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Protective factor

A protective factor is a characteristic at the biological, psychological, family, or community level—including peers and culture—that is associated with a lower likelihood of negative outcomes, such as mental, emotional, or behavioral disorders, or that reduces the adverse impact of a risk factor on such outcomes.^[1] These factors operate across multiple domains and can be either fixed (e.g., genetic traits) or variable (e.g., supportive relationships), often accumulating to enhance resilience against stressors like poverty, trauma, or family dysfunction.^[2] In contrast to risk factors, which heighten vulnerability to maladaptive responses, protective factors modify or ameliorate reactions to environmental hazards, promoting adaptive coping and overall well-being.^[3] In the fields of psychology and public health, protective factors play a central role in prevention strategies, particularly for youth mental health and substance use disorders, by buffering against adverse childhood experiences and fostering long-term positive development.^[2] For instance, individual-level protective factors might include high self-esteem, emotional self-regulation, or academic achievement, while family-level ones encompass clear expectations, supportive parenting, and structured rules.^[1] Community and societal factors, such as access to mentors, safe environments, or policies limiting substance availability, further strengthen these effects by providing broader resources and norms that discourage harmful behaviors.^[2] Research indicates that the presence of multiple protective factors correlates with reduced onset of conditions like depression, conduct disorders, and alcohol abuse, as they interact dynamically with risks over the lifespan to enhance resilience.^[3] The study of protective factors has informed evidence-based interventions, such as school connectedness programs or family support initiatives, which aim to build assets that counteract vulnerabilities in at-risk populations.^[1] Notably, protective factors like strong parent-child bonds or prosocial peer groups have been shown to lower the risk of psychopathology even in high-stress environments, underscoring their potential for equitable mental health promotion across diverse groups.^[3]

Definition and Conceptual Framework

Core Definition

A protective factor is defined as a characteristic or condition within an individual, family, or broader environment that modifies, ameliorates, or alters a person's response to environmental hazards or stressors, thereby reducing the likelihood of negative outcomes such as maladaptive behaviors or health issues.^[3] These factors act as buffers against adversity, promoting resilience and positive adaptation by counteracting the impact of risks.^[4] In contrast to risk factors, which amplify vulnerability to adverse effects, protective factors function to decrease the probability of experiencing or perpetrating problems like mental health disorders or violence.^[5] Protective factors encompass a range of general characteristics across multiple domains. Behavioral examples include problem-solving skills that enable effective navigation of challenges.^[2] Psychological attributes, such as self-efficacy or optimism, foster a sense of agency and positive outlook in the face of stress.^[6] Environmental protective elements involve access to supportive social networks or community resources that provide external aid during difficult times.^[7] Biological factors may include genetic predispositions or temperamental traits that contribute to inherent resilience against stressors.^[6] In preventive frameworks, protective factors play a crucial role by interacting with stressors to lower the incidence of undesirable outcomes, such as mental illness, substance abuse, or interpersonal violence. Public health and social interventions often target these factors to build resilience at individual and community levels, emphasizing their potential to mitigate risks through targeted strengthening rather than solely addressing deficits.^[2] This approach underscores the dynamic interplay between protective elements and adversity, where enhancing them can shift trajectories toward healthier development.^[8]

Distinction from Risk Factors

Risk factors are defined as individual, relational, or environmental elements, such as poverty or exposure to trauma, that increase an individual's vulnerability to adverse outcomes like mental health disorders or behavioral problems. In contrast, protective factors are characteristics or conditions that decrease this vulnerability by promoting positive adaptation or mitigating negative effects. This distinction underscores that while risk factors elevate the probability of poor outcomes through heightened stress or disadvantage, protective factors operate to foster resilience, often by altering responses to adversity rather than eliminating risks entirely. Protective factors interact with risk factors in two primary ways, reflecting their dynamic relationship. Compensatory interactions occur when protective factors exert a direct, main effect that offsets risks irrespective of the risk level, effectively promoting better outcomes through independent positive influences like enhanced self-efficacy. Protective interactions, however, involve a moderating or buffering effect where the protective factor's influence is most pronounced at elevated risk levels, thereby reducing the impact of risks only when they are high.^[9] These interaction types highlight that protective factors do not simply oppose risks in isolation but can amplify adaptive processes depending on contextual demands. Conceptual models further elucidate these distinctions. The simple buffer model posits that protective factors neutralize or directly counteract the effects of risks, akin to a shielding mechanism that maintains equilibrium regardless of exposure intensity.^[9] In contrast, the differential impact model emphasizes that the efficacy of protective factors varies with the degree of risk exposure, such that their benefits may be minimal or absent in low-risk scenarios but critical in high-risk ones, allowing for tailored resilience pathways.^[10] These models, rooted in developmental psychopathology, guide empirical testing of how protective factors function across diverse populations.

