Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Pink triangle

The pink triangle was a cloth badge sewn onto the uniforms of homosexual men imprisoned in Nazi concentration camps to denote their status as prisoners convicted under Paragraph 175 of the German criminal code, which prohibited sexual acts between men.^[1]^[2] Introduced as part of the Nazis' camp classification system starting around 1938, the inverted pink triangle served to identify, isolate, and subject these prisoners—estimated at 5,000 to 15,000—to heightened abuse, forced labor, medical experiments, and higher mortality rates compared to other groups.^[3]^[1] Following World War II, the symbol faded into obscurity amid continued criminalization of homosexuality in Germany until its partial decriminalization in 1969, but it resurfaced in the 1970s when West German gay activists, drawing from historical accounts like Heinz Heger's memoir The Men with the Pink Triangle (1972), reclaimed it as a badge of defiance against ongoing discrimination.^[4] In the United States, AIDS activist group ACT UP adopted the upright pink triangle in 1987 to symbolize solidarity and urgency during the HIV/AIDS crisis, transforming it into an international emblem of gay pride, remembrance of Holocaust victims, and resistance to homophobia.^[5] Today, pink triangles appear in memorials worldwide, such as those in San Francisco's Castro District and Sydney, honoring persecuted gay men while underscoring the Nazis' targeted genocide against this group, distinct from broader LGBTQ+ narratives that sometimes conflate it with other identities lacking equivalent historical persecution under the regime.^[4]^[1]

Nazi-Era Origins

Legal Framework Under Paragraph 175

Paragraph 175 of the German Penal Code, introduced on May 15, 1871, as part of the unification under the North German Confederation and extended to the German Empire, criminalized "unnatural fornication" between males, punishable by imprisonment of up to five years.^[6] The statute targeted penetrative acts, reflecting 19th-century moral codes influenced by Prussian legal traditions, though enforcement varied regionally prior to national standardization.^[6] During the Weimar Republic (1919–1933), convictions averaged around 1,000 annually, with some judicial leniency toward consensual adult acts, but the law remained a tool for suppressing visible homosexuality.^[6] Upon the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, initial enforcement mirrored Weimar-era levels, with 948 convictions recorded in 1934, as the regime prioritized political opponents over systematic persecution of homosexuals.^[6] This changed with the June 28, 1935, revision, which expanded Paragraph 175 to encompass any "lewd and lascivious" acts between men, including non-penetrative behaviors such as kissing, embracing, or even mutual gazing, thereby lowering evidentiary thresholds for prosecution.^[7] The amendment introduced Paragraph 175a for aggravated cases—such as acts involving youths under 21, coercion, or abuse of authority—escalating penalties to hard labor, up to 10 years imprisonment, or indefinite police supervision post-sentence.^[6] These changes, drafted by the Reich Ministry of Justice and approved by the Reichstag without debate, facilitated Gestapo-led investigations, raids on gay venues, and denunciations, resulting in a surge of prosecutions: over 5,000 convictions in 1936 alone, peaking at approximately 8,500 in 1937.^[6] The revised framework intertwined legal penalties with extrajudicial measures, as courts could recommend "preventive detention" in concentration camps for those deemed habitual offenders, bypassing standard sentencing.^[1] Conviction rates reached about 50 percent of initiated cases, with roughly half of all Nazi-era Paragraph 175 prosecutions occurring after 1935, reflecting ideological aims to eradicate perceived racial and moral degeneracy.^[6] Prisoners transferred to camps under this provision were classified as "homosexual" (category "175er"), identifiable by a pink triangle badge sewn onto their uniforms, symbolizing their legal status as state enemies.^[1] This marking system, formalized by camp regulations from 1938 onward, ensured targeted surveillance and punishment within the camp hierarchy.^[1]

