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Rajsamand Lake

Rajsamand Lake, also known as Rajsamudra Lake, is a historic artificial freshwater lake located in the Rajsamand district of Rajasthan, India, approximately 66 km northeast of Udaipur. Constructed between 1662 and 1676 CE by Maharana Raj Singh I of Mewar as a major famine relief project during the drought of 1661, it was created by building a dam across the Gomati, Kelwa, and Tali rivers, employing thousands and costing around 1.52 million rupees at the time. The lake spans a submerged area of about 18.14 square kilometers when full, with a catchment area of 523 square kilometers and a storage capacity of 3,786 million cubic feet, making it one of the largest man-made lakes in Rajasthan and a vital source of irrigation for over 8,000 hectares through its canal system.^[1] The lake's embankment, a 183-meter-long and 12-meter-high structure of white marble and stone, features ornate ghats and nine cenotaphs (chhatris), reflecting the cultural significance of the number nine in Mewar tradition, along with steps leading to the water.^[2] At its southern end stands the Nauchowki pavilion, which houses the Raj Prashasti, the world's longest Sanskrit inscription etched on marble slabs, comprising 1,106 shlokas composed by the scholar Ranchhod Bhatt in 1676 to chronicle the genealogy and achievements of Mewar's rulers from ancient times.^[3] This inscription not only commemorates the lake's construction but also serves as a poetic eulogy to the Sisodia dynasty's resistance against Mughal dominance.^[4] Beyond its engineering and cultural significance as Rajasthan's oldest documented famine relief work, Rajsamand Lake has played diverse roles, including potable water supply for nearby towns like Rajnagar and Kankroli, industrial use by entities such as J.K. Industries, and even as a seaplane base for Imperial Airways during World War II for about six years.^[2]^[1] However, the lake is prone to drying up during severe droughts, as seen in 2000, due to reduced inflows from upstream check dams and mining activities, highlighting ongoing challenges in water management in the arid Aravalli region. As of 2025, the lake is projected to reach full capacity and potentially overflow following strong monsoons.^[2]^[5]

Geography

Location and Setting

Rajsamand Lake is situated in the Rajsamand district of Rajasthan, India, approximately 66 kilometers northeast of Udaipur city.^[2] The lake lies between the towns of Rajnagar and Kankroli, serving as a prominent landmark in the district headquarters of Rajsamand city.^[2] Its geographical coordinates are approximately 25°04′N 73°53′E.^[6] The lake is nestled within the Aravalli hill ranges, which form a significant part of the surrounding terrain in western Rajasthan.^[2] This positioning in the undulating hills contributes to its scenic appeal and integration with the natural landscape of the region.^[7] Originally known as Rajsamudra, the lake's name reflects its historical association with the Mewar kingdom.^[8] Administratively, it falls under the Rajsamand district, which is accessible via well-connected roads; it is about 66 km from Udaipur and roughly 350 km northwest of Jaipur.^[2]^[9]

Physical Characteristics and Hydrology

Rajsamand Lake is an artificial reservoir measuring approximately 6 kilometers in length and 2.5 kilometers in width, with an average depth of 18 meters.^[10]^[1] When full, its surface area spans about 18 square kilometers.^[1] These dimensions contribute to its status as one of the larger man-made lakes in Rajasthan, providing a substantial water body in a region characterized by semi-arid conditions.^[2] The lake was formed in the 17th century by damming the Gomati River, along with its tributaries Kelwa and Tali, creating a barrier that impounds water from the surrounding hilly terrain.^[11] The catchment area encompasses roughly 523 square kilometers, capturing runoff primarily during the monsoon season from the Aravalli ranges.^[1]^[12] This engineered formation transformed seasonal streams into a perennial reservoir, though its water levels fluctuate significantly due to the region's low rainfall and high evaporation. Hydrologically, the lake receives inflows mainly from the Gomati River and supplemental sources like the Khari feeder from the nearby Nandsamand Dam, supporting a gross storage capacity of approximately 107 million cubic meters.^[1] It serves primarily for irrigation across thousands of hectares via left and right canals and as a source of drinking water for local blocks such as Rajnagar and Kankroli.^[1]^[12] In Rajasthan's arid climate, evaporation poses a major loss factor, while spillways manage overflow during monsoons to prevent flooding.^[12] As of September 2025, the lake's gauge reached 28.20 feet, resulting in overflow following heavy monsoon rains.^[13] The reservoir's ephemeral tendencies highlight its vulnerability to droughts, underscoring its historical role in famine mitigation efforts.^[11]

