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Purser

A purser is an officer aboard a passenger ship, merchant vessel, or aircraft who is responsible for managing the vessel's accounts, supplies, and the welfare of passengers and crew. The term originates from the Middle English purser, meaning a keeper of the purse or treasurer.^[1] The role encompasses administrative duties such as handling financial transactions, provisioning, and ensuring compliance with onboard regulations.^[2] In essence, the purser serves as the logistical and service hub for the operation, bridging operational needs with passenger experience.^[3] The position of purser has deep roots in maritime history, dating back to the early 14th century in naval traditions of the Royal Navy where the purser was tasked with receiving, accounting for, and distributing provisions to officers and crew on ships of war.^[4] Over time, this evolved on merchant and passenger vessels to include broader responsibilities like cargo manifests, passenger manifests, and supply management.^[5] On contemporary cruise ships, pursers oversee guest services desks, handling reservations, billing, lost property, and financial inquiries while coordinating with departments to resolve passenger issues.^[6] They also manage embarkation and disembarkation processes, ensure regulatory compliance, and supervise administrative staff to maintain smooth operations. In aviation, the purser role—adopted from maritime terminology—refers to the senior cabin crew member who leads the flight attendant team on long-haul or international flights.^[7] This individual reviews pre-flight briefings, assigns crew positions, conducts safety checks, and makes onboard announcements to enhance passenger experience.^[8] Pursers in aircraft settings prioritize safety protocols, manage in-flight services, and act as a liaison between the flight deck and cabin, often requiring specialized training and qualification for the position.^[9]

Overview

Definition

A purser is an administrative officer aboard ships or aircraft. In maritime contexts, the purser is responsible for managing the vessel's finances, provisions, and logistical operations.^[3] The term originates from the Middle English "purse," denoting a treasurer or caretaker of accounts, particularly in maritime contexts where the purser handled monetary transactions and supplies.^[10]^[11] This role distinguishes itself from other crew positions, such as the captain, who directs navigation and overall command, or stewards, who primarily manage passenger service and hospitality; the purser focuses on the onboard economy, including budgeting, inventory, and record-keeping.^[12]^[13] In aviation, the purser serves as the lead flight attendant coordinating cabin operations, safety protocols, and passenger services, adapting the traditional maritime function to in-flight administration.^[8] The position originated in seafaring vessels during the Middle Ages and evolved into aviation applications in the 20th century as commercial air travel expanded.^[7]^[9]

Core Responsibilities

In maritime settings, the purser serves as the primary officer responsible for onboard finances, encompassing cash handling, accurate accounting of transactions, and budgeting for essential supplies such as provisions and equipment. This role involves maintaining the ship's cash accountability, processing payroll, allotments, and financial claims, as well as preparing and submitting invoices and deposits to ensure fiscal integrity during voyages.^[14]^[15] In addition to financial oversight, the maritime purser manages provisions and inventory, tracking stock levels of goods like food, beverages, and operational equipment to prevent shortages and optimize procurement. This includes coordinating purchases, conducting regular inventories, and ensuring efficient distribution to support crew and passenger needs while adhering to budgetary constraints.^[16]^[17] The purser handles critical official documentation, including the preparation and maintenance of crew manifests, passenger records, and manifests for cargo or baggage, while facilitating compliance with port authorities and immigration officials. This administrative function extends to serving as a liaison for clearances, ensuring all paperwork is accurate and submitted promptly to avoid delays in operations.^[18]^[19] Furthermore, the purser coordinates administrative services by acting as an intermediary between crew, passengers, and external entities such as customs, suppliers, and regulatory bodies, resolving queries and facilitating smooth interactions. This role also encompasses ensuring legal compliance with international regulations, such as those under the International Maritime Organization for ship operations or aviation authorities like the Federal Aviation Administration for air travel, particularly concerning safety documentation and operational standards. In aviation contexts, the purser emphasizes in-flight crew coordination, passenger safety, and service adherence over financial or procurement tasks.^[20]^[21]^[8]