Levels and Types

Individual Protective Factors

Individual protective factors encompass internal attributes and capabilities that foster resilience by enhancing an individual's ability to adapt to adversity. These factors operate at the personal level, independent of external influences, and include psychological traits, behavioral skills, and biological elements that build internal strength. For instance, optimism, defined as a positive outlook on future events, promotes proactive behaviors and reduces the perception of threats in challenging situations.^[11] Similarly, self-esteem involves a positive self-evaluation that buffers against negative self-perceptions during stress, while emotional regulation enables the modulation of emotional responses to maintain equilibrium.^[11] Behavioral skills such as problem-solving and adaptive coping further contribute by allowing individuals to generate effective strategies for overcoming obstacles.^[11] Biological factors, including genetic variants, also play a role; for example, polymorphisms in genes like BDNF (Val66Met) and FKBP5 influence neuroplasticity and stress hormone regulation, conferring resilience to psychopathology.^[12] These factors operate through mechanisms that strengthen internal resources and mitigate the impact of stressors. Self-efficacy, the belief in one's capacity to execute actions successfully, exemplifies this by reducing anxiety in high-stress situations through heightened perceived control and adaptive coping efforts.^[13] High self-control, involving the ability to inhibit impulses and pursue long-term goals, builds personal development by preventing maladaptive behaviors, such as those leading to delinquency.^[14] Genetic resilience mechanisms, such as variations in the NPY gene, modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to dampen excessive stress responses, thereby preserving cognitive and emotional functioning.^[12] Collectively, these processes act as buffers, interacting with risk factors to lessen their adverse effects in challenging conditions.^[15] Evidence from psychological research underscores the role of these factors in fostering positive outcomes. Longitudinal studies indicate that high self-control in childhood correlates with significantly lower delinquency rates in adulthood; for example, individuals in the top quintile of self-control had a 13% conviction rate by age 38, compared to 43% in the bottom quintile.^[14] Optimism and self-esteem have been shown to enhance life satisfaction and mental health in adolescents, with protective effects on resilience metrics such as emotional well-being.^[11] Emotional regulation skills consistently predict reduced psychological distress and better adaptation, supporting personal growth across developmental stages.^[11] In genetic studies, resilience-associated variants like those in SLC6A4 explain variance in stress recovery, highlighting their contribution to individual-level protection against disorders like PTSD.^[12]

Relational and Family Protective Factors

Relational and family protective factors encompass interpersonal dynamics and family processes that provide emotional support, stability, and resources to mitigate risks and foster resilience among individuals, particularly children and adolescents. These factors operate within intimate relational contexts, such as parent-child interactions and sibling bonds, distinguishing them from individual traits by emphasizing external relational influences that complement personal attributes. Seminal frameworks, such as Walsh's family resilience model, highlight how these elements enable families to adapt to stressors through shared belief systems, organizational patterns, and communication processes.^[16] Key examples include strong parent-child bonds, which involve consistent emotional availability and responsiveness from caregivers, promoting secure attachment and reducing vulnerability to mental health issues. Authoritative parenting styles, characterized by consistent discipline combined with warmth and support, exemplify this by setting clear boundaries while encouraging autonomy, thereby lowering risks of behavioral problems and enhancing socioemotional development. Family cohesion, marked by a sense of togetherness and mutual support, further strengthens resilience by creating a unified front against challenges, as seen in families where internal emotional and practical assistance buffers adverse effects. Open communication within the family facilitates problem-solving and emotional expression, reducing isolation and suicidal ideation, particularly among at-risk youth. Relational aspects extend to supportive partnerships, such as positive marital interactions or natural mentoring from extended family members, which provide additional layers of guidance and affirmation.^[7]^[17]^[16]^[18] These factors function as mechanisms by establishing emotional safety nets that counteract stress responses, with secure attachments from warm parenting fostering emotional regulation and prosocial behaviors to diminish externalizing risks. For instance, family cohesion and open dialogue enable meaning-making around adversities, transforming potential traumas into opportunities for growth and collective strength. In specific contexts, such as economic hardship, supportive family resources like parental monitoring and cohesion have been shown to mitigate developmental disruptions, as evidenced during the COVID-19 pandemic where positive bonding reduced internalizing symptoms. Similarly, in families experiencing divorce or intimate partner violence, maternal mental health and responsive parenting buffer children's exposure to trauma, promoting better health outcomes and resilience.^[7]^[17]^[18]^[16]