History

Inspiration and Planning

The creation of Rajsamand Lake was initiated by Maharana Raj Singh I of Mewar in response to a severe famine and pestilence that afflicted the region around 1660–1661, compelling him to undertake a major public works project to alleviate widespread suffering.^[2] This initiative not only aimed to provide essential employment and sustenance to the starving populace but also represented the oldest known large-scale famine relief effort in Rajasthan, setting a precedent for state-sponsored labor programs during crises.^[14] The project employed thousands of locals in earthworks and related tasks, transforming desperation into productive activity while ensuring food distribution through wages paid in grain.^[15] On a personal level, Maharana Raj Singh was driven by a profound sense of atonement for earlier actions during his reign, including executions stemming from his reportedly quick-tempered nature, such as those of a son, a wife, a Brahmin advisor, and a Charan poet, which weighed heavily on his conscience.^[16] Seeking redemption, he consulted with royal advisors and religious figures to conceptualize a meritorious act that would honor his legacy and appease spiritual obligations, viewing the lake as a penance that combined personal expiation with communal benefit.^[15] Preliminary planning emphasized strategic site selection, focusing on the natural confluence of the Gomati, Kelwa, and Tali rivers near Kankroli, approximately 65 km (40 miles) north of Udaipur in a declivity of the Aravalli hills, where surveys assessed the terrain's suitability for damming and water retention.^[15]^[17] These evaluations, informed by hydrological observations and consultations, highlighted the area's potential for creating a vast reservoir to support irrigation and long-term drought mitigation, with the Gomati River identified as the primary perennial source.^[2] The project, launched in 1662, culminated in its completion and consecration in 1676 after 14 years of sustained effort.^[14]

Construction

The construction of Rajsamand Lake began in 1662 under the direct oversight of Maharana Raj Singh I of Mewar and was completed in 1676, marking a 14-year engineering endeavor aimed at water conservation and famine mitigation.^[2] The project transformed the arid landscape by damming the Gomati River and its tributaries, the Kelwa and Tali, at their confluence to create an expansive reservoir.^[2] Engineering efforts focused on erecting a series of earthen and masonry dams, with the primary structure known as Nauchauki Paal measuring 999 feet in length and 99 feet in width, utilizing local marble and stone for durability and aesthetic integration in the embankment and ghats.^[2] Over 60,000 workers, including many from famine-stricken areas, were employed throughout the duration, drawing on local labor to handle excavation, dam-building, and ancillary tasks like temporary housing construction.^[4] The total expenditure reached Rs. 1,50,78,784, reflecting the scale of resources mobilized from the Mewar treasury.^[16] Key innovations included the incorporation of spillways for flood control and an extensive canal network to facilitate irrigation across surrounding farmlands, ensuring long-term agricultural sustainability.^[18] Upon completion, the lake underscored its engineering significance in 17th-century hydrology.^[16]

Consecration Ceremony

The consecration ceremony of Rajsamand Lake took place in January 1676, marking the formal inauguration of the reservoir after its construction as a famine relief measure under Maharana Raj Singh I of Mewar.^[19] This event symbolized the completion of the project, which had provided employment and water security to the region amid a severe drought that began in 1661.^[4] Invitations were extended to neighboring rulers, thakurs, scholars, and religious leaders, underscoring the ceremony's significance in regional politics and culture.^[4] The central ritual was a parikrama, or circumambulation of the lake, led by Maharana Raj Singh I on foot starting January 15, 1676, and lasting six days.^[19] Accompanied by his family, courtiers, priests, and local participants, the procession highlighted the ruler's devotion and commitment to the project.^[4] Brahmin priests presided over the proceedings, conducting traditional Hindu rites to sanctify the waters, including offerings to deities for prosperity and abundance.^[4] Poets, such as Ranchhoda Bhatt, were present, contributing to the commemorative Raj Prashasti inscription that praised the Maharana's benevolence.^[20] Following the parikrama, the lake was symbolically filled and named Rajsamand during a dedicated naming ritual, representing the Maharana's enduring legacy.^[4] Offerings of grains, incense, and floral tributes were made at key ghats, invoking blessings for the reservoir's hydrological stability and the community's welfare.^[20] In the immediate aftermath, extensive alms were distributed to priests, scholars, and famine-affected locals along the procession route, alleviating ongoing hardships.^[19] Maharana Raj Singh established endowments from village revenues to ensure the lake's perpetual maintenance, including repairs to the dam and distribution systems.^[4] Public celebrations ensued, with feasts and music marking the transition from famine relief to sustained prosperity, though specific acts like the ruler's charitable weighings against gold were part of broader philanthropy.^[19]