Application in Concentration Camps

The pink triangle, designated as the Rosa Winkel, served as a mandatory cloth badge in Nazi concentration camps to identify male prisoners convicted of homosexual offenses under Paragraph 175 of the German penal code, distinguishing them within the regime's color-coded prisoner classification system.^[3]^[6] This marking was introduced as early as 1938 in camps like Sachsenhausen, following the 1935 expansion of Paragraph 175, which broadened prosecutions for male same-sex relations and led to transfers from prisons to camps for repeat offenders or those deemed incorrigible.^[6] The badge was sewn onto the prisoner's striped uniform, typically an inverted pink triangle measuring about 8 cm on the left chest for visibility during roll calls and a smaller version on the right trouser leg, facilitating immediate identification by guards and kapos.^[3]^[8] Only men formally prosecuted and convicted under Paragraph 175 received the pink triangle; self-identified homosexuals or those denounced without conviction might be classified differently, such as under "asocial" categories with black triangles, though some camps inconsistently applied pink markings to perceived deviants.^[6]^[8] Between 5,000 and 15,000 such prisoners were transferred to camps, primarily Dachau, Sachsenhausen, and Buchenwald, where the badge exposed them to targeted brutality, including sexual exploitation, denial of food or medical care, and assignment to the harshest labor details like quarry work or extermination support roles.^[1]^[8] The pink triangle's application reinforced a punitive hierarchy, positioning these prisoners below even criminal or political inmates, as Nazi ideology viewed male homosexuality as a threat to racial purity and military discipline, prompting guards to enforce "cures" through violence or castration experiments at camps like Mauthausen.^[6]^[8] Survivor accounts document routine beatings and isolation, with the badge itself becoming a signal for peer-on-peer abuse, contributing to mortality rates estimated at 60 percent or higher, far exceeding those of other non-Jewish victim groups.^[6]^[8]

Treatment and Conditions for Marked Prisoners

Prisoners identified by the pink triangle, signifying conviction under Paragraph 175 for homosexual offenses, endured some of the most brutal treatment among concentration camp inmate categories, characterized by systematic isolation, physical abuse, and assignment to the most perilous labor tasks. Unlike Jewish or political prisoners, who sometimes formed protective networks, pink-triangle inmates faced contempt from guards, kapos, and other prisoners alike, rooted in prevailing societal and Nazi ideological views of homosexuality as a contagious moral degeneracy requiring eradication. This lack of solidarity exacerbated their vulnerability, with many subjected to arbitrary beatings, sexual violence, and denial of medical care even for non-life-threatening ailments.^[6]^[9] In camps like Sachsenhausen, which held over 1,000 such prisoners—earning it a grim reputation as an "Auschwitz for homosexuals"—inmates were often segregated into dedicated barracks to prevent the perceived "spread" of their condition, further intensifying their ostracism and exposure to targeted reprisals. Labor assignments were deliberately punitive, including endless marches, quarry work, or experimental tasks such as testing marching boots on gravel paths until feet bled and bones fractured, leading to rapid physical breakdown under malnutrition and exposure. Guards enforced a regime of heightened surveillance, where even minor infractions or suspected infra-camp relations resulted in flogging, solitary confinement, or transfer to penal companies with near-certain death sentences.^[10]^[11] Mortality rates for pink-triangle prisoners significantly exceeded those of other groups, with scholarly estimates placing deaths at 55% or higher among those dispatched to camps, driven by exhaustion, disease, execution, and suicide amid unrelenting despair. In Dachau, where Paragraph 175 inmates numbered in the hundreds amid broader "asocial" classifications, records indicate frequent transfers to extermination sites or use in medical experiments on endocrinology and sterilization to "cure" homosexuality, compounding their lethality. Buchenwald's homosexual block, established post-1937, saw similar patterns of attrition through forced labor in armaments production and ad hoc killings, with survivors noting the pink badge itself as a trigger for preemptive violence by non-homosexual inmates fearing guilt by association. These conditions reflected Nazi policy's fusion of legal prosecution with pseudo-scientific aims to purge perceived societal threats, yielding no quarter for rehabilitation or release.^[12]^[13]^[14]

Post-War Immediate Aftermath

Allied Liberations and Re-Prosecutions

As Allied forces advanced into Germany in early 1945, they liberated major concentration camps holding pink triangle prisoners, including Buchenwald on April 11 by U.S. troops, Sachsenhausen on April 22 by Soviet forces, and Dachau on April 29 by American units.^[1] However, homosexual inmates were frequently denied immediate release, as their confinement stemmed from convictions under Paragraph 175, a statute criminalizing male same-sex acts that both Western Allies and Soviet authorities regarded as valid German criminal law rather than Nazi political persecution.^[1] In the Western zones, U.S. and British military police often segregated these prisoners from other liberated groups—such as Jews and political detainees—and transferred them to local German prisons to serve remaining sentences or face renewed custody, reflecting a policy that treated homosexuality as a moral failing rather than a basis for victimhood.^[9] Soviet liberators similarly remanded many to custody, where they endured further hardship amid the Red Army's own intolerance for homosexuality.^[1] This differential treatment contributed to high post-liberation mortality among survivors, with some reimprisoned, denied aid, or driven to suicide due to stigma and lack of recognition.^[15] In the immediate postwar period, West German courts upheld the 1935 Nazi-era expansion of Paragraph 175, which broadened punishable acts to include non-penetrative intimacy and lowered evidentiary thresholds, leading to intensified prosecutions.^[6] From 1945 to 1969, authorities convicted roughly 44,000 to 64,000 men under the statute, with annual figures peaking at over 3,000 in the early 1950s as police leveraged Gestapo files for surveillance and entrapment.^[16] ^[17] Concentration camp survivors faced particular vulnerability, as prior §175 convictions were not vacated during denazification processes—unlike those for political offenses—and suspended sentences were sometimes enforced, resulting in reincarceration or civil disabilities like job loss and custody rights denial.^[1] By contrast, East Germany reverted to the milder pre-1935 wording of Paragraph 175 in 1957 and effectively decriminalized consensual acts by 1968, though enforcement persisted unevenly until formal abolition in 1968.^[17] These policies perpetuated the legal framework that had enabled Nazi internment, denying pink triangle survivors reparations or victim status until partial rehabilitations in 2002 for Nazi-era cases and 2017 for postwar convictions.^[18]

