a maximum depth of 41 feet, making it one of the state's deepest natural lakes. This spring-fed originates from glacial formations and features three inlets and one outlet, contributing to its clear, cool conditions that support a stable aquatic environment. The lake's name derives from a Native American term meaning "where you spear long fish," reflecting its historical association with abundant fish populations. It serves as a key recreational site with opportunities for , , and at the adjacent Pickerel Lake Recreation Area, while initiatives maintain its water quality and ecological balance. In , several lakes bear the name Pickerel, with notable examples including the 100-acre Pickerel Lake in Kalkaska County, which reaches depths of 72 feet and is renowned for its clear, blue-green waters ideal for . Smaller versions, such as the 43-acre lake in Otsego County with a 33-foot depth, also attract anglers due to their accessible shorelines and diverse habitats. These lakes, embedded in forested landscapes, enhance regional through connected systems and support recreational boating and fishing, with ongoing efforts to monitor amid seasonal use. The Pickerel Lake Fen Preserve in , encompasses 136 acres of rare alkaline fen and oak opening ecosystems, protected by since the late 20th century. This high-elevation , fed by seeps and springs, hosts diverse adapted to conditions, promoting unique in a landscape dominated by prairies and woodlands. Conservation efforts focus on restoring native plant communities and managing to preserve its ecological value, with limited public access for educational hikes that highlight its role in and habitat connectivity. Rivers and sloughs named Pickerel include the Pickerel River in , a of the French River that winds through boreal forests in the French River . This waterway forms a popular canoe route with minimal portages, supporting recreational paddling and while its forested surroundings maintain high and water clarity through protected park management. Further north, Pickerel Slough near , is a 10-mile wetland channel east of the on the Porcupine Plateau, valued for its role in floodplain ecology and seasonal waterfowl habitats amid remote boreal wetlands. Pickerel Bay in forms part of a larger lake system, likely connected to , where regulated channels support seasonal fish spawning and recreational for species like . This bay's clear waters and adjacent wetlands enhance local , with provincial measures ensuring sustainable use through closures and protection to mitigate human impacts like traffic. Overall, these features underscore the ecological importance of pickerel-named waters in supporting fish habitats and recreational economies, often with targeted efforts to preserve and native against development pressures.

People

Surname

The surname Pickerel is of English origin, derived from the Middle English term "pikerel" or "pykerell," a diminutive of "pike," referring to a young pike , a predatory freshwater known for its spear-like . This likely originated as a for an individual with sharp or pointed features resembling the , or possibly as an occupational name for a specializing in . It may also carry topographic connotations, denoting someone dwelling near pike-inhabited waters, and is considered a variant of similar surnames such as Pickerill, Pickerell, or Pickrell. The name first appears in records from late 12th-century , , aligning with broader Anglo-Saxon naming traditions that often drew from and occupations. Historically, the surname emerged in medieval English documents, with early bearers concentrated in eastern England before spreading through migration. During the 17th to 19th centuries, many Pickerel families emigrated from England to the American colonies, with the first recorded instance in Colonial America appearing in Maryland in 1660. This migration contributed to its establishment in the United States, where it became more prevalent amid waves of Anglo-Saxon settlers, while remaining rarer in the United Kingdom. By the 19th century, U.S. census records show increasing numbers, reflecting patterns of rural settlement and family expansion in the Midwest. In modern times, the surname Pickerel is primarily found in the United States, with approximately 725 bearers as of recent estimates, ranking it as the 42,050th most common there. Concentrations are highest in states such as (about 9% of U.S. bearers), , and , according to distribution derived from and genealogical records up to 2014. Incidence remains low in and the , with only scattered historical records and fewer than 10 bearers noted in in recent surveys. Demographically, U.S. from 2000 and 2010 indicate that the vast majority of individuals with this surname identify as , comprising over 95% of bearers. The overall has shown modest growth since 1880, increasing by about 253% by the early .