Historical Development

Maritime Origins

The role of the purser emerged in the English navy during the 14th century, predating the formal establishment of the Navy Royal under Henry VIII in 1546, primarily as a financial officer responsible for managing the ship's funds, provisions, and accounts.^[22] This position derived from the Middle English term "purser," rooted in the Latin bursarius, denoting a treasurer or caretaker of monetary affairs, and was essential for handling the "purse" of the vessel amid the growing demands of medieval seafaring.^[10] By the 15th and 16th centuries, as European maritime trade expanded through initiatives like Portuguese and Spanish expeditions, pursers on merchant ships—particularly larger ventures—took on duties of purchasing and accounting for consumables, ensuring fiscal accountability for owners absent from the voyage.^[23] In the 17th century, the purser's role solidified within organized merchant enterprises, such as the English East India Company (founded in 1600), where individuals like Ralph Crosse served as pursers on voyages to Asia, maintaining journals that detailed financial transactions and supply management for long-haul trade routes.^[24] Concurrently, in the British Royal Navy, pursers handled provisions, crew pay, and stores under evolving administrative oversight, with early systems relying on fleet treasurers for funding.^[25] A pivotal development occurred in 1665, when accounting reforms—driven by Navy Clerk of the Acts Samuel Pepys—introduced stricter record-keeping and governance to curb abuses in purser accounts, marking a shift toward formalized financial accountability amid the Second Anglo-Dutch War.^[26] Pepys, though not a purser himself, extensively documented the position's challenges in his diary, highlighting issues like short-measures in rations and the need for better controls, which influenced subsequent naval practices.^[27] By the 18th century, as global trade routes proliferated and naval operations intensified, the purser's function evolved from a primarily financial handler to a broader administrative officer, incorporating oversight of crew welfare, inventory, and compliance with Admiralty regulations.^[28] This transition aligned the purser's incentives with institutional principals, such as the Victualling Board (established in 1683), which centralized supply logistics and required pursers to post sureties and submit detailed audits upon return.^[29] The role's expansion reflected the complexities of sustaining extended voyages, emphasizing not just monetary transactions but also logistical efficiency in an era of imperial expansion.

Adoption in Aviation

The purser role, originating from maritime traditions of managing onboard finances and administration, was first adapted to aviation in the 1930s as airlines like Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) launched transoceanic flights using flying boats such as the Sikorsky S-42 Clipper. These early international routes, spanning the Pacific and Atlantic, required crew members to handle passenger manifests, currency exchange, and customs documentation in a manner reminiscent of shipboard operations, with Pan Am appointing its first purser, Elizabeth Tunis, to oversee the initial group of stewardesses on these voyages.^[30]^[31] During World War II, the U.S. Army Air Forces' Air Transport Command influenced the role's development by employing flight clerks on military transport planes to manage passenger accommodations, cargo tracking, and logistical records during scheduled missions across Europe, Africa, and Asia. These personnel, often redesignated as flight stewards post-war, bridged military efficiency with civilian needs, paving the way for formalized purser positions in commercial aviation.^[32] In the post-WWII era of the 1950s, the role was standardized in commercial airlines on long-haul routes, where pursers oversaw international customs clearance and financial transactions amid booming transatlantic and transpacific travel. For instance, airlines like Delta Air Lines introduced male pursers in maritime-style uniforms starting in March 1946 to coordinate with stewardesses on Douglas DC-4 flights, ensuring seamless administrative handling for growing passenger volumes.^[33] A key milestone came in the 1960s with the widespread adoption of jet aircraft, such as Pan Am's Boeing 707 inaugural commercial flight in 1958, which accelerated global routes and heightened demands for onboard leadership in passenger services to maintain safety and comfort during faster, higher-capacity operations. This expansion solidified pursers as essential coordinators for international regulations and crew management.^[34]^[35] Unlike maritime pursers who managed extended voyages with ample time for paperwork, aviation pursers adapted to shorter flight durations by emphasizing rapid processing of documentation and funds, enabling quicker turnarounds at international airports.^[36]