Demographic Estimates of Victims and Survivors

Between 1933 and 1945, German authorities arrested approximately 100,000 men under Paragraph 175 for alleged homosexual acts, though the exact figure remains debated due to incomplete records and varying definitions of persecution.^[19] Of these, courts convicted around 50,000 to 60,000 individuals, with sentences ranging from fines to imprisonment in regular prisons or, in severe cases, indefinite terms in concentration camps.^[1] The 1935 revision to Paragraph 175 broadened its scope to include non-penetrative acts and even suspected intent, leading to a surge in convictions: from about 800 annually before 1933 to over 8,000 in 1937 alone.^[6] An estimated 5,000 to 15,000 of those convicted were transferred to concentration camps, where they were marked with pink triangles and subjected to brutal conditions, including forced labor, medical experiments, and targeted violence from guards and fellow prisoners.^[1] Mortality rates among these prisoners exceeded 60 percent, with causes including exhaustion, disease, execution, and suicide; precise death tolls are elusive, but historians estimate thousands perished, potentially up to 10,000 across camps like Sachsenhausen, Dachau, and Buchenwald.^[20] Unlike Jewish or political prisoners, homosexual inmates received no post-liberation recognition as victims, complicating survivor counts; only a few hundred are documented as having survived the camps, many re-arrested immediately after due to unserved sentences.^[21] Post-war, West German courts upheld Nazi-era convictions under the unchanged Paragraph 175 until its partial reform in 1969, leading to the continued imprisonment of survivors and new prosecutions of an additional 40,000 to 50,000 men by the 1960s, effectively extending the victim pool beyond 1945.^[22] East Germany repealed the law in 1968 but provided no systematic compensation or demographic tracking for pre-war victims. Comprehensive survivor estimates remain low—fewer than 100 publicly identified by the 1980s—owing to social stigma, lack of official victim status, and destruction of records, which historians attribute to both Nazi destruction and post-war denial.^[15] These figures, drawn primarily from Gestapo and court archives analyzed after reunification, underscore the undercounting of non-Jewish persecuted groups in early Holocaust scholarship.^[1]

Evolution into a Liberation Symbol

Initial Reclamation in European Activism

In the early 1970s, gay liberation activists in West Germany began reclaiming the pink triangle as a symbol of resistance against ongoing legal and social discrimination rooted in the Nazi-era Paragraph 175, which had been partially retained in the Federal Republic's criminal code until reforms in 1969 and 1973. This reclamation drew on survivor accounts and historical documentation of the triangle's use in concentration camps to highlight continuities in state persecution of homosexual men, framing it as a badge of defiance rather than shame. Activists oriented the triangle upward to signify empowerment and solidarity, integrating it into protests calling for full decriminalization and societal acceptance.^[23]^[24] The first documented use occurred in June 1973 by RotZSchwul, a leftist gay liberation group in Frankfurt am Main, which employed the symbol in materials advocating for the abolition of remaining anti-homosexual laws and commemorating Nazi victims. Shortly thereafter, Homosexuelle Aktion Westberlin (HAW), a prominent Berlin-based organization, officially adopted the pink triangle as its emblem, using it in publications and demonstrations to connect contemporary struggles with historical injustices. These efforts were part of broader activism amid West Germany's post-war sexual reform debates, where groups leveraged the symbol to critique conservative moral policies and demand recognition of homosexual men as unacknowledged Holocaust victims.^[25]^[26] By the mid-1970s, the symbol had gained traction across West German gay networks, appearing in newsletters, badges, and rallies organized by alliances like the Homosexual Action groups, though its adoption remained niche compared to later international uses. European reclamation emphasized empirical links to Nazi persecution—such as the estimated 5,000 to 15,000 men marked with the triangle—over abstract identity politics, prioritizing causal arguments for legal repeal based on the law's role in enabling arbitrary arrests. Sources from this period, including activist periodicals, reflect a focus on verifiable historical data rather than unsubstantiated narratives, distinguishing early European efforts from subsequent politicizations elsewhere.^[23]^[27]

