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Shade

Shade is a noun in American English slang denoting a subtle, indirect, or stylized form of insult or disrespect, often delivered through implication, wit, or nonverbal cues rather than overt confrontation.^[1] The term emerged in the 1980s within New York City's underground ballroom scene, a competitive subculture primarily among black and Latino gay men, where participants used "shade" in performative "readings" to critique rivals' appearances, behaviors, or claims with layered sophistication.^[2]^[1] Its popularization beyond niche communities occurred via Jennie Livingston's 1990 documentary Paris Is Burning, which captured authentic usages like "shade is a true art of insult" from participants such as Dorian Corey, highlighting the term's roots in creative verbal sparring as a survival mechanism in marginalized social environments.^[2] In contemporary usage, "throwing shade" has entered mainstream lexicon to describe any veiled criticism, though this broader application often dilutes the original context-specific artistry and cultural precision, with dictionaries noting its evolution into a versatile phrase for contemptuous dismissal across social media and pop culture.^[3]^[1] Despite its adoption, the term's provenance underscores a tradition of rhetorical ingenuity in black and Latino queer spaces, distinct from simpler forms of dissing due to emphasis on elegance and deniability.^[2]

Physical and Optical Meanings

Shadow and Shelter

Shade, physically, denotes the darkened region produced when an object obstructs light rays from a source, such as the sun, creating a shadow on a surface or within a volume. This occurs because light travels in straight lines and cannot pass through opaque materials, resulting in an absence of illumination in the blocked area.^[4] The intensity and extent of the shade depend on the light source's position, size, and the obstructing object's geometry; for instance, a point source produces sharper shadows, while extended sources like the sun yield softer edges due to partial overlap of rays.^[5] In practical terms, shade serves as shelter by blocking direct solar radiation, which reduces both convective heating and absorption of infrared energy by surfaces. Shaded air temperatures can drop 15 to 20 degrees Fahrenheit compared to sun-exposed areas, as shade prevents the direct warming of air molecules and limits the re-emission of stored heat from ground or structures.^[6] This thermal relief is evident in natural settings, where tree canopies lower understory temperatures by intercepting sunlight, and in engineered solutions like photovoltaic arrays, which provide diurnal cooling superior to vegetative shade in some urban contexts.^[7] Shade also mitigates ultraviolet (UV) radiation, filtering up to 75% of harmful rays and thereby lowering risks of skin erythema and carcinogenesis from prolonged exposure.^[8] In built environments, shade structures such as awnings intercept solar heat before it penetrates windows or walls, blocking up to 77% of incident radiation and cutting air conditioning demands by facilitating lower indoor heat loads.^[9] These effects underscore shade's role in causal heat mitigation, where obstruction of radiative transfer directly curbs energy flux rather than merely masking symptoms of exposure.

Sunglasses

Sunglasses are eyewear designed to attenuate visible light and ultraviolet (UV) radiation entering the eyes, thereby providing shade against bright sunlight, glare, and harmful rays. This reduction in light intensity alleviates eye strain and protects against conditions such as photokeratitis from acute exposure or cataracts from chronic UV damage.^[10] Lenses achieve shade primarily via tinting or pigmentation that lowers visible light transmission (VLT), with general-purpose lenses transmitting 8-18% of light for outdoor use in moderate to bright conditions.^[11] Precursors to modern sunglasses emerged approximately 2,000 years ago among Inuit populations in the Arctic, who fashioned protective goggles from carved bone, antler, or wood featuring narrow slits to block snow-reflected glare while preserving peripheral vision.^[12] By the 12th century, Chinese judges employed flat panes of smoky quartz—cut to conceal eye movements—offering rudimentary light filtration.^[13] Tinted glass lenses appeared in 18th-century Venice for glare reduction among gondoliers, and mass production began in 1929 when Sam Foster sold polarized-style shades on the Atlantic City boardwalk, catalyzing their transition from utilitarian to fashionable items.^[14] Lens materials vary to balance shade efficacy, durability, and weight: polycarbonate dominates for its superior impact resistance—withstanding drops from 50 inches per FDA testing—and low density (1.2 g/cm³), ideal for active pursuits, though it scratches more readily than glass.^[15]^[16] Glass lenses, denser at 2.5 g/cm³, provide unmatched optical clarity and scratch resistance but risk shattering under force.^[16] CR-39 plastic offers a compromise with refractive index 1.50 for thin profiles and VLT control via dyes. Polarization, achieved by embedding a polyvinyl alcohol film stretched to align molecules, selectively absorbs horizontal light waves, cutting glare by up to 99% from reflective surfaces without altering overall VLT.^[10]^[11] Regulatory standards ensure reliable shade and protection: U.S. FDA mandates lenses block 99-100% of UVA (315-400 nm) and UVB (280-315 nm) rays, tested via spectrophotometry, alongside drop-ball impact resistance (a 5/8-inch steel ball from 50 inches).^[15] European EN ISO 12312-1:2013 classifies lenses by VLT categories (0: 80-100% for indoors; 4: 3-8% for extreme glare), requiring UV cutoff at 400 nm and verifying no spectral distortion.^[17] Compliance testing reveals that darker tints alone do not guarantee UV efficacy, as unverified cheap imports may transmit up to 20% UV despite low VLT.^[10]

Color and Perception

Shade in Color Theory

In color theory, a shade refers to a variation of a pure hue achieved by adding black pigment or its equivalent, which decreases the lightness or value of the color while preserving its dominant hue.^[18]^[19] This process results in a darker, more saturated appearance compared to the original hue, as black absorbs light without introducing complementary colors or desaturation.^[20] Shades differ from related terms such as tints and tones: a tint involves mixing a hue with white to increase lightness, while a tone incorporates gray (a mixture of black and white) to reduce vibrancy and chroma without solely altering value.^[21]^[22] These distinctions trace back to foundational principles in artistic and scientific color systems, where ancient theories like Aristotle's posited colors as mixtures of light (white) and darkness (black), laying groundwork for modern value-based modifications.^[23] In perceptual terms, shades influence human vision by leveraging the trichromatic response of cone cells in the retina, which detect variations in wavelength and intensity; adding black effectively lowers luminance, enhancing perceived depth and contrast in visual scenes.^[24] This aligns with color models like HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value), where shade corresponds to reduced value at constant hue and saturation, aiding applications in design for creating hierarchy and emotional resonance—darker shades often convey intensity or recession.^[25] In practice, artists and designers generate shade scales by incrementally adding black to a base hue, as seen in pigment mixing where the ratio determines subtlety versus starkness, though digital tools simulate this via RGB subtraction of equal proportions from red, green, and blue channels.^[26]