Maritime Pursers

Duties on Commercial Ships

On commercial ships, including merchant vessels engaged in cargo transport and passenger ferries, the purser serves as the primary administrative officer, overseeing financial, logistical, and regulatory operations to ensure smooth voyages and compliance with international maritime standards. However, on many modern cargo vessels, the dedicated purser role has diminished or been absorbed by other officers, such as the captain, due to digital record-keeping and reduced crew sizes (as of 2022).^[37] This role involves meticulous handling of documentation and transactions that support trade and travel, distinct from the more hospitality-oriented duties on luxury cruises.^[38]^[39] In merchant ships, the purser manages general ship documentation, accounts, and customs declarations, preparing payroll records, maintaining fiscal ledgers, and ensuring compliance with port requirements. On cargo-focused vessels, where fewer pursers are employed, emphasis is on administrative support rather than operational cargo handling.^[39] For passenger-oriented commercial vessels such as ferries, pursers oversee passenger accounts, ticketing, and onboard sales, processing fares, issuing receipts, and managing reservations while handling retail transactions for provisions like snacks and souvenirs to generate ancillary revenue. They also address billing inquiries and refunds, ensuring accurate tracking of individual expenditures throughout the journey.^[38] A critical function across both cargo and passenger commercial ships is coordination with port authorities for customs clearance and immigration processing, where the purser submits declarations, verifies crew and passenger visas, and liaises with officials to expedite entries and exits while preventing delays from documentation errors. This includes preparing manifests for arrivals and departures, often in multiple languages or formats to comply with varying national requirements.^[40]^[20] Pursers maintain strict inventory control for ship supplies, including food provisioning and vendor contracts, by conducting regular stock audits, ordering essentials from approved suppliers, and negotiating terms to optimize costs without compromising quality or safety standards. This encompasses tracking consumables like fuel additives or galley items and ensuring replenishment aligns with voyage schedules.^[38] Financial reconciliation at ports forms a core duty, involving the handling of multiple currencies, settlement of local bills, and reimbursements for crew expenses such as medical needs or personal advances, all while safeguarding the ship's funds through secure ledgers and audits to prevent discrepancies. Pursers also prepare payroll summaries and disburse wages, often converting funds at favorable rates to support crew welfare.^[39]^[20]

Duties on Naval and Cruise Vessels

In naval vessels, the traditional role of the purser has evolved into that of a Supply Corps officer, who is responsible for the secure handling of classified finances and ensuring compliance with military regulations such as those outlined in the U.S. Navy's Supply Corps directives.^[41] These officers manage crew payroll disbursements, adhering strictly to Department of Defense financial protocols to maintain accountability during deployments.^[42] Additionally, they provide logistical support for operational needs, including the procurement, storage, and distribution of essential supplies to sustain mission readiness at sea.^[43] A key aspect of the naval purser's equivalent duties involves coordinating the distribution of medical and welfare supplies, particularly in isolated deployments where resupply is limited, ensuring crew health and morale through regulated allocation of pharmaceuticals, food, and personal items.^[41] This role demands adherence to naval codes, such as those governing supply chain security and inventory audits, to prevent discrepancies in high-stakes environments.^[44] On cruise vessels, pursers focus on guest services management, overseeing complaint resolution, excursion bookings, and the handling of premium onboard transactions to enhance passenger satisfaction.^[6] They ensure compliance with cruise line policies for high-value items, such as safekeeping valuables in secure onboard facilities and processing customs declarations for purchases.^[38] Pursers also manage financial operations, including accounting for onboard sales and crew payments, while coordinating with front desk staff to address passenger needs efficiently.^[45] Since the early 2000s, cruise line pursers have adapted to digital payment systems, integrating mobile wallets and electronic transaction platforms to streamline onboard spending and reduce cash handling, as seen in implementations by major operators like Royal Caribbean.^[46] This shift has also incorporated VIP passenger protocols, where pursers prioritize personalized services such as priority booking and exclusive amenity coordination for high-tier guests.^[19]