Adoption in American Gay Rights and AIDS Crisis

The pink triangle's reclamation as a symbol of defiance within American gay rights activism emerged in the 1970s, inverting the Nazi-era marker to represent pride and resistance against ongoing discrimination.^[28] This adoption aligned with the broader gay liberation movement post-Stonewall riots of 1969, though its use remained limited until amplified by the AIDS epidemic.^[20] Its prominence escalated during the 1980s AIDS crisis, when the symbol became central to campaigns highlighting government neglect and societal stigma. In December 1986, the Silence=Death Project—a collective of six New York City artists and activists—produced a poster featuring an upward-pointing pink triangle beneath the slogan "SILENCE=DEATH," critiquing the Reagan administration's failure to address the mounting HIV/AIDS deaths, which exceeded 16,000 in the U.S. by mid-1987.^[4] ^[5] The poster was donated to AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP), established on March 12, 1987, in New York City, and rapidly evolved into the group's iconic emblem for direct-action protests.^[4] ACT UP deployed the pink triangle in demonstrations, including the FDA action on September 14, 1988, where over 1,000 activists demanded faster drug approvals, drawing parallels between Nazi persecution of homosexuals and the lethal inaction amid the crisis that had infected approximately 70,000 Americans by 1988.^[5] ^[29] This usage framed the triangle not only as a memorial to Holocaust victims but as a urgent call for visibility and policy reform, with ACT UP chapters nationwide incorporating it into graphics, buttons, and banners to combat the epidemic's disproportionate impact on gay men, who comprised the majority of early U.S. cases.^[30] By the early 1990s, the symbol's association with AIDS advocacy had solidified its role in American LGBTQ+ resistance, influencing broader cultural recognition despite debates over equating historical and contemporary oppressions.^[31]

Contemporary Usage and Memorialization

Monuments, Museums, and Public Remembrance

The Homomonument in Amsterdam, unveiled on September 5, 1987, consists of three large pink granite triangles arranged to form a larger triangle, symbolizing the Nazi-era pink triangle badge worn by homosexual prisoners while commemorating all individuals persecuted for their sexual orientation throughout history.^[32] Located along the Keizersgracht canal near the Anne Frank House, it serves as a site for annual remembrance events and houses Pink Point, an LGBTQ+ information center.^[33] In San Francisco, Pink Triangle Park, a small triangular plot in the Castro District dedicated in 2003, features granite pillars inscribed with the pink triangle and honors homosexual men persecuted in Nazi concentration camps between 1933 and 1945, marking the first such historical landmark in the United States.^[34] The park includes a memorial plaque stating it remembers victims identified by the pink triangle, with approximately 4,000 square feet dedicated to reflection on their suffering.^[35] Australia's Sydney Gay and Lesbian Holocaust Memorial, installed in Green Park, Darlinghurst, in 2001, incorporates a pink triangular prism to represent homosexual men and a black triangle for lesbians, acknowledging the torture, murder, and persecution of LGBTQ+ individuals under Nazism.^[36] Positioned opposite the Sydney Jewish Museum, it draws on the inverted triangle system used in camps to classify prisoners.^[19] At Buchenwald concentration camp, a white memorial stone in former Block 45 bears a pink triangle emblem, commemorating around 650 homosexual prisoners held there from 1937 to 1945, of whom one in three perished.^[37] Additional plaques, such as one at Berlin's Nollendorfplatz subway station, feature the pink triangle to honor gay male victims specifically.^[38] In 2014, Tel Aviv dedicated Israel's first memorial to gay Holocaust victims, centered on a pink triangle design in Meir Park, recognizing the badge forced upon homosexual prisoners in camps.^[39] Museums have integrated the pink triangle into exhibits on Nazi persecution of homosexuals; the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum holds artifacts and hosts online displays drawing from survivor accounts like Josef Kohout's The Men with the Pink Triangle, the first published testimony of a gay camp survivor.^[40] Temporary installations, such as "Pink Triangle Legacies" at venues like Holocaust Museum Houston, trace the symbol's evolution from persecution marker to emblem of resilience.^[41] Public remembrance includes annual events like the giant one-acre pink triangle installation on San Francisco's Twin Peaks during Pride celebrations, erected since the mid-1990s to evoke the Nazi badge while promoting visibility and memory of victims.^[42] Ceremonies, such as those at Chicago's "Remembering the Pink Triangle" gatherings, feature survivors and focus on the estimated thousands of homosexual men marked and killed.^[43]