Community and Societal Protective Factors

Community and societal protective factors operate at broader environmental levels, encompassing structural elements of neighborhoods, institutions, and policies that foster resilience against adverse outcomes such as mental health disorders, violence, and substance use. These factors create supportive ecosystems that buffer individuals from risks by promoting access to resources and reinforcing positive norms. For instance, access to quality education through school-based social and emotional learning programs has been shown to enhance child and adolescent mental health across diverse income levels by building emotional skills and reducing vulnerability to stress.^[19] Similarly, community-based healthcare integrated into general services, supported by non-specialist providers, improves accessibility and recovery from mental health issues, thereby strengthening population-level resilience.^[19] Mechanisms through which these factors exert influence include the cultivation of neighborhood cohesion and safe environments, which reduce isolation and exposure to crime. Strong resident connections and community engagement, such as partnerships with healthcare and government sectors, lower the risk of violence by enhancing collective efficacy and providing economic, medical, and childcare support.^[7] In the Communities That Care model, opportunities for prosocial involvement—like extracurricular activities—and rewards for positive contributions reinforce bonding to prosocial institutions, mitigating youth problem behaviors through the social development model.^[20] Societal policies, including anti-discrimination laws and hate crime legislation, further protect marginalized groups by addressing structural inequities, such as racism, and fostering safer environments that reduce stress and promote mental well-being.^[2] At the macro level, cultural values emphasizing collective well-being play a pivotal role in lowering population-level risks by promoting social cohesion and mutual support. For example, in communities with strong social capital, such as organizational memberships and networks, collective resilience buffers against mental health challenges during crises, leading to better outcomes like reduced depression symptoms.^[21] Policies limiting harmful substances, like alcohol availability restrictions, align with norms discouraging violence and substance use, creating enabling environments that enhance overall societal health.^[2] These elements collectively contribute to sustained reductions in adverse behaviors, as evidenced by long-term evaluations showing decreased substance use prevalence in supported communities.^[20]

Mental Health and Resilience

Protective factors play a crucial role in mitigating the onset and severity of mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and suicide. For instance, social support networks have been shown to buffer against suicidal ideation and attempts by fostering emotional connections and reducing isolation, with studies indicating that higher levels of perceived social support are associated with a 32% lower likelihood of lifetime suicide attempts in adults, even after controlling for psychiatric history.^[22] In vulnerable youth, strong family and community support similarly decreases suicide risk, as evidenced by research linking social connectedness at home and school to a significant protective effect against suicidality among adolescents.^[23] Similarly, individual factors like effective coping skills and access to mental health care protect against suicide risk by enabling better management of stressors, while optimism reduces PTSD symptoms in trauma survivors and adaptive coping promotes post-traumatic growth (PTG).^[24]^[25] Within the resilience framework, protective factors serve as foundational elements that facilitate recovery and adaptation following adversity, promoting psychological well-being over time. Resilience is built through an interplay of individual social and emotional skills, positive social interactions, and environmental supports, which collectively help individuals withstand and rebound from mental health challenges.^[19] A key outcome of this process is post-traumatic growth (PTG), where protective factors like resilience and adaptive coping enable positive psychological changes, such as enhanced personal strength and improved relationships, after traumatic experiences; for example, protective factors explain up to 44% of variance in PTG among individuals with psychosis histories, with resilience showing a strong effect.^[25] These factors not only buffer immediate risks but also contribute to long-term mental health stability by encouraging post-adversity thriving rather than mere survival.^[26] Therapeutic interventions often incorporate protective factors to enhance resilience, with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) exemplifying this approach by targeting self-efficacy as a core protective mechanism. CBT techniques, such as restructuring negative thoughts and building problem-solving skills, increase self-efficacy, which in turn reduces anxiety symptoms and buffers against depression by fostering confidence in managing stressors; empirical evidence shows self-efficacy gains during CBT predict early treatment success and lower daily anxiety experiences.^[27] Additionally, resilience-building elements in CBT, including positive self-perception and emotional regulation, act as buffers against low self-esteem and rumination, explaining substantial variance in improved mental health outcomes.^[28] Such interventions underscore how bolstering protective factors like self-efficacy can proactively safeguard mental well-being in at-risk populations.