Aviation Pursers

Role in Commercial Airlines

In commercial airlines, the purser serves as the chief flight attendant and designated onboard leader, particularly on international flights, where they oversee the entire cabin crew team to ensure coordinated operations and adherence to airline standards.^[21] At airlines such as Delta Air Lines, the purser leads pre-flight briefings and assigns crew duties, often mentoring junior flight attendants on wide-body aircraft to maintain efficient team dynamics.^[47] Similarly, Emirates promotes experienced cabin crew to purser roles after several years, positioning them as key leaders responsible for managing diverse international teams on long-haul routes.^[48] The purser holds overall responsibility for cabin safety, including conducting safety briefings, preparing the crew for potential emergencies, and ensuring compliance with established staffing guidelines during flights.^[7] This leadership extends to crew scheduling and resource allocation, where the purser coordinates assignments to optimize service delivery while respecting seniority and bid preferences among flight attendants.^[21] In understaffed scenarios, they solicit volunteers to assist across cabins, fostering a collaborative environment that prioritizes safety and efficiency.^[21] Pursers oversee passenger relations, mediating conflicts and accommodating special needs to enhance the overall experience, while acting as the primary liaison between the cabin crew, pilots, and ground staff for seamless pre-flight and post-flight handovers.^[8] They enforce airline-specific policies, such as limits on alcohol service to prevent disruptions and sensitivity to cultural differences on global routes, ensuring compliance with federal regulations like those prohibiting service to visibly intoxicated passengers.^[49] Due to ongoing cabin crew shortages as of 2025, pursers increasingly assist with recruitment and training of new crew members.^[7] This multifaceted role underscores the purser's critical position in balancing operational demands with high-quality passenger service.^[7]

Operational Duties in Flight

During flight, pursers oversee in-flight financial transactions, including the management and recording of duty-free sales, where cabin crew process payments for items such as perfumes, alcohol, and watches directly from onboard inventory.^[50] These transactions are tallied to ensure accurate revenue reporting, with pursers responsible for verifying sales records to reconcile with airline financial systems post-service.^[8] Pursers also manage onboard inventory, coordinating meal and beverage services by directing flight attendants to distribute pre-loaded catering while monitoring stock levels to accommodate passenger requests and dietary needs.^[8] In international operations, pursers handle key documentation tasks, such as distributing and collecting landing cards or customs forms to passengers, ensuring compliance with entry requirements before descent.^[8] As the designated cabin leader, pursers direct emergency responses, coordinating evacuations, medical incidents, or security threats in accordance with FAA and ICAO protocols, such as initiating "brace" commands or leading crew to emergency exits while communicating with the flight deck.^[21]^[51] They ensure all flight attendants execute standardized procedures, like those outlined in FAA Advisory Circular 120-48A for crew resource management during crises.^[51] Following landing, pursers compile post-flight reports, including incident logs for any irregularities, safety observations, and revenue tallies from onboard sales, which are submitted to airline headquarters for auditing and operational review.^[52]^[8] These documents contribute to continuous safety improvements and financial accountability per regulatory requirements.^[52]