Biological and Ecological Contexts

Shade Tolerance in Plants

Shade tolerance refers to the capacity of plant species to survive, grow, and reproduce under reduced light intensities, typically below 5-10% of full sunlight, distinguishing it from shade avoidance strategies that prioritize rapid elongation to reach better light.^[27] This trait is quantified by metrics such as the light compensation point—the minimum irradiance at which photosynthesis equals respiration—and survival rates in understory conditions, with tolerant species exhibiting lower compensation points around 1-5% full light compared to 10-20% or higher for intolerant ones.^[28] In ecological contexts, shade tolerance underlies forest succession dynamics, where early-successional, intolerant species dominate open areas post-disturbance, yielding to tolerant species in closed-canopy mature forests.^[29] Plants are broadly classified into shade-tolerant and shade-intolerant (or shade-avoiding) categories based on their response to low light: tolerant species maintain viability through efficient resource use, while avoiders invest in stem elongation and apical dominance to escape competition, often at the cost of reduced reproduction in persistent shade.^[28] Tolerance indices, derived from field observations and growth trials, rank species on scales from very tolerant (e.g., surviving <2% full light) to very intolerant (requiring >20% full light for establishment).^[30] Trade-offs are evident: shade-tolerant plants typically exhibit slower growth rates but greater longevity and pathogen resistance, reflecting a conservative strategy optimized for stable, low-light environments over rapid exploitation of high-light gaps.^[31] Physiological adaptations enabling shade tolerance include enhanced photosynthetic efficiency via higher chlorophyll a/b ratios and quantum yields, allowing greater carbon fixation per photon in dim conditions, alongside morphological shifts such as larger, thinner leaves with horizontal orientations to maximize light interception.^[32] Tolerant species also show reduced photoinhibition through robust photoprotective mechanisms, like sustained non-photochemical quenching, and lower respiration rates to minimize carbon loss, though these come with vulnerabilities like heightened disease susceptibility in humid understories.^[33] Genetic and hormonal regulation, including auxin-mediated shade avoidance suppression in tolerants, further modulates these responses, as seen in studies of conifers where tolerant Pinus species maintain wider leaves and lower light saturation points than intolerant counterparts.^[34] Examples of highly shade-tolerant species include American beech (Fagus grandifolia), which persists at 1-3% full sunlight, and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), dominant in late-successional forests due to seedling survival under dense canopies.^[35] In contrast, shade-intolerant pioneers like quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) or black cherry (Prunus serotina) require canopy gaps exceeding 20% light for regeneration, illustrating how tolerance gradients structure community assembly.^[30] Understory herbs such as ferns (Dryopteris spp.) exemplify tolerance in non-woody plants, thriving via efficient low-light photosynthesis despite minimal vertical growth.^[36] Ecologically, shade tolerance influences biodiversity and resilience; tolerant species stabilize climax communities against minor disturbances but hinder regeneration of light-demanders, potentially leading to monodominant stands in undisturbed forests, as observed in northern temperate ecosystems where tolerance rankings predict 70-80% of succession trajectories.^[27] Climate shifts may alter these dynamics, with warming favoring intolerant species in some regions by increasing gap formation via storms, though empirical data from long-term plots emphasize tolerance as a primary filter over secondary traits like drought resistance.^[37]

Linguistic and Cultural Meanings

Slang Usage: Throwing Shade

"Throwing shade" refers to the act of subtly insulting or disrespecting someone through indirect criticism, insinuation, or nonverbal cues, distinguishing it from overt confrontation by emphasizing cleverness and deniability.^[1] This form of verbal sparring prioritizes artistry over aggression, often employing sarcasm, backhanded compliments, or pointed silence to undermine the target.^[2] In contrast to "reading," a more direct and explicit form of insult prevalent in similar subcultures, throwing shade layers subtlety to heighten its social impact while minimizing direct accountability.^[38] The phrase originated in the 1980s within Black and Latino LGBTQ+ ballroom and drag communities in New York City, where competitive performances demanded sophisticated methods of rivalry.^[1] ^[39] Participants used shade to critique rivals' appearances, performances, or status without violating house rules against overt hostility, framing it as a performative skill akin to vogueing or lip-syncing.^[2] Linguistic evidence from the era, including oral histories and community lexicons, shows "shade" evolving from metaphors of casting shadows to obscure or diminish, with no documented slang usage predating this context in available historical records.^[40] Its entry into mainstream awareness occurred via Jennie Livingston's 1990 documentary Paris Is Burning, which captured ballroom vernacular and propelled "throwing shade" beyond subcultural confines.^[2] Subsequent adoption in the 2010s by celebrities amplified its reach; for instance, singer Rihanna exemplified it through expressive glances and tweets implying superiority over peers.^[1] Pop culture instances include a 1998 interview where Mariah Carey dismissed a rival's talent by noting, "I don't know her," interpreted as shade for its feigned ignorance.^[41] By the mid-2010s, the term permeated social media, memes, and entertainment discourse, evolving into a broader tool for passive-aggressive commentary in politics, fashion, and interpersonal conflicts, though retaining its roots in performative diss.^[42]

Historical Etymology

The English noun "shade," denoting partial or relative darkness, derives from the Old English sceadu (oblique sceadwe), a strong feminine noun meaning "shadow" or "darkness caused by interception of light."^[43]^[44] This form entered Middle English as schade or shade by around the 12th century, preserving the core sense of a "dark image cast by an object" or "comparative obscurity."^[45] The Old English sceadu stems from Proto-West Germanic skadu and Proto-Germanic skadwaz (also skadô), cognates of which appear in other Germanic languages, including Old High German scato ("shadow") and Old Norse skadi ("shadow").^[44]^[45] These trace to the Proto-Indo-European root skot-, connoting "darkness" or "covering," evidenced in related forms like Sanskrit skótas- ("darkness") and Greek skotos ("darkness, gloom").^[45] Historically, the term's primary application in early English texts, such as those from the Anglo-Saxon period (pre-1066), emphasized literal shelter from sunlight or metaphysical obscurity, as in biblical translations rendering Latin umbra (shadow).^[43] By the Late Middle English period (circa 1300–1500), semantic extensions emerged for figurative uses like "ghost" or "specter," influenced by Latin umbra via Old French ombre, though the Germanic root predominated for physical senses.^[43]^[45] Attestations in Chaucerian works (late 14th century) illustrate its use for both natural shadows and poetic dimness.^[43]