Role in Modern LGBTQ+ Identity and Symbolism

The pink triangle functions in modern LGBTQ+ identity as a reclaimed emblem of defiance and survival, oriented upright to invert its original Nazi-era connotation of shame and marking for homosexual men in concentration camps.^[5] This reorientation, popularized since the 1970s by activists in Europe and the United States, transforms it into a badge of pride worn on clothing, displayed in tattoos, and incorporated into personal and communal expressions of queer resilience.^[23] In symbolism, it evokes historical memory of persecution under Paragraph 175 of the German Penal Code, which criminalized male homosexuality, while signaling ongoing vigilance against discrimination; for instance, during the AIDS crisis of the 1980s, groups like ACT UP prominently featured it in the 1987 "Silence = Death" poster to rally against governmental neglect and societal stigma.^[5]^[20] Today, it appears at pride parades and events worldwide, often alongside the rainbow flag, to underscore themes of remembrance and empowerment within the broader community, though its primary association remains with gay male experiences of oppression.^[23] Its role extends to educational and activist contexts, where it prompts reflection on past atrocities as a cautionary parallel to contemporary anti-LGBTQ+ policies, reinforcing a narrative of collective endurance and the imperative to prevent repetition of genocidal targeting.^[20]^[27] While less ubiquitous than the rainbow flag, the pink triangle retains potency in identity formation by linking personal queer narratives to documented historical trauma, as evidenced by its use in memorials and annual installations like San Francisco's Twin Peaks event, which drew thousands in 2022.^[5]

Debates and Criticisms

Historical Accuracy and Comparative Victimhood

The pink triangle badge was used in Nazi concentration camps to identify male prisoners convicted under Paragraph 175 of the German criminal code, which prohibited homosexual acts between men; this law predated the Nazi regime but was expanded in 1935 to include broader interpretations of "degenerate" behavior, leading to approximately 100,000 arrests between 1933 and 1945.^[1] Of those convicted, an estimated 5,000 to 15,000 were imprisoned in concentration camps, where they faced severe mistreatment including forced labor, medical experiments, and higher mortality rates—up to 60% in some camps—due to targeted abuse by guards and fellow inmates.^[1] ^[9] Historical records indicate that not all prisoners marked with the pink triangle were persecuted exclusively for consensual homosexuality; many had been convicted of non-sexual crimes or political offenses but were reclassified under Paragraph 175, complicating claims of uniform victimhood based solely on sexual orientation.^[44] In comparison to Jewish victims of the Holocaust, the persecution of homosexual men differed markedly in scale, intent, and systematic nature: while approximately 6 million Jews were targeted for total racial extermination under the Final Solution, the Nazi policy toward homosexuals focused on behavioral suppression and potential "reform" rather than inherent racial inferiority, with no equivalent extermination program despite high death tolls from camp conditions.^[1] ^[44] Jewish persecution involved industrialized gassing and mass shootings aimed at eradicating an entire people, whereas homosexual prisoners numbered in the thousands and were often released after serving sentences if deemed "cured," reflecting a view of homosexuality as a curable vice rather than an immutable trait warranting genocide.^[44] This distinction has led historians to note that equating the two experiences risks diluting the unique genocidal character of the Jewish Holocaust, as the gay persecution, while brutal, lacked the ideological drive for total annihilation.^[45] Debates over comparative victimhood have centered on whether pink triangle narratives exaggerate the scope to align with broader Holocaust remembrance, with some scholars arguing that post-war claims of a "gay Holocaust" overlook empirical disparities in numbers and policy—homosexual deaths estimated at 5,000 to 10,000 versus millions for Jews—and the fact that Nazi leadership, including Hitler, viewed homosexuality as a threat to reproduction but not a basis for systematic murder on a genocidal scale.^[44] ^[45] Critics, including Jewish organizations, have expressed discomfort with parallels drawn in memorials and activism, citing instances where homosexual victimhood is invoked to claim moral equivalence without acknowledging that many gay prisoners were not protected by post-war reparations until the 2000s, partly due to societal stigma and legal continuations of Paragraph 175 in West Germany until 1969.^[46] These contentions highlight tensions in historical interpretation, where empirical data on smaller victim numbers and differing Nazi rationales challenge expansive claims of shared Holocaust trauma, even as the real suffering of pink triangle prisoners remains documented in survivor accounts and camp records.^[9] ^[44]