Training and Modern Practices

Qualifications and Certification

In the maritime sector, becoming a purser typically requires adherence to the Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping (STCW) Convention, administered by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), which mandates basic safety training for all seafarers, including those in administrative roles on commercial ships.^[53] This includes modules on personal survival techniques, fire prevention and firefighting, elementary first aid, personal safety and social responsibilities, and proficiency in security awareness, ensuring pursers are equipped for emergency responses aboard vessels.^[54] Additional qualifications often involve a bachelor's degree in business administration, hospitality management, or a related field, coupled with a strong background in accounting, often with a degree in business administration, hospitality management, or a related field, to handle financial duties such as budgeting and payroll.^[55] Candidates generally need at least 2-3 years of sea time experience, often starting in roles like steward or junior administrative positions within the hospitality or merchant navy environment, to build operational familiarity.^[56] For aviation pursers, qualifications build on foundational flight attendant certification, requiring completion of an approved training program under the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in the United States or the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) in Europe, which covers emergency procedures, aircraft systems, and passenger safety.^[57] Advancement to purser typically demands 5 or more years of cabin crew experience, demonstrating leadership potential through seniority and performance evaluations, followed by airline-specific programs focused on supervisory skills, conflict resolution, and team management.^[58] Bilingual proficiency is frequently required, particularly for international routes, with fluency in English as a baseline and additional languages like Spanish, French, or Mandarin as assets to enhance passenger service.^[57] The International Air Transport Association (IATA) provides overarching standards for cabin crew training, emphasizing operational excellence.^[59] Across both maritime and aviation contexts, pursers must undergo thorough background checks, including criminal record verifications, due to their responsibility for handling finances and sensitive passenger data, ensuring compliance with security protocols.^[60] Knowledge of key international regulations is essential, such as the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) Convention for maritime pursers, which outlines ship construction, equipment, and operational safety standards that all crew must understand for muster drills and emergency preparedness, and ICAO Annex 6 for aviation, which specifies requirements for commercial air transport operations, including cabin crew duties in flight safety and security.^[61] Certifications require periodic renewal: STCW endorsements for maritime roles every 5 years through refresher courses that reaffirm safety competencies, while FAA/EASA mandates recurrent training for flight attendants and pursers at least every 12-24 months to maintain proficiency in procedures and regulations.^[62]^[63]

Contemporary Challenges

The COVID-19 pandemic, beginning in 2020, profoundly altered the purser's role across maritime and aviation sectors by necessitating enhanced health protocols and operational adjustments. Pursers on commercial ships and airlines implemented rigorous sanitation measures, including mandatory masking, frequent disinfection of shared spaces, and passenger health screenings, to mitigate infection risks in confined environments.^[64]^[65] Contactless payment systems became standard for onboard transactions, with airlines like Delta introducing tap-to-pay options for in-flight purchases to reduce physical interactions.^[66] Reduced crew sizes, driven by lower passenger volumes and cost-cutting, increased administrative burdens on pursers, who assumed additional oversight of limited staffing while maintaining service standards.^[67]^[68] Digital transformation has accelerated by 2025, shifting pursers toward electronic tools that streamline administrative tasks in both sectors. In aviation, pursers now rely on digital passenger manifests and mobile apps for real-time crew coordination, reducing paper-based processes and enabling faster response to in-flight needs.^[69] Maritime pursers benefit from AI-assisted inventory systems on cruise and commercial vessels, which optimize provisioning forecasts and automate stock tracking to minimize waste and delays.^[70]^[71] These advancements, adopted post-2020, enhance efficiency but require pursers to adapt to cybersecurity protocols and data integration challenges amid ongoing digitalization efforts.^[72] Gender diversity among pursers has grown, particularly in traditionally male-dominated naval maritime roles, though equity challenges persist. By 2025, women comprise about 19% of the broader maritime workforce, with increasing representation in administrative positions like pursers on naval vessels, supported by targeted recruitment initiatives.^[73] However, female pursers face ongoing issues such as harassment, biased promotions, and work-life imbalances in isolated ship environments.^[74] In aviation, female pursers lead cabin crews at higher rates than pilots, yet systemic barriers limit advancement to senior roles.^[75] Sustainability pressures, intensified by regulations like the IMO 2020 sulfur cap, compel pursers to manage eco-friendly provisioning on ships. This involves sourcing sustainable supplies, such as reduced-plastic packaging and locally sourced provisions, to comply with emission limits and cut operational carbon footprints.^[76]^[77] On cruise vessels, pursers oversee waste minimization programs aligned with IMO standards, balancing cost with environmental mandates amid global scrutiny.^[78] Labor challenges, including high turnover from irregular schedules, have prompted union advocacy for improved work-life balance in airlines since 2020. Pursers experience fatigue from unpredictable rosters and long hauls, contributing to turnover rates exceeding 20% in cabin crew roles during post-pandemic recovery.^[79] Unions like those representing U.S. flight attendants have pushed for scheduled rest and mental health support, leading to strikes and policy reforms in 2025.^[80] In maritime settings, similar issues affect ship pursers, with efforts focusing on fair contracts to address crew shortages.^[81]