Geographical Locations

United States

Shade Township, located in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, encompasses rural areas with a population of 2,276 residents as of 2023.^[46] The township was incorporated in 1816, having been formed from portions of Stonycreek Township, one of the county's original divisions, with initial settlement occurring as early as 1772.^[47] It features a mix of residential and limited commercial development, with residents often commuting to nearby Johnstown or Somerset for services.^[48] In Ohio, Shade is an unincorporated community situated in Lodi Township, Athens County, characterized by farmland and residential areas.^[49] The area falls within ZIP code 45776, which reports a population of approximately 730 people and a low density of 40 residents per square mile.^[50] Nearby natural features include the Shade River, contributing to the region's wooded and hilly terrain.^[51] Smaller or historical references to Shade exist in other states, such as in Missouri and Kentucky, though these are minor communities with limited documented demographics or infrastructure.^[52] Additionally, Shade Gap, a borough in Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania, maintains a population of 88 as of 2023, serving as a sparsely populated rural enclave.^[53] These locations generally reflect agrarian or forested environments typical of their regions, with economies tied to agriculture and proximity to larger urban centers.

Personal Names

Surname Bearers

Will Shade (February 5, 1898 – September 18, 1966) was an American Memphis blues musician best known for founding and leading the Memphis Jug Band in 1927, playing harmonica, guitar, and vocals on numerous recordings from the 1920s to 1950s.^[54]^[55]^[56] Dave Shade (March 3, 1902 – June 23, 1983) was an American boxer active from 1918 to 1935, compiling a professional record of 124 wins, 23 losses, and 46 draws across nearly 250 bouts, including stints as welterweight and middleweight contender and holder of the Australian and New Zealand middleweight title in 1933–1934.^[57]^[58]^[59] Ronnie Shade (October 18, 1938 – September 10, 1986) was a Scottish golfer renowned as one of Britain's top amateurs, winning the Scottish Amateur Championship five consecutive times from 1959 to 1963 and representing Great Britain in multiple Walker Cup matches before turning professional.^[60]^[61]^[62] Nancy Shade (born May 31, 1949) is an American spinto soprano opera singer who debuted professionally as Leonora in Il trovatore in 1967, won the 1968 Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions, and performed leading roles at major houses including the New York City Opera and Santa Fe Opera.^[63]^[64]^[65] Sam Shade (born June 14, 1973) is an American football coach and former defensive back who played college football at Alabama and briefly in the NFL, later serving as head coach at Pinson Valley High School—leading them to the 2024 Alabama Class 6A state championship—and appointed head coach of Alabama A&M University in 2023.^[66]^[67]^[68]

Given Name

Shade is a rare given name primarily of English origin, derived from the Old English word sceadu, meaning "shadow" or "shade," evoking connotations of protection from sunlight or partial darkness.^[69]^[70] In some interpretations, it carries the sense of "out of the sun" or "in shadow," reflecting its historical ties to natural imagery rather than direct nomenclature traditions before the 19th century.^[71] Alternative etymologies include Arabic roots where it signifies "singer," positioning it as gender-neutral with melodic associations, though this usage remains marginal compared to its English derivation.^[72] The name first appeared in U.S. records in 1976 and achieved modest peak popularity, ranking as high as 1,105th nationally in 1986, primarily among boys.^[73] Over the subsequent decades, it has remained uncommon, with an estimated 543 bearers in the United States as of recent analyses, placing it at the 13,070th most popular given name overall.^[74] Usage data from the past 50 years indicate a slight female preponderance, with approximately 51% of individuals named Shade being women, though some rankings list it exclusively or predominantly as a masculine name.^[69] In 2021, only 19 boys received the name, underscoring its niche status outside broader naming trends.^[75] No prominent historical or contemporary figures with Shade as a primary given name are widely documented in verifiable records, limiting its cultural footprint to personal rather than public prominence.^[69] Its appeal lies in brevity and evocative simplicity, occasionally adopted in modern contexts for its neutral, nature-inspired resonance without strong ties to specific ethnic or religious traditions beyond English linguistic roots.^[70]

Fictional Characters

In DC Comics, The Shade (Richard Swift) is an immortal character who debuted in Flash Comics #33 on June 1942, created by Gardner Fox and Harold Sharp.^[76] Originally depicted as a shadow-manipulating thief and foe of the Golden Age Flash (Jay Garrick), Swift acquired his powers in 1838 during a solar eclipse when he and a rival were enveloped by a mystical darkness that granted immortality and control over shadows via his cane.^[76] His portrayal evolved in James Robinson's Starman series (1994–2001), transforming him into a nuanced anti-hero who protects Opal City while adhering to a personal code against killing innocents, having lived through centuries of historical events including wars and crimes.^[77] Another DC Comics figure, Shade, the Changing Man, first appeared in Shade, the Changing Man #1 in April 1977, created by Steve Ditko. Rac Shade, an escaped prisoner from the planet Meta's Area 52, dons an M-Vest that enables shape-shifting, reality alteration, and combat against the psycho-entity known as the Locust, which feeds on human madness. Peter Milligan's 1990 Vertigo relaunch reimagined him as a surreal, psychedelic protagonist navigating American culture and personal demons, emphasizing themes of identity and mental instability across 70 issues until 1996. In the DC Animated Universe, Shade is a minor supervillain who controls shadows and has allied with groups like the Injustice Syndicate and Anti-Justice League, appearing in episodes of Justice League Unlimited such as "I Am Legion" (2005).^[78] This version draws from comic inspirations but lacks the immortality or alien origins of primary iterations, serving as a generic darkness-wielder in team-based conflicts.^[78] Marvel Comics features Shades (Herman "Shades" Alvarez), a sunglasses-wearing criminal introduced in Power Man #47 (August 1978), who partners with Comanche in street-level crime and later joins the Brothers of Vice syndicate.^[79] Though not singularly "Shade," his moniker evokes thematic shading via obscured vision, and he has clashed with heroes like Luke Cage without supernatural powers beyond marksmanship and thuggery.^[79]