Cultural Significance

Raj Prashasti Inscription

The Raj Prashasti inscription, recognized as the world's longest Sanskrit inscription, was composed by the poet Ranchhod Bhatt, a Brahmin scholar from the Telangana region (a Telang Brahmin), and consists of 1,106 shlokas organized into 24 chapters. Etched on 25 large black marble slabs measuring approximately 3 feet by 2.5 feet each, it adorns the embankment along the dam of Rajsamand Lake, near the Nau Chauki pavilion. Commissioned by Maharana Raj Singh I of Mewar to commemorate the lake's construction, the inscription was installed in 1676 CE during his reign, though its final placement occurred under his successor, Maharana Jai Singh. This monumental work exemplifies 17th-century Sanskrit literary artistry, blending poetic eloquence with historical narration in a mahakavya style influenced by southern Indian poetic traditions. As of 2018, the inscription faced neglect, with calls for preservation to protect this cultural heritage.^[3] The content of the Raj Prashasti primarily praises the valor and achievements of Rajput rulers, tracing the genealogy and exploits of the Guhila (Sisodia) dynasty of Mewar from its legendary founder Bappa Rawal in the 8th century CE through to Maharana Raj Singh's era. It extols Raj Singh's humanitarian efforts in building the lake to combat famine and provide irrigation, portraying the project as a grand feat of engineering and benevolence that sustained thousands during a period of scarcity. The inscription also critiques the religious policies of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, particularly his imposition of the jizya tax on non-Muslims and temple destructions, framing these as tyrannical acts that provoked Rajput resistance and underscored Mewar's defiance in maintaining Hindu sovereignty. Additional themes encompass Mewar's socio-economic life, cultural practices, battles against invaders, and references to allied Rajput kingdoms such as those in Jaipur, Bikaner, and Banswara, weaving a tapestry of regional history and identity. As a primary historical source, the Raj Prashasti offers critical insights into 17th-century Mewar society, politics, and environmental management, documenting events like Mughal-Rajput conflicts and the socio-economic impacts of drought relief efforts. Its hagiographic tone, however, blends verifiable facts with legendary elements, requiring cross-verification with other records for accuracy, as noted by historians like Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha. Linguistically, the text's poetic structure—employing intricate meters, metaphors, and invocations to deities—highlights its value as a pinnacle of Sanskrit epigraphy, preserving not only Mewar's royal narrative but also the era's multilingual elements, with a few lines in Hindi. This inscription remains a cornerstone for understanding Rajput resilience and cultural patronage amid Mughal expansion.

Tula Dana and Charitable Acts

During the consecration ceremony of Rajsamand Lake in January 1676, Maharana Raj Singh performed the Tula Dana ritual, in which he and his purohit Garibdas weighed themselves against gold on ceremonial scales located at the lake's toranas. The equivalent weight in precious metals was then donated as alms primarily to 46,000 Brahmins, along with gifts distributed to allied Rajput rulers, symbolizing the Maharana's profound generosity and devotion amid the famine-relief ethos of the lake's creation. This ritual formed part of a broader spectrum of charitable acts tied to the lake's legacy, encompassing patronage to poets and scholars—such as commissioning the Raj Prashasti inscription by Ranchhod Bhatt Tailang—and the employment of over 60,000 workers during the dam's construction from 1662 to 1676, which provided sustenance to the impoverished during a severe drought. Additional endowments included royal charters and land grants to Vaishnav temples, such as those at Nathdwara and Kankroli, establishing self-sustaining religious institutions, while villages benefited from irrigation-enabled agriculture and ongoing alms distributions.^[21] The Tula Dana tradition extended beyond the initial ceremony, with Maharana Raj Singh conducting multiple such weighings throughout his reign, including at his coronation and other significant sites, often commemorated by erecting tulastanbhas (weighing pillars). These acts not only reinforced the Mewar rulers' image as dharmic protectors of dharma and the needy but also fostered long-term social cohesion, as recipient Brahman families maintained loyalty to the dynasty for generations, and descendant rulers continued annual Tula Dana observances at the lake's five marble toranas to sustain community welfare.^[21]^[22]