Public Health and Prevention

In public health, protective factors are leveraged to develop population-level strategies that mitigate risks for disease, violence, and substance abuse by enhancing individual, relational, community, and societal resilience. These strategies emphasize strengthening buffers such as access to education, supportive social networks, and economic opportunities to prevent adverse outcomes before they occur. For instance, public health initiatives target modifiable protective elements to reduce the incidence of behavioral and chronic conditions across diverse populations.^[2] Applications of protective factors are evident in violence prevention programs, where community education efforts build skills like conflict resolution and foster positive social connections to lower assault risks among youth. Similarly, substance abuse initiatives often incorporate school-based skills training to promote self-efficacy and peer support, thereby decreasing initiation rates for alcohol and drug use. These programs operate on evidence that bolstering protective factors at multiple levels yields sustained reductions in targeted behaviors.^[29]^[2] Protective factors are integrated into frameworks like the socio-ecological model (SEM), which addresses multi-level influences to tackle epidemics such as obesity through community-level interventions promoting physical activity and healthy eating environments, or infectious diseases via enhanced vaccination access and hygiene education. Community-level factors, such as safe public spaces and policy enforcement, serve as foundational elements in these prevention efforts. The SEM's emphasis on interconnected levels allows for comprehensive strategies that amplify protective effects across contexts.^[30]^[31]^[32] Policy examples include public campaigns that promote access to reproductive health resources and education, contributing to lower teen pregnancy rates by reinforcing protective factors like family involvement and comprehensive sex education. Programs funded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, such as the Teen Pregnancy Prevention initiative, demonstrate how societal supports can achieve measurable declines in adolescent birth rates, with national reductions exceeding 50% since the early 1990s. These efforts highlight the role of policy in scaling protective interventions for broad public health impact.^[33]^[34]^[35]

Child Welfare and Adoption

In child welfare systems, protective factors play a crucial role in supporting the stability and well-being of children entering adoption, particularly those with histories of maltreatment or instability. Pre-adoption counseling equips prospective parents with knowledge about a child's background, fostering realistic expectations and enhancing attachment formation, which in turn reduces the likelihood of adoption disruptions.^[36] Post-adoption support services, such as mental health interventions and family therapy, further bolster these outcomes by addressing emerging challenges and promoting resilience among adoptees.^[37] Stable home environments, characterized by consistent caregiving and positive family dynamics, serve as a foundational protective element, mitigating the long-term effects of early adversity. These protective factors are particularly effective in buffering specific risks faced by adopted children, including self-mutilation or self-harm, early sexual behavior, legal issues, delinquency, and substance abuse. For instance, strong adoptive family bonds and parental understanding of the child's trauma history have been shown to lower rates of behavioral problems, with studies indicating that secure attachments reduce delinquency and substance use by providing emotional security and modeling healthy coping mechanisms.^[36] In cases where children experience post-adoption instability, such as running away (reported in 18% of cases) or homelessness (8%), the presence of nurturing relationships significantly decreases formal reentry into foster care (occurring in only 8% of adoptions) and informal disruptions.^[37] Parental awareness of a child's pre-adoption experiences, gained through counseling, promotes better adjustment by facilitating open communication and tailored support, leading to decreased emotional distress and externalizing behaviors like early sexual involvement or legal entanglements.^[36] Evidence from longitudinal research underscores these benefits, with over 60% of adopted children receiving mental health services demonstrating improved stability and fewer adverse outcomes compared to those without such access.^[37] Key studies, including the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW) Adoption Follow-Up, highlight that relational protective factors—such as family connectedness—act as buffers against the elevated risks associated with adoption, resulting in lower incidences of self-harm and delinquent behavior when present.^[37] Overall, integrating these factors into child welfare practices enhances long-term success, with stable adoptions linked to reduced substance abuse and legal issues in adolescence.