Objections to Reclamation and Politicization

Critics of the pink triangle's reclamation argue that repurposing a Nazi-imposed badge of shame and death as a emblem of pride and resistance constitutes an unethical detachment from its original context of extreme dehumanization and mortality. Scholar Amy Elman asserts that symbols denoting group destruction in concentration camps, where pink triangles marked gay men for intensified abuse including sexual exploitation and higher death rates, cannot be straightforwardly inverted without denying survivor trauma, as these badges evoked "sadistic entertainment for the overseers" rather than inherent dignity.^[47] Elman, drawing on Holocaust testimonies, warns that such reclamation risks complicity in historical amnesia by prioritizing contemporary empowerment over the irreversible horror inflicted on an estimated 5,000 to 15,000 men deported under Paragraph 175.^[47]^[48] A core objection centers on historical inaccuracy and erasure of differentiated victimhood: the pink triangle applied solely to adult males criminally convicted of homosexual acts—often not self-identified "gay" individuals but those accused in denunciations or political purges—excluding lesbians, who fell under the broader, heterogeneous "asocial" black triangle category without equivalent visibility or targeted persecution.^[47]^[48] This male-centric reclamation, critics like Elman contend, conflates and obscures lesbian experiences of indirect suppression through forced heterosexuality or brothel labor, while failing to acknowledge that Nazi policy aimed at "curing" rather than exterminating homosexuals as systematically as Jews, whose Star of David was not similarly rebranded for pride.^[47] Jewish communities, in particular, have resisted analogous appropriations, viewing them as potentially enabling denialism by diluting the unique mechanics of genocidal control.^[47] The politicization of the symbol, especially in 1980s-1990s activism like ACT UP's adoption during the AIDS epidemic, draws further ire for equating episodic discrimination or health crises with industrialized murder, thereby inflating modern grievances and commodifying trauma through merchandise such as T-shirts and pins.^[47]^[48] Elman criticizes this as "crass," arguing it transforms a tool of Nazi surveillance—unlike reversible political badges—into a detached prop that conceals rather than confronts the Holocaust's singularity, potentially fostering revisionist narratives by suggesting all persecutions were interchangeable.^[47] Within queer circles, some lesbians and survivors echo these concerns, advocating original symbols of affirmation over recycled ones tied to camps where love devolved into "corrupt excitement" for guards.^[47]^[48]