Arts and Entertainment

Literature

"To a Shade" is a poem by W.B. Yeats, first published in his 1914 collection Responsibilities, addressing the apparition of Irish nationalist Charles Stewart Parnell (1846–1891) and reflecting on themes of legacy and political betrayal following Parnell's death.^[80] The work, composed in 1913, juxtaposes Parnell's shade with contemporary figures like Hugh Lane, emphasizing enduring Irish grievances.^[80] Neil Jordan's novel Shade (2004) narrates a supernatural tale set in Ireland from the early 1900s to the 1950s, told from the perspective of Nina, a ghost murdered in 1914, who observes her family's secrets, love, and wartime impacts.^[81] The book intertwines historical events with ghostly observation, beginning with Nina's violent death and exploring intergenerational trauma.^[82] In V.E. Schwab's Shades of Magic trilogy, starting with A Darker Shade of Magic (2015), "shades" denote magical essences and parallel worlds, central to the fantasy plot involving antari magicians traversing blood-soaked Londons.^[83] The series, comprising three novels published between 2015 and 2017, features elemental magic tied to shades, with over 400,000 Goodreads ratings averaging 4.0 for the first volume.^[83] Vladimir Nabokov's Pale Fire (1962) centers on fictional poet John Shade, whose 999-line elegiac poem titled "Pale Fire" is annotated by unreliable narrator Charles Kinbote, blurring lines between reality, madness, and literary forgery.^[84] Shade's character embodies themes of mortality and artistic creation, with the poem's composition dated to 1959 in the narrative.^[84]

Film and Television

Shade is a 2003 American neo-noir crime thriller written and directed by Damian Nieman in his feature debut. The plot centers on a group of poker hustlers in Los Angeles, led by young grifter Gabriel (Stuart Townsend), who collaborate with veterans Charlie (Gabriel Byrne), Vernon (Thandiwe Newton), and Tiffany (Jamie Foxx) to scam "The Dean" (Sylvester Stallone), a ruthless gangster and master gambler. After pulling off a $400,000 sting, internal betrayals and mob retaliation unravel their scheme, highlighting the perils of trust in the con artist underworld.^[85]^[86]^[87] Filmed primarily in Los Angeles, the movie features high-stakes card games and layered deceptions, drawing comparisons to films like The Sting for its con mechanics but with a darker, more cynical edge. Stallone's role, though brief at around 20 minutes of screen time, provides a menacing anchor as the vengeful mark. The ensemble cast also includes Melanie Griffith and Bridget Moynahan in supporting roles. It premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 11, 2003, before a limited U.S. theatrical release on April 16, 2004, distributed by Lionsgate Films.^[85]^[88]^[89] Critically, Shade garnered mixed reception, earning a 67% Tomatometer score on Rotten Tomatoes from 15 reviews, with praise for its twisty narrative and performances but criticism for uneven pacing and formulaic elements. Audience ratings averaged 6.3/10 on IMDb from over 13,000 users, appreciating the sleight-of-hand sequences while noting predictable betrayals. The film has since gained a cult following among fans of indie crime thrillers for its authentic depiction of underground gambling culture.^[86]^[85]^[90] In television, minor productions bear the title, including a 2014 web series Shade following a justice-seeking anti-hero across seasons, rated 8.5/10 on IMDb from limited votes, and a 2017 miniseries exploring depraved personas through orchestrated schemes. These lack the prominence of the 2003 film and have not achieved wide distribution or critical analysis. A 2024 horror-drama The Shade, involving a grieving family haunted by a malevolent entity, represents a recent but niche entry in the genre.^[91]^[92]^[93]

Video Games

Shade: Wrath of Angels is a third-person action-horror adventure video game developed by Black Element Software and published by Cenega Publishing.^[94] Released on October 1, 2004, for Microsoft Windows and Xbox, the game centers on a protagonist investigating his missing brother's disappearance, uncovering supernatural intrigue tied to an ancient conflict between angels and gods.^[95] Players navigate over 30 levels, combating eight enemy types with weapons and puzzles emphasizing stealth and combat.^[96] The title earned mixed critical reception, scoring 50 on Metacritic for the PC version due to technical issues and repetitive gameplay despite atmospheric horror elements.^[94]^[97] Shade is a 2000 interactive fiction game designed and published by Andrew Plotkin for DOS and compatible platforms.^[98] Confined to a single apartment room, it simulates pre-dawn preparations for a desert rave trip, using text commands to manipulate objects and confront psychological tension amid encroaching darkness.^[99] The work blends puzzle-solving with narrative introspection, earning praise for technical innovation and thematic depth in evoking isolation and anticipation.^[100] In The Longing (2020), the protagonist is a diminutive creature designated "the Shade," assigned by a slumbering king to guard him for 400 real-time days in an underground realm.^[101] Players decide the Shade's activities—exploring caverns, crafting, or idling—mirroring themes of patience, agency, and subterranean ennui, with the entity's survival tied to minimal needs like mushroom foraging.^[102] Shades: Shadow Fight Roguelike, released in 2022 by Nekki for mobile platforms, serves as an interquel to the Shadow Fight series, incorporating RPG fighting mechanics with procedural runs and enhanced combat from Shadow Fight 2.^[103] Players battle through acts using perks called "shades" that buff abilities, progressing via shadow energy and school-specific styles like Bear or Crane.^[104] The game has garnered over 437,000 Google Play ratings averaging 4.5 stars for its fluid action and progression systems.^[103]