Research and Measurement

Historical Development

The concept of protective factors emerged in the 1970s within criminology, particularly through longitudinal studies examining delinquency prevention. Early research, such as the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development initiated by Donald J. West and David P. Farrington, identified family and individual characteristics that buffered against delinquent behavior among boys; for instance, their 1973 analysis of 411 males from age 8 to 18 revealed that smaller family size and positive parental involvement reduced the likelihood of offending.^[38] Similarly, Joan McCord's 1979 study of 201 men tracked into adulthood demonstrated that effective discipline and low parental aggression served as protective elements against later criminality, laying foundational insights into how environmental influences could mitigate risk.^[39] These works shifted focus from solely punitive measures to preventive buffers in high-risk youth populations. In the 1980s, the concept expanded into health psychology through resilience research, emphasizing psychological mechanisms that promote positive adaptation amid adversity. Michael Rutter's seminal contributions, including his 1987 paper on psychosocial resilience, outlined four key protective processes—such as reducing exposure to risk, fostering self-concepts of efficacy, and providing opportunities for success—that explained why some children in disadvantaged environments avoided psychopathology and delinquency.^[40] Rutter's Isle of Wight and inner London studies highlighted how relational supports, like secure attachments, acted as buffers in child development, influencing subsequent frameworks in developmental psychology. This period marked a transition from criminological risk identification to broader applications in understanding human resilience. By the 1990s, protective factors were integrated into public health paradigms, notably through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study, launched in 1995 and first published in 1998, which quantified the cumulative impact of childhood traumas on long-term health risks.^[41] Subsequent research based on the ACE framework has underscored the role of buffers like stable relationships in mitigating these risks. David P. Farrington further advanced the "risk factor prevention paradigm" in works like his 2000 overview, advocating for community-based interventions that leverage protective elements to curb youth violence.^[42] The 2000s saw widespread adoption of protective factors in global mental health frameworks, exemplified by the World Health Organization's (WHO) Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) launched in 2008, which incorporated resilience-building strategies, including social supports and coping skills, into scalable interventions for low-resource settings.^[43] This era solidified the concept's utility across disciplines, with influential reviews like the U.S. Surgeon General's 2001 report on youth violence categorizing protective factors by developmental stage to inform prevention policies.

Assessment Methods

Assessment of protective factors employs a range of methods tailored to individual, relational, and community levels, enabling researchers and practitioners to identify and quantify elements that buffer against adversity. Surveys and standardized scales are primary tools for measuring individual protective factors, such as resilience, with the Resilience Scale (RS) serving as a widely used 25-item self-report instrument that evaluates personal competence, acceptance of self and life, and trust in instincts.^[44] For relational and family protective factors, the Family Environment Scale (FES) assesses perceptions of family dynamics, including cohesion, expressiveness, and conflict, through 90 true-false items across 10 subscales.^[45] These quantitative instruments facilitate reliable scoring and comparison across populations, though they often rely on self-reports that can introduce subjectivity.^[46] Qualitative interviews complement surveys by capturing nuanced community protective factors, such as social support networks and resource availability, through methods like key informant discussions and semi-structured conversations with residents and leaders.^[47] For instance, in-depth interviews with adolescents in under-resourced urban areas have revealed protective elements like community connectedness that quantitative tools might overlook.^[48] This approach allows for contextual exploration but requires careful transcription and thematic analysis to ensure validity. Quantitative approaches extend beyond cross-sectional surveys to longitudinal studies, which track changes in protective factors over time to discern their stability and impact amid evolving risks.^[49] Statistical models, particularly regression analyses with interaction terms, test how protective factors moderate risk-outcome relationships; for example, multiple regression can quantify the buffering effect of social support on stress exposure.^[50] These methods provide evidence of causality and effect sizes, essential for intervention design. Despite their utility, assessing protective factors faces challenges, including subjectivity in self-reporting, where respondents may over- or under-estimate traits due to social desirability or recall errors.^[46] Cultural biases in measurement tools can also skew results, as many scales developed in Western contexts fail to account for diverse values and expressions of resilience.^[51] Additionally, the need for multi-level data collection—spanning individual, family, and community domains—poses logistical hurdles, requiring integrated designs to avoid fragmented insights.^[52]