References

[1]
Gay Men under the Nazi Regime | Holocaust Encyclopedia
May 28, 2021 · Second, in June 1935 the Nazis revised Paragraph 175, the statute of the German criminal code that banned sexual relations between men. Under ...
[2]
System of triangles / Prisoner classification / History / Auschwitz ...
Pink triangles marked homosexual prisoners, in practice exclusively German ... Publishers undertake to indicate the authors and origin of the images ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[3]
Classification System in Nazi Concentration Camps
Jehovah's Witnesses refused to serve in the German army or take an oath of obedience to Adolf Hitler and consequently were also targeted. The Nazis carried out ...
[4]
The Pink Triangle: From Nazi Label to Symbol of Gay Pride | HISTORY
Jun 3, 2019 · In Nazi Germany, a downward-pointing pink triangle was sewn onto the shirts of gay men in concentration camps—to identify and further dehumanize ...
[5]
How Nazi Pink Triangles Symbol Was Reclaimed for LGBT Pride
May 31, 2018 · Just as the Nazis forced Jewish people to wear a yellow Star of David, they forced people they labeled as gay to wear inverted pink triangles ( ...
[6]
Paragraph 175 | Holocaust Encyclopedia
May 4, 2021 · Paragraph 175 was a German statute that criminalized sexual relations between men. The Nazis revised Paragraph 175 in 1935 to make it ...
[7]
Revision of Paragraph 175 | Holocaust Encyclopedia
The German Ministry of Justice revises Paragraphs 175 and 175a of the German criminal code with the intent of 1) expanding the range of criminal offenses to ...
[8]
[PDF] Homosexuals - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
graph 175 and the creation of Special Office II S, the number of prosecutions increased sharply, peaking in the years 1937–1939. Half of all convictions for.Missing: statistics | Show results with:statistics
[9]
Recounting Terror and Sexual Violence: Josef Kohout's The Men ...
Jun 30, 2020 · The Nazi dictatorship policed, prosecuted, and ultimately murdered thousands of gay men during its 12 years of rule. Adolf Hitler's regime ...
[10]
KL SACHSENHAUSEN – „AUSCHWITZ FOR HOMOSEXUALS”
The greatest number of paragraph 175 prisoners, over a thousand (and probably 1,192 according to Rainer Hoffschildt's estimate), were sent to Sachsenhausen ...Missing: inmates | Show results with:inmates
[11]
The Pink Triangle · Sachsenhausen Concentration Camp - HIST 1049
This course examines the history of Nazi Germany and the Holocaust against the backdrop of global trajectories of antisemitism, colonialism, racial science, ...
[12]
Study of deaths by suicide of homosexual prisoners in Nazi ...
Apr 20, 2017 · It has been confirmed that pink-triangle prisoners had an above average lethality rate: 55% died in the camps, a significantly higher rate ...
[13]
Homosexual inmates in the Buchenwald Concentration Camp
The persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany began in 1933, even before Buchenwald was built in 1937. The Nazis aimed to eradicate homosexuality, which they ...
[14]
Persecution of Homosexuals at Dachau
During the war, Paragraph 175 was enforced to close down gay public spaces, arrest gay men, and prohibit gay presses. As is evident from the map included in ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[15]
How LGBTQ Victims Were Erased From Holocaust History | TIME
Apr 7, 2021 · ... Nazis' anti-gay purges. All of this doesn't even to begin to address the Nazi-era oppression of queer women and intersex individuals, whose ...
[16]
Paragraph 175: The long road to legal reform - Arolsen Archives
It took 123 years before homosexual men in Germany were able to express their sexuality openly without fear of official punishment.
[17]
https://www.germanhistorydocs.org/en/occupation-and-the-emergence-of-two-states-1945-1961/the-postwar-debate-about-section-175-june-19-1957
[18]
Germany to overturn convictions of gay men prosecuted after war
Mar 22, 2017 · Men who are still alive will get compensation for what they suffered under Paragraph 175 against homosexuality.<|separator|>
[19]
The stories behind the pink triangle - Sydney Jewish Museum
May 6, 2022 · ... concentration camps as “a-social” prisoners. The persecution of homosexuals by the Nazis led to the arresting of approximately 100,000 gay ...
[20]
The Significance of the Pink Triangle
Jun 28, 2024 · The pink triangle, used in concentration camps to mark LGBTQ people, is now reclaimed as a symbol in LGBTQ spaces, reminding us not to repeat ...
[21]
Homosexual Victims of Nazi Persecution - National Holocaust Centre
Jun 7, 2019 · ... death rate may have been as high as 60 percent. Many survivors testified that men who wore the homosexual symbol of a pink triangle were ...Missing: mortality | Show results with:mortality
[22]
Germany quashes gay men's convictions and offers compensation
Jun 23, 2017 · Some 64000 men were jailed and more persecuted under the anti-gay law dating back to 1871.Missing: post- | Show results with:post-
[23]
Paragraph 175 & the Origins of the Pink Triangle - Facing History
Jun 27, 2024 · Turned right-side up, today's pink triangle symbolizes pride in LGBTQIA+ communities, hope for a more inclusive future, and “never again” in ...
[24]
Introduction | The Ambivalence of Gay Liberation: Male Homosexual ...
The symbol of the pink triangle, developed by the Nazis to categorize homosexual concentration camp prisoners, was 'rediscovered' in the 1970s and subsequently ...
[25]