Music

"Shade" is the title of the fourth single by Australian rock band Silverchair from their debut album Frogstomp, released on May 29, 1995, in Australia.^[105] The track, written by band members Daniel Johns, Ben Gillies, and Chris Joannou, exemplifies early grunge influences with introspective lyrics addressing themes of isolation and emotional darkness.^[106] American country-pop singer Maren Morris featured "Shade" on her second studio album GIRL, released March 8, 2019, via Columbia Nashville.^[107] Co-written by Morris, Sarah Zimmermann, and Pete Good, the song explores relational tension through metaphors of light and shadow, blending pop production with country elements.^[108] The album Shade by American rock band Living Colour was released on September 8, 2017, by Megaforce Records, marking their first studio album in eight years.^[109] Recorded between 2013 and 2017 and produced by Andre Betts, it contains 13 tracks addressing social and political issues, including the lead single "Freedom of Expression (F.O.X.)".^[110] "Shade" is the stage name of Italian rapper and singer Vito Ventura, born December 10, 1987, in Turin, known for his sardonic freestyle style and commercial hits in Italy.^[111] Ventura gained prominence after winning the second edition of the freestyle battle show Freestyle Master in 2013, leading to albums like Truman (2016) and singles such as "Irraggiungibile" featuring Federica Carta.^[112] Notable songs incorporating "shade" in the title include "A Whiter Shade of Pale" by English rock band Procol Harum, released as their debut single on May 12, 1967, which topped the UK Singles Chart and sold over 10 million copies worldwide.^[113] The baroque-pop track, composed by Gary Brooker with lyrics by Keith Reid, draws inspiration from Johann Sebastian Bach and became a defining hit of the psychedelic era.^[114]

Other Uses

In optics and common parlance, shade refers to partial or relative darkness caused by the interception of light rays by an opaque object, such as a tree or building, often providing relief from sunlight's heat.^[44]^[115] This phenomenon reduces illumination and temperature in the affected area compared to direct exposure.^[43] In color theory, a shade denotes a variation of a hue achieved by adding black pigment or equivalent, which darkens the color while preserving its essential character, distinct from tints (white added) or tones (gray added).^[116] Practitioners in painting and design use shades to convey depth, shadow, or intensity, as black admixture lowers lightness without altering the base hue.^[18] In contemporary slang, particularly popularized in the 1980s within New York City's Black and Latino drag ballroom scene and documented in the 1990 film Paris Is Burning, "shade" or "throwing shade" signifies a subtle, often nonverbal expression of contempt, disdain, or insult toward another person.^[2] Merriam-Webster formalized this usage in 2017, defining it as a sneering display of disgust, typically indirect to avoid direct confrontation.^[117] The term's adoption into mainstream lexicon reflects its roots in competitive "reading" sessions among performers, where wit served as social currency.^[1] In horticulture and landscaping, shade classifies environmental conditions with limited direct sunlight—typically less than four hours daily—necessitating selection of tolerant species like ferns or hostas, as excessive canopy blockage from taller vegetation inhibits photosynthesis in sun-dependent crops.^[118] Gardeners distinguish full shade (under 2-4 hours of sun) from partial shade to optimize growth, with structures like pergolas sometimes engineered to modulate light levels.^[119]^[120]