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an officer aboard a passenger ship, merchant ship, or aircraft who keeps the accounts and attends to the welfare of the passengers. Collins English Dictionary.<|control11|><|separator|>
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(a) Recurrent training must ensure that each crewmember or aircraft dispatcher is adequately trained and currently proficient with respect to the type ...
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COVID-19 has made cabin crew members even more focused on protecting their passengers and themselves.
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Touchless tech: Cruise lines adapt to prepare for a healthy return to ...
Sep 17, 2020 · While cruising remains on hold for many lines, companies are finding news ways to add contactless solutions into the guest experience to ...
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Airlines testing touchless technologies to ease COVID-19 concerns
Starting March 16, Delta will allow customers to use tap-to-pay technology that the airline says will enable contactless payment for onboard purchases. ...
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Ramp-up in the air: Impairing or repairing aviation crews' working ...
During the Covid-19 pandemic, airlines experienced substantial organizational changes, such as downsizing and furloughs, followed by rapid expansion during the ...Missing: ships | Show results with:ships
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The impacts of COVID-19 on the cruise industry based on an ...
Apr 13, 2023 · This research aims to provide an understanding of the impacts of COVID-19 on the cruise industry from various stakeholders and recommend corresponding post- ...
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APIS: Advance Passenger Information System
Mar 5, 2024 · APIS enhances border security by providing officers with pre-arrival and departure manifest data on all passengers and crew members.
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Inventory Management in Maritime Operations - VoyageX AI
Digital solutions and AI-driven inventory modules are transforming the way maritime companies manage inventory, helping optimize stock levels, forecast demand, ...
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Discover how CLS uses AI-driven inventory management systems to optimize cruise supply chains, ensuring efficient, eco-conscious operations.
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Nov 4, 2024 · The maritime industry is facing a digital transformation that could yield substantial cost savings and improved operational efficiency.Missing: pursers electronic manifests inventory
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Women in Maritime Day: Survey Highlights Progress, But Barriers ...
May 18, 2025 · The survey found that women account for an estimated 19 percent of all employees in the maritime sector worldwide, with high variability among subsectors.Missing: aviation 2020-2025
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Assessment of Gender Perceptions Onboard Maritime Ships - MDPI
Nonetheless, female seafarers continue to encounter challenges ranging from unequal pay and stereotyping to sexual harassment and isolation, especially in ...Missing: pursers | Show results with:pursers
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[PDF] Gender in Aviation - IATA
Aviation provides substantial economic and social benefits, enhancing the quality of life for billions of people worldwide. It links cultures, businesses, ...
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IMO 2020 – cutting sulphur oxide emissions
Known as “IMO 2020”, the rule limits the sulphur in the fuel oil used on board ships operating outside designated emission control areas to 0.50% m/m (mass by ...Missing: pursers | Show results with:pursers
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Cruise Ships Implementing Greener Practices On Board And ...
Jun 2, 2024 · This could include reducing single-use plastics, conserving water and energy, promoting recycling and waste reduction, and encouraging ...
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Making Sustainable Cruising a Reality | Cat | Caterpillar
As they travel to highly populated and environmentally sensitive ports, cruise ships face enormous pressure to operate more cleanly.<|separator|>
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Irregular working hours and fatigue of cabin crew - ResearchGate
Aug 10, 2025 · This study focuses on the irregular schedules of cabin crew as a trigger of fatigue symptoms in a wet lease Portuguese airline.
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Why Are Airline Strikes Disrupting Travel So Often in 2025? - AltexSoft
Oct 10, 2025 · At the same time, airports suffer from reduced passenger numbers, which leads to lower revenues from passenger fees, retail, parking, food and ...
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Seafarer abandonment cases up 30 percent in 2025, according to ...
Aug 15, 2025 · Seafarer abandonment cases up 30 percent in 2025, according to new data ... The maritime industry, the lifeblood of global trade, is grappling ...