Key Findings and Studies

One of the landmark studies in protective factors research is the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) study initiated by the CDC and Kaiser Permanente in 1998, which established a graded relationship between childhood adversities and long-term health risks, while subsequent analyses highlighted the mitigating role of protective factors such as parental support.^[53] For instance, a 2018 analysis using data from the South Carolina Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System found that among individuals with four or more ACEs, the presence of an adult who made them feel safe most of the time reduced the odds of poor physical health by 39% (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.61, 95% CI 0.60–0.62) and frequent mental distress by 31% (aOR 0.69, 95% CI 0.67–0.70).^[54] Similarly, ensuring basic needs were met some to most of the time lowered these odds by 16% for physical health (aOR 0.84, 95% CI 0.82–0.87) and 21% for mental distress (aOR 0.79, 95% CI 0.77–0.82).^[54] Meta-analyses have further demonstrated the efficacy of protective factors in fostering resilience among trauma survivors. A 2019 meta-analysis of 118 studies involving over 101,000 children exposed to various forms of violence (e.g., maltreatment, intimate partner violence) identified self-regulation as the strongest protective factor, with cross-sectional correlations of r = 0.45 and longitudinal effects of r = 0.30, showing both additive and buffering roles against negative outcomes.^[55] Family support exhibited consistent small effects across designs (bivariate r = 0.16–0.18; additive r = 0.10–0.16; buffering r = 0.07–0.10), while school and peer support also contributed significantly, particularly in cross-sectional contexts (school bivariate r = 0.20; peer additive r = 0.13).^[55] These findings underscore how protective factors promote better adjustment in adversity-exposed youth, with effects generally stronger in cross-sectional than longitudinal assessments.^[55] Key findings indicate that multi-level protective factors—combining individual, relational, and community elements—yield cumulatively stronger effects than isolated ones. In youth suicide prevention, a 2019 systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions across clinical, educational, and community settings showed that multi-faceted approaches, such as those incorporating family support and school-based screening, significantly reduced suicidal ideation and self-harm.^[56] For example, a community-level intervention in one study resulted in 4.9 fewer suicide attempts per 1,000 youths aged 16–23 compared to controls, representing a substantial risk reduction.^[56] Effects vary by population, with protective factors demonstrating stronger impacts in high-risk groups; a longitudinal analysis from the Seattle Social Development Project found that factors like family management reduced violence odds more markedly among high cumulative risk youth (OR = 0.524, p < 0.01) than low-risk peers (interaction p < 0.05).^[57] More recent research as of 2025 has built on these findings, with a 2024 umbrella review synthesizing evidence across multiple meta-analyses and identifying key protective factors for resilience after adversity, including social support, cognitive abilities, and community cohesion, which enhance positive outcomes across diverse populations.^[58] Despite these advances, gaps persist in protective factors research, particularly the need for studies incorporating cultural diversity and longitudinal designs beyond Western contexts. Much of the evidence derives from individualistic, Western samples, limiting generalizability to collectivist or non-Western societies where societal and cultural ecologies may alter factor efficacy.^[59] Future directions emphasize expanding longitudinal research to track protective mechanisms over time in diverse global settings, including broader social influences outside the family.^[59]

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This qualitative study uncovered the protective factors present among black and Hispanic adolescent girls living in an urban, under-resourced neighborhood.
[48]
Protective factors for psychosocial outcomes following cumulative ...
Protective factors following childhood adversity exposure can be considered within the wider domain of resilience. The study of resilience aims to identify ...
[49]
The Relation Between Risk and Protective Factors for Problem ...
Three sets of regression models were conducted to examine the association between 8th-grade risk and protective factors and (1) concurrent depressive symptoms, ...
[50]
A systematic review of cross-cultural measures of resilience and its ...
Apr 25, 2023 · The current review aims to provide an overview of existing measures of resilience used cross-culturally and to synthesize the protective and promotive factors ...
[51]
Challenges and opportunities in examining and addressing ...
Feb 15, 2019 · A challenge with multi-level modeling is the ability to collect data across enough contexts to assess the effects of second level factors.Missing: subjectivity | Show results with:subjectivity
[52]
The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study
Conclusions: We found a strong graded relationship between the breadth of exposure to abuse or household dysfunction during childhood and multiple risk factors ...
[53]
Safe, Stable, and Nurtured: Protective Factors against Poor Physical ...
May 25, 2018 · This study provides innovative evidence of the importance of protective factors to moderate the relationship between ACEs and negative health ...
[54]
[PDF] A Meta-analysis of Protective Factors Across Ecological Contexts
Alternatively, buffering models indicate that protective factors have an effect only for children who have experienced significant adversity; they promote ...Missing: simple | Show results with:simple
[55]
What Works in Youth Suicide Prevention? A Systematic Review and ...
Findings suggest that interventions designed to reduce suicide risk in young people can be effective. ... Multi-level cultural intervention for the prevention of ...
[56]
Examining Protective Factors Against Violence among High-risk Youth
Protective factors lowered the likelihood of violence among youth in both high and low SES groups. The findings suggest that all young people would benefit from ...
[57]
Global and inclusive considerations for the future of ACEs research
The field of ACE research has matured, and it is time to consider factors relevant beyond Western contexts and that occur in social spheres outside the family, ...