Pink Triangle Legacies: Coming Out in the Shadow of the Holocaust
Sep 15, 2022 · The reclamation of the pink triangle occurred first in West Germany, but soon activists in the United States adopted this chapter from German ...Missing: initial | Show results with:initial<|separator|>
[26]
Aspects of Radical Gay Liberation Theory in West Germany's ...
Jan 12, 2025 · 31 The intense discussions about the pink triangle's symbolic and (potential) political value in West Germany's gay liberation movement started ...
[27]
Reclaiming the Pink Triangle: LGBT+ people and the Holocaust
Feb 24, 2021 · The pink triangle was a symbol forced on gay men by the Nazis, and later reclaimed by the LGBT+ community, sometimes pointing upwards.
[28]
The Pink Triangle | Legacy Project Chicago
The Pink Triangle was adopted by the modern LGBTQ Rights Movement in the 1970s and became emblematic of life and death during the 1980s and 90s.
[29]
SILENCE=DEATH - Brooklyn Museum
It became the central visual symbol of AIDS activism after it was adopted by the direct action advocacy group AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP). HIV ...
[30]
Pink Triangle Legacies: Holocaust Memory and International Gay ...
Apr 20, 2017 · AIDS activists using the pink triangle and “Silence = Death” motto asserted that all citizens had the right to healthcare, regardless of ...
[31]
Keeping the Pink Triangle in Context | ACT UP NY
Originally used to identify LGBTQ individuals during WWII, the triangle was reclaimed in the 1970s by pro-gay activists and was later adopted by the AIDS ...
[32]
Our History - Homomonument
It consists of three pink granite triangles linked together to form one large triangle. The monument was unveiled on 5 September 1987. It inspires the LGBTQIA+ ...
[33]
Homomonument - Iamsterdam.com
This world-renowned icon takes the shape of a triangle on the bank of the canal. ... Beside the Homomonument is Pink Point, Amsterdam's official LGBTI information ...
[34]
Pink Triangle Memorial | the project of the Eureka Valley Foundation
The Pink Triangle Memorial is the first historical landmark in the USA remembering LGBT victims persecuted in Fascist Europe between 1933-1945.The Co-Artists · Foundation · Donate · Contact
[35]
Pink Triangle Park and Memorial - The Historical Marker Database
The Pink Triangle Memorial is America's first historical landmark remembering Homosexual men persecuted in Fascist Europe between 1933-1945.
[36]
Gay and Lesbian Holocaust Memorial - City of Sydney
The memorial recreates symbols used in the Holocaust – a pink triangle to identify homosexual men, and a black triangle to identify lesbian women. The artwork ...
[37]
Commemorative Stones (Former Block 45) - Buchenwald Memorial
White memorial stone with the pink angle sign for homosexual prisoners in the center. ... Most of them were identified by a pink triangle. One in three perished.
[38]
Behind The Pink Triangle - Remembering The Nazis' LGBTQ+ Victims
Jan 26, 2023 · While Paragraph 175 only outlawed homosexuality for men, other queer people suffered greatly during the Holocaust. Many endured abuse, the ...
[39]
Tel Aviv unveils first memorial to gay Holocaust victims - BBC News
Jan 10, 2014 · The monument in the centre of the city is designed around a pink triangle - the symbol gay prisoners were forced to wear in the concentration ...
[40]
Documenting Nazi Persecution of Gays: The Josef Kohout/Wilhelm ...
Learn More · Online Exhibition—Nazi Persecution of Homosexuals · Holocaust Encyclopedia—Persecution of Homosexuals · Holocaust Encyclopedia—Flossenbürg · Holocaust ...
[41]
"Pink Triangle Legacies: Coming Out in the Shadow of the ...
Mar 14, 2024 · It traces the transformation of the pink triangle from a Nazi concentration camp badge into a widespread emblem of queer liberation, pride, and ...
[42]
The Pink Triangle, San Francisco
San Francisco is the ONLY city on the planet with a giant ONE-ACRE Pink Triangle hovering over the city for its Pride Weekend. This giant Pink Triangle is ...Volunteers · History: the symbol · Video clips of previous Pink... · Countries where...
[43]
'Pink Triangle' Commemoration Honors Homosexual Victims of ...
CHICAGO – Survivors of Nazi camps will be among the speakers at Remembering the Pink Triangle, an event to commemorate the often forgotten homosexual victims of ...
[44]
[PDF] Why Bother About Homosexuals?
May 30, 2001 · That in itself would have made it impossible for the Nazis to implement a “gay. Holocaust” were any such decision ever to have been taken. 4 ...
[45]
[PDF] Remember Gay Victims: An Exploration into the History, Testimony ...
Holocaust victim and survivor. Since, his requests for reparations (and ... the persecution of gays during the Holocaust, the symbol of the pink triangle started ...
[46]
gays, lesbians, and the memory of Nazi persecution - Document - Gale
Each of these reactions illustrates the continued resonance of the pink triangle, the insignia that identified homosexual inmates in the Nazi concentration ...Missing: RotZSchwul | Show results with:RotZSchwul
[47]
Pink Triangles and Tribulations: The Politics of Nazi Symbols
Pink Triangles - explores the politics of "reclamation." Its focus is on pink and black triangles, used as symbols for gay and lesbian pride and liberation.
[48]
Triangles and tribulations: The gay appropriation of Nazi symbols
The fact that the pink triangle is regarded as a symbol of gay and lesbian liberation is disturbing because pink triangles were exclusively worn by those men ...