Notable individuals

The Pickerel surname remains uncommon among prominent public figures, with historical records and genealogical databases revealing no major celebrities, politicians, or athletes associated with it as of 2025. Instead, documentation primarily highlights ordinary individuals in family lineages, often tied to rural American communities in the Midwest and South. Examples from genealogical sources include Nettie Mahala Pickerel (c. 1870–1953), a Missouri-born resident who married and lived in , as noted in U.S. and vital ; her life exemplifies the migratory patterns of Pickerel families during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Another early figure is Henry Pickerel (1750–1814), an ancestral profile in colonial-era family trees, reflecting the 's roots in early American settlement without broader public notability. Overall, Pickerel family histories emphasize private or regional lives, with migrations from to the documented in data and logs, suggesting limited potential for widespread recognition but ongoing interest in personal genealogies.

Other uses

Military

The Pickerel (SS-177) was a Porpoise-class diesel-electric of the , named for the pickerel fish (a name previously used for an ), selected for its connotations of speed and agility in naval traditions. This name had previously been used for USS Pickerel (TB-15), a commissioned in and renamed USS F-3 in 1911. Laid down on 25 March 1935 by the Company in , she was launched on 7 July 1936 and commissioned on 26 January 1937 under the command of L. J. Huffman. With a surfaced displacement of 1,330 tons and a submerged displacement of 1,997 tons, she measured 300 feet 7 inches in length, had a beam of 25 feet 1 inch, and a draft of 13 feet 10 inches; her propulsion allowed speeds of 19 knots surfaced and 9 knots submerged, supported by a crew of approximately 50 officers and enlisted personnel in peacetime. Armament included six 21-inch torpedo tubes (all forward-facing) and one 3-inch/50-caliber deck gun, reflecting early interwar designs optimized for coastal defense and reconnaissance. Prior to , Pickerel operated with the Pacific Fleet, conducting training exercises out of and , , before transferring to the Asiatic Fleet in the in to bolster regional deterrence amid rising tensions with . Following the , she undertook six successful war patrols in the Pacific theater, contributing to the U.S. campaign against Japanese shipping; notable successes included the sinking of the freighters Kanko (2,929 tons) and Tateyama (1,990 tons) on her second patrol, as well as No. 13 (440 tons) and the Fukuei (1,113 tons) during later operations, totaling 6,472 tons of enemy vessels sunk. These patrols demonstrated evolving tactics in submerged approaches and torpedo employment, though Pickerel faced challenges from unreliable early-war ordnance and aggressive Japanese antisubmarine measures. On her seventh patrol, Pickerel departed on 18 March 1943 under Augustus H. Alston Jr., tasked with operations off the northern coast; she was reported overdue on 12 May 1943 and presumed lost to enemy action around 3 near , likely from depth charges delivered by vessels during an antisubmarine engagement, with all 77 crew members perishing. Postwar analysis of Japanese records confirmed no other U.S. in the vicinity and attributed the attack to Pickerel, marking her as the first submarine lost in the Central Pacific area; she was stricken from the on 19 August 1943. For her service, Pickerel received three battle stars posthumously, underscoring her role in pioneering strategies that influenced later U.S. operations. A second vessel, Pickerel (SS-524), a , was laid down on 8 February 1944 at the , launched on 15 December 1944, and commissioned on 4 April 1949 under Paul R. Schratz. No other major U.S. military assets named Pickerel have been documented as of 2025.

Regional terms

In , "pickerel" historically denotes a young or small ( lucius), distinguishing it from the adult form and differing from its more specific application to certain North American species in modern usage. This diminutive sense, derived from "pickerel" around the 13th century, appears in 19th-century literature, where authors describe the pickerel as a juvenile pike valued for its sport in British waters. For instance, early naturalist texts equate the term directly with small pikes, emphasizing their predatory habits in ponds and streams. The term also intersects with Indigenous North American languages, particularly in the , where the Chippewa (Ojibwe) word "kinoje" refers to pike-like fish, including what English speakers termed pickerel, influencing local place names and cultural references to spearing such species. This linguistic tie reflects traditional knowledge of the fish's abundance in regional waterways, as documented in historical explorations and etymological studies of Native American nomenclature. As of 2025, "pickerel" features in initiatives focused on aquatic management, such as state plans addressing habitat impacts from invasives, where it denotes native predatory fish like ( ) in outreach. In digital contexts, the term appears in modern applications like Fishbrain, allowing users to and catches of pickerel for location-specific data, and such as Fishing Planet, which simulate targeting like grass pickerel for educational and recreational purposes.

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