References

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throwing shade Meaning & Origin | Slang by Dictionary.com
Apr 6, 2018 · The slang phrase throwing shade is traced back to the 1980s black and Latino gay community, especially the drag scene in New York City.
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Our first recorded use of shade to refer to an insult is from the 1990 documentary Paris is Burning, which chronicles the drag scene in mid-1980s Manhattan as ...
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The History of the Word 'Shade' in The Times - The New York Times
Jun 29, 2024 · To throw shade means “to subtly insult or blatantly show contempt for” something or someone, according to “The Queens' English: The LGBTQIA+ Dictionary of ...
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May 23, 2019 · A shadow is an absence of light. If light cannot get through an object, the surface on the other side of that object (for example, the ground or a wall) will ...
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A shadow is actually just a space or region, where there is no light since an opaque object is blocking light rays. The position and intensity of the source of ...
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Jul 16, 2024 · Shade can lower the ambient temperature of the air by as much as 15 to 20 degrees. It has a similar cooling effect on the surface temperatures ...
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50 Grades of Shade in - AMS Journals
They concluded that shade from PV structures provides greater thermal benefits diurnally than tree shade while also supporting peak energy demand and conserving ...
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Why is shade important for UV protection? | Cancer Institute NSW
Shade protects from UV rays, reducing exposure by up to 75%, and protects from both direct and indirect UV, reducing skin cancer risk.
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Jul 15, 2025 · Awnings reduce heat by blocking up to 77% of solar radiation before it hits your windows, patios, and exterior walls, helping cool indoor spaces ...
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The amount of light that reaches your eyes through your lenses is called Visible Light Transmission (VLT). Measured as a percentage (and listed in the product ...
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Jun 23, 2025 · Many historians credit the Inuit and other Indigenous people in the Arctic with inventing what were, in effect, the first sunglasses—though they ...
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Mar 6, 2024 · Sun-protective eyewear is believed to have originated about 2,000 years ago, with early forms in use simultaneously in different parts of the ...
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Mar 18, 2025 · We offer three premium lens materials: OM15 (ie, CR-39), polyamide, and polycarbonate lenses, including polarised versions.
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Jun 4, 2025 · Look for ones that have the “CE” mark or British Standard BS EN ISO 12312-1:2013 as these are guaranteed to offer a safe level of UV protection.
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Color, Hue, Tint, Tone, and Shade - Beach Painting Contractors
Shade is a hue or mixture of pure colors to which only black is added. It contains no white or gray. Shade darkens the color, but the hue remains the same.
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Color Theory defines a True Shade as any pure Hue or mixture of pure colors with only Black added. In other words, it contains absolutely no White or Gray. A ...
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Sep 23, 2023 · Adding any amount of black to a pure hue produces a shade of that color. Shades contain no gray, meaning the color can still be intense but ...Hue (pure Color) · Color Temperature · Color Cast (or Color Bias)
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Shade is the darker area, usually in the shadows. This can be a useful way to remember the definition of the term shade in color theory.
[23]
The Science of Color - Smithsonian Libraries
Aristotle developed the first known theory of color, suggesting that all colors came from white and black (lightness and darkness) and related them to the four ...
[24]
The Fascinating Science Behind Color Perception - Datacolor
Color perception involves cone cells in the eye responding to different wavelengths, and is based on trichromatic theory, where we see colors based on ...
[25]
The Science Behind Human Color Vision - PPG Industries
Jan 11, 2023 · Color perception is influenced by lighting, age, background, and contrast. Lighting is key, and as we age, our lens yellowing affects color ...
[26]
Color Theory Part 2: exploring hue, value, tint, shade and tone
Jan 21, 2015 · SHADE: a shade is created when black is added to a pure hue or color. These colors are darker than the original color and often have a more ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[27]
Comparing shade tolerance measures of woody forest species - PMC
Oct 9, 2018 · Shade tolerance, the minimum light requirement for plant survival, is a key trait for understanding community assembly and forest dynamics.
[28]
Understanding the Shade Tolerance Responses Through Hints ...
Dec 22, 2021 · Based on how plants respond to shade, we typically classify them into two groups: shade avoiding and shade tolerance plants.
[29]
[PDF] Evaluating relationships among tree growth rate, shade tolerance ...
Abstract: Interspecific differences in shade tolerance among woody species are considered a primary driving force under- lying forest succession.
[30]
[PDF] Tolerance of Tree Species - Forest and Wildlife Ecology
Tree species that compete well under full shade are called very tolerant species; those that require full sunlight and limited competition are called very.
[31]
Understanding the Shade Tolerance Responses Through Hints ...
Shade tolerance correlates positively with resistance to pathogens and diseases and increasing physical defense to the external environment (Augspurger, 1984).
[32]
Physiological regulation and functional significance of shade ... - NIH
Perception of neighbors and/or the abiotic stresses such as altered light levels that come with them, may lead to different types of behavior: shade tolerance, ...
[33]
Physiological responses to light explain competition and facilitation ...
Mar 3, 2021 · To understand how photoinhibition and photoprotective strategies vary with adaptations to shade, we used shade tolerance values that Niinemets ...
[34]
Contrasting physiological traits of shade tolerance in Pinus and ...
Wide leaves with large leaf areas are part of a suite of physiological and structural traits associated with shade tolerance. Physiologically, decreased light ...Missing: peer- | Show results with:peer-
[35]
What is, and Why, Femelschlag | New Jersey Audubon
Feb 4, 2021 · According to the USDA-Forest Service: “An example of shade tolerant species is American Beech which only needs between 1-3 % of full light, ...
[36]
Shade tolerance - (Honors Biology) - Vocab, Definition, Explanations
Examples of shade-tolerant plants include species like ferns, some types of wildflowers, and certain trees like the American beech.
[37]
Recent shifts in shade tolerance and disturbance traits in forests of ...
Aug 13, 2019 · Late-successional species of high shade tolerance are dominant under infrequent stand-replacing disturbance (i.e., shade tolerators), while ...
[38]
Reading / Shade – Queer Cultures 101 - ScholarBlogs
Nov 5, 2023 · The terms' origins can be traced to Black and Latino drag ball culture in Harlem. Drag queens, in particular, engaged in “reading sessions” ...
[39]
https://grammarhubs.com/throwing-shade/
[40]
Throwing Shade - Meaning, Origin & Usage - History of English
Feb 5, 2025 · The phrase “throwing shade” is relatively recent, dating back to the 1980's, when it originated in the New York City working class drag and ...
[41]
Please show me example sentences with ""throw shade"". - HiNative
Apr 10, 2015 · I think originally it means "to insult someone in a very subtle and clever way." An example would be when an interviewer asked Mariah Carey what ...
[42]
Throwing Shade – Meaning, Usage & Examples - Grammar Whisper
Jun 15, 2025 · Shade, in the context of pop culture, has grown into much more than a casual insult. It's a tactic, a style, and undeniably an art form.
[43]
shade, n. meanings, etymology and more - Oxford English Dictionary
Etymons: English sceadu; English scead. Middle English schade, representing Old English sceadu strong feminine (oblique cases sceadwe, also irregularly sceade) ...
[44]
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/shade
[45]
Shade - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Originating from Middle English and Old English terms meaning "partial darkness" or "shade," the word derives from Proto-Germanic *skadwaz and PIE root ...
[46]
Shade township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania - Data Commons
The population in Shade township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania was 2,276 in 2023. The median age in Shade township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania was 47.6 in ...
[47]
Shade Township, Somerset County, PA - PAGenWeb |
Jan 18, 2010 · Shade Township was incorporated in 1816. The township was first settled in 1772 and was formed from Stoneycreek Township, which was one of the six original ...
[48]
About Shade Township | Schools, Demographics, Things to Do
Shade Township is highly residential with limited businesses. While residents have to drive to Johnstown or Somerset for groceries or to dine out, they get a ...
[49]
Shade, Athens | Everything You Need to Know - Nextdoor
Shade is a quiet, rural neighborhood in Athens, OH, known for its peaceful atmosphere. It's a mix of farmland and residential areas, with a strong sense of ...
[50]
ZIP Code 45776 Map, Demographics, More for Shade, OH
ZIP code 45776 is located in southern Ohio and covers a slightly less than ... Population, 730, (source: Census). Population Density, 40, people per sq mi.
[51]
Shade River State Forest | Ohio Department of Natural Resources
Nestled in the rolling hills of southeastern Ohio, the 2,859-acre Shade River State Forest encompasses mostly wooded country. Native hardwoods grow on what ...Missing: township | Show results with:township
[52]
How many places are named Shade? - Geotargit
Number of places named Shade per country: There are 3 places named Shade in America. There is one place named Shade in China. Cities named Shade in America.
[53]
Shade Gap borough, Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania
The population in Shade Gap borough, Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania was 88 in 2023. The median age in Shade Gap borough, Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania was ...
[54]
Will Shade Tribute: Home
A blues legend Harmonica player and guitarist Will Shade founded the Memphis Jug Band in 1927. Although he usually worked behind the scenes.
[55]
C.C. Rider the Venerator: Will Shade and the Memphis Jug Band
Feb 5, 2015 · Young Will Shade was a Memphis-born musician who played a bunch of instruments. A serious harmonica player. He'd been dabbling for a while when ...
[56]
https://www.discogs.com/artist/307158-Will-Shade
[57]
Dave Shade - BoxRec
ID#, 013658. birth name, Charles David Shade. sex, male. alias, Dave Charles. nationality, USA. stance, orthodox. height, 5′ 8″ / 173cm. reach, 71″ / 180cm.
[58]
Dave Shade - IBHOF.com
Shade retired in 1935 with a record of 124-23-46 (14 KOs), 26 ND, 1 NC. He died on June 23, 1983 at 81. Born: March 1, 1902. Died: June 23, 1983.
[59]
Dave Shade, Boxer, Dead; Once Held Australian Title
Feb 24, 1972 · Dave Shade, who held the middleweight boxing crown of Australia and New Zealand briefly in 1933‐34, collapsed and died yesterday on a street corner.
[60]
Ronnie Shade MBE - Golf Bible
Oct 10, 2016 · Ronnie Shade is one of Great Britain & Ireland's best amateur golfers of all-time and probably Scotland's very best.
[61]
Remembering Ronnie Shade, the best amateur golfer in the world
Jun 30, 2019 · Ronnie Shade was the best amateur in the world and for him to have played in the Lothians definitely raised the standard.
[62]
THE WAY WE WERE: When "R D B M" ruled the roost
Jan 18, 2007 · Shade's outstanding achievement as an amateur was to capture the Scottish title in five successive years, twice more than Jack McLean did in the 1930s.
[63]
Nancy Shade - Santa Fe Opera
Nancy Shade. Soprano. Hometown: Rockford, IL. SFO Debut: Violetta, La traviata, 1976 (July 17, 21; August 17 – 28). Past Seasons: Young Woman, We Come to the ...
[64]
SOPRANO, 22, WINS AUDITIONS AT MET; Nancy Shade Takes Prize
Nancy Shade, a soprano from Bloomington, Ind., won the top prize at the Metropolitan Opera National Council's 1968 auditions yesterday at the Metropolitan ...
[65]
NANCY SHADE MAKES CITY OPERA DEBUT - The New York Times
Sep 21, 1971 · Nancy Shade, a tall and handsome young soprano with a voice worth investigating in more damatically demanding roles, made her New York City ...<|separator|>
[66]
Sam Shade - Head Coach - Staff Directory - Alabama A&M Athletics
Sam Shade begins his first season as the head football coach at Alabama A&M University. Before coming to The Hill, Shade spent three seasons as the head coach ...
[67]
Sam Shade Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College
Sam Shade. Samuel Richard Shade. Position: DB. 6-0, 205lb (183cm, 92kg). Born: June 14, 1973 in Birmingham, AL. College: Alabama (College Stats).
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Sam Shade - Bhamwiki
Jan 3, 2025 · Samuel Richard Shade (born June 14, 1973 in Birmingham) is a football coach and former player, currently the head coach of the Alabama A&M University Bulldogs ...
[69]
Shade first name popularity, history and meaning
The history of the first name Shade. The given name Shade is an English word derived from the Old English "sceadu," meaning "shadow" or "shade." It is believed ...
[70]
Shade Baby Name Meaning, Origin, Popularity Insights | Momcozy
Shade name meaning and origin. The name Shade derives primarily from Middle English 'schade' and Old English 'sceadu,' meaning 'shadow' or 'darkness.
[71]
Shade : Meaning and Origin of First Name - Ancestry.com
The name Shade holds the profound meaning of Out of the Sun or In Shadow. This unique name is entrenched in history, tracing its origins back to the early 19th ...Missing: famous | Show results with:famous
[72]
Shade - Baby Name Meaning, Origin and Popularity - TheBump.com
Shade is a gender-neutral name of Arabic and American origin. In Arabic, the name means “singer,” perfect for a little one whose laugh sounds like music to your ...
[73]
Shade - Baby Name, Origin, Meaning, And Popularity
The name Shade has roots in English, where it is associated with the concept of shadow or shade. In some African cultures, it can symbolize bringing light or ...
[74]
First Names SHADE National Statistics - MyNameStats.com
Full Names with SHADE as a First Name The most popular full name is SHADE Smith. 3.42% of all the people named SHADE have this family name. There are 100 last ...Missing: famous | Show results with:famous
[75]
Baby Name Uniqueness Analyzer: Shade - data·yze
Shade was the 4903rd most popular boys name. · In 2021 there were only 19 baby boys named Shade. · 1 out of every 97,929 baby boys born in 2021 are named Shade.
[76]
The Flash: Who is Shade? - DC Comics
Nov 15, 2016 · Richard Swift was the first character to call himself Shade published by National Comics before they became known far and wide as DC Comics. He ...Missing: fictional | Show results with:fictional
[77]
Shade (Character) - Comic Vine
Dec 11, 2022 · The Shade was portrayed as a villainous character. Primarily a thief, he utilized a cane that allowed him to manipulate shadows.
[78]
Shade | DC Animated Universe - DCAU Wiki
Shade was a super villain who controlled shadows. He joined a record number of four separate Anti-Justice League organizations.Missing: fictional | Show results with:fictional
[79]
Shades In Comics Powers, Enemies, History - Marvel.com
Known for always wearing sunglasses, the criminal called Shades has proven to be a valuable asset for those he has worked for.
[80]
To a Shade Summary & Analysis by William Butler Yeats - LitCharts
Written in 1913, it addresses the ghost ("Shade") of Charles Parnell (1846-1891), a famed Irish nationalist leader, while also paying tribute to Sir Hugh Percy ...
[81]
Shade: A Novel by Neil Jordan | eBook | Barnes & Noble®
$$11.96 Free in-store returnsThe Oscar-winning filmmaker Neil Jordan returns to fiction with a haunting, highly praised novel, his first in ten years. Narrated by the ghost of Nina.
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Shade - Jordan, Neil, Donnelly, Terry: Books - Amazon.com
Set in Ireland between the 1900s and 1950s, SHADE is a haunting novel of love and war. Beginning with a violent and mysterious murder, SHADE tells the story ...
[83]
A Darker Shade of Magic - Goodreads
Rating 4.0 (423,613) Feb 24, 2015 · VICTORIA “V. E.” SCHWAB is the #1 New York Times bestselling author of more than twenty books, including the acclaimed Shades universe, the ...
[84]
“Pale Fire,” the Poem: Does It Stand Alone as a Masterpiece?
Dec 2, 2011 · Only the novel makes it a poem by Shade; without the Commentary, the poem could only be by Nabokov. The language, the languages, the butterflies ...
[85]
Shade (2003) - IMDb
Rating 6.3/10 (13,692) Shade: Directed by Damian Nieman. With Joe Nicolo, Carl Mazzocone Sr., George Tovar, Frank Medrano. A group of hustlers encounter "The Dean" and pull off a ...User reviews · Full cast & crew · Filming & production · Parents guide
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Shade | Rotten Tomatoes
Rating 67% (15) Discover reviews, ratings, and trailers for Shade on Rotten Tomatoes. Stay updated with critic and audience scores today!
[87]
This Slick 2003 Neo-Noir Heist Movie Starring Sylvester Stallone Is ...
Feb 9, 2025 · The 2003 film Shade dives into the world of high-stakes poker, where deception is key and even the best players can be outplayed.
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Shade Movie Review on Ain't It Cool - The Genii Forum
Apr 16, 2003 · This is actually the second review Ain't It Cool News has done on Shade! It misstates the amount of time Stallone is in the movie (20 minutes, not 15).
[89]
Shade - Prime Video
Rating 3.2 (13,691) A trio of grifters tries to bankroll their scheme by conning a mob bagman. But his Mafia pals come looking for payback in this twisty tale of deception and ...
[90]
Shade (2003) directed by Damian Nieman • Reviews, film + cast
Rating 2.8 (2,186) Tiffany, Charlie and Vernon are con artists looking to up the ante from their typical scams. They figure a good way of doing this is taking down Dean “The Dean ...
[91]
Shade (2014) - TV Series - IMDb
Rating 8.5/10 (12) Shade. TV Series; 2014–. IMDb RATING. 8.5/10. 12. YOUR RATING. Rate. Shade (2014). Shade makes his dramatic return in the second season of his web series - ...<|separator|>
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Shade (TV Mini Series 2017 - IMDb
A master at presenting carefully woven personas and each orchestrating solitary gambits of depravity. SHADE transcends convention, decorum and time.
[93]
THE SHADE Trailer (2024) Horror, Drama Movie HD - YouTube
Aug 16, 2024 · THE SHADE Trailer (2024) Horror, Drama Movie HD © Level 33 ... Horror Short Film "The Moths Will Eat Them Up" | ALTER. ALTER•304K views.
[94]
Shade: Wrath of Angels Reviews - Metacritic
Rating 50% (12) Shade: Wrath of Angels is a 3rd person perspective action, horror, adventure game where intrigue grips the player as our hero begins to unravel the mystery.
[95]
Shade: Wrath of Angels Release Date Set - IGN
Jul 20, 2004 · Cenega Publishing and Tri Synergy, Inc announced that Shade: Wrath of Angels would be released on October 1st: Shade: Wrath of Angels is a ...
[96]
New release date for Shade: Wrath of Angels Announced
CENEGA PUBLISHING, s.r.o. announces a new release date for "Shade: Wrath of Angels" The vision for excellence grows · Over 30 huge levels · 8 groups of enemies: ...
[97]
PC Review - 'Shade: Wrath of Angels' - Worthplaying
Nov 4, 2004 · Genre: Action/Adventure Publisher: Cenega Developer: Black Element Release Date: October 4, 2004. Mommy, Mommy, make the bad game stop!
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Shade - E BLONG
Pre-dawn darkness pools in the corners and around the tops of walls. Your desk lamp glares yellow, but the shadows only draw your eyes and deepen.
[99]
Enlightening Interactive Fiction: Andrew Plotkin's Shade | ebr
Shade is an interactive fiction (IF, or “text adventure game”) - an object-oriented story simulation in which a command line is used to interact with a text ...
[100]
Shade - Details - The Interactive Fiction Database
Apr 4, 2025 · Shade is a one-room puzzle game, but what a room it is! Technically, this game is very accomplished. The room feels large and cramped at the same time.
[101]
The Longing, Which Can Take Over A Year To Finish, Encourages ...
Mar 9, 2020 · At the beginning of the PC game The Longing, your character, a skinny gollum called a Shade, is ordered to wake their giant stone king in 400 days.<|separator|>
[102]
https://steamcommunity.com/app/893850/discussions/0/4517757463775076626/
[103]
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.nekki.shadowfight.shades
[104]
Shades | Shadow Fight Wiki - Fandom
Shades are a type of perk that gives certain buffs to the player before every round in Shadow Fight: Shades. Based on its function, it is a mechanic that is ...List of Schools · School of Bear · School of Cherufe · School of Crane
[105]
Only - Shade is a song by Silverchair, released in Australia on May ...
May 29, 2025 · Shade is a song by Silverchair, released in Australia on May 29, 1995 as the fourth single from their debut album, Frogstomp.
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Silverchair – Shade Lyrics - Genius
“Shade” is a song by Australian alternative rock band Silverchair. It was released as the fourth single from their debut album, Frogstomp, in 1995.
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Maren Morris – Shade Lyrics - Genius
Mar 8, 2019 · [Verse 1] I was mixed up in the shadows casting over me Blending in the background of someone else's dream Then I caught your light, then I caught your glow.
[109]
Living Colour Reveal September Release for 'Shade' Album
May 14, 2017 · The album is set to drop on Sept. 8 via Megaforce Records. Vocalist Corey Glover recently told us, "It took us almost four years to make this ...
[110]
https://www.discogs.com/master/1233999-Living-Colour-Shade
[111]
‎Shade - Apple Music
Born Vito Paparella in Turin in 1987, Shade is an Italian rapper known for his sardonic style. He came up through freestyle rap competitions as a teen, ...
[112]
Shade Official Channel - YouTube
Music videos ; SHADE - IRRAGGIUNGIBILE feat. FEDERICA CARTA (Official Video) · 158M views. 7 years ago ; SHADE - LA HIT DELL' ESTATE (Official Video) · 62M views. 6 ...
[113]
https://www.discogs.com/master/67316-Procol-Harum-A-Whiter-Shade-Of-Pale
[114]
The convoluted story of Procol Harum's A Whiter Shade Of Pale
Dec 19, 2024 · Released in May 1967, it debuted at Number 11 in the UK, reaching the top a week later. But despite the instant success, Brooker wasn't about to ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[115]
shade noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes
Shade [U] is an area or a part of a place that is protected from the light and heat of the sun and so is darker and cooler: Let's sit in the shade for a while.
[116]
https://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/shades
[117]
Merriam-Webster Dictionary Adds 'Throw Shade' and 'Ghost' | TIME
Feb 7, 2017 · While slang words have a habit of expanding and changing to take on new meanings, being added to the dictionary is a sign that such terms are ...
[118]
Gardening in the shade | UMN Extension
Create shade by using structures like pergolas and layering taller perennials and climbing plants so they block sun from other plants, shading them.
[119]
Shade - The Good, The Bad and The Ugly | Proven Winners
Full shade means the area receives less than four hours of direct sun per day. Plants that can grow in full shade often prefer morning or late afternoon sun and ...
[120]
https://extension.psu.edu/planting-in-sun-or-shade