Places of Interest

Architectural Structures

The Nau Chauki, comprising a series of nine white marble pavilions, stands as a prominent architectural feature along the southern embankment of Rajsamand Lake at Kankroli. Constructed in 1665 by Maharana Raj Singh I, these pavilions were designed primarily for royal viewing of the lake and its surroundings, symbolizing the nine planets in Indian cosmology. The structure forms part of a grand white stone embankment spanning 183 meters in length and rising 12 meters high, topped by terraces of large marble and stone ghats that descend to the water's edge. Each pavilion, or cenotaph, measures 9 feet in height, with steps calibrated to 9 inches, integrating numerical symbolism reflective of 17th-century Mewar philosophical and aesthetic principles.^[2] The architectural style of the Nau Chauki exemplifies the Rajput-Mewar fusion prevalent in 17th-century Rajasthan, blending functional engineering with ornate craftsmanship. White marble, quarried locally, dominates the construction, adorned with intricate carvings that highlight the era's mastery in stonework and water infrastructure. This design not only served aesthetic purposes but also demonstrated advanced hydrological engineering, as the embankment forms the core of the lake's dam system built across the Gomati, Kelwa, and Tali rivers to combat drought and support irrigation for surrounding farmlands. The overall layout, completed amid a massive labor effort involving 60,000 workers over eight years, underscores the innovative bunding techniques and scale of Mewar hydrology projects during Maharana Raj Singh's reign (1652–1680 CE).^[2]^[4] Additional structures enhance the lake's built heritage, including the dam's marble facing integrated with the ghats for ritual and access purposes. Small temples dedicated to local deities, such as the nearby Dwarikadheesh Temple in Kankroli devoted to Lord Krishna, complement the pavilions, offering serene spaces for worship overlooking the water. These elements collectively preserve the 17th-century legacy of Mewar craftsmanship, where marble's durability and visual purity were harnessed to create enduring monuments amid arid landscapes.^[2]

Scenic and Recreational Features

Rajsamand Lake offers breathtaking panoramic views of the surrounding Aravalli hills, where the calm waters reflect the rugged terrain and create a serene backdrop for visitors. The lake's expansive surface, with a surface area of approximately 18 square kilometers, enhances its visual appeal, particularly during sunsets when the sky transforms into hues of orange and gold over the hills.^[2]^[23]^[1] These scenic elements are complemented by the nearby Maharana Raj Singh Panorama museum, which features exhibits on the lake's historical context through artistic stone sculptures, providing an elevated vantage point for observing the landscape.^[24] Seasonal birdwatching adds to the lake's natural allure, with over 140 species recorded in the area, including migratory birds like spot-billed ducks that arrive during winter months. Visitors can spot native and naturalized birds such as rock pigeons, black-winged stilts, and little egrets along the water's edge, making it a rewarding activity from October to March when cooler weather draws more avian visitors.^[25]^[26] Recreational activities at the lake cater to both adventure seekers and leisurely explorers, including boating options like pedal boats, kayaking, and cruises that allow close encounters with the water. Thrilling pursuits such as 10-minute jet-ski rides, speed boat excursions, and parasailing provide adrenaline rushes against the scenic hills, while walking paths along the dam offer peaceful strolls for photography enthusiasts capturing the marble ghats and natural vistas.^[27]^[28]^[29] Access to the lake is free, with no entry fees required, making it an accessible destination year-round. The best times to visit are during winter (October to March) for pleasant weather and optimal birdwatching, or post-monsoon when water levels are fullest for enhanced scenic beauty; sunrise and sunset hours amplify the photographic opportunities. Guided tours, such as day trips from nearby Udaipur, focus on local legends and provide narrated explorations of the site's natural and cultural highlights.^[27]^[30]^[31]^[32]

Modern Developments

Seaplane Base Usage

In the 1930s and 1940s, Rajsamand Lake functioned as a seaplane base for Imperial Airways, serving as a key stopover on the ambitious London-to-Sydney air route that connected Europe with Australia via India. This inland water body, located in the arid Aravalli region, provided a vital "aero-marine-drome" for flying boats carrying passengers, mail, and cargo, often serving as a night halt for rest and refueling. To support these operations, a dedicated jetty was constructed in 1937 using iron links to enclose four sides of the landing area, enabling safer docking and maintenance for the large seaplanes.^[33]^[34] The base saw its first seaplane landing in 1937, with a flight arriving from Tighra in Madhya Pradesh, marking the start of regular operations that extended the route from London through Karachi and beyond. Facilities at the site included a superintendent's office, meteorological station, passenger lounge, fuel depots, wireless communication setup, and two bungalows for crew and travelers, transforming the remote lake into a bustling aviation hub. The lake's consistent water depth of around 18 meters (60 feet) proved ideal for the takeoffs and landings of heavy flying boats like the Short S.23 Empire, which required expansive and stable water surfaces in an otherwise landlocked state.^[33]^[34]^[16] During World War II, the base was requisitioned in 1939 by the Royal Air Force as an auxiliary facility for troop transport and mail services between Karachi and Calcutta, operating continuously for over six years until the war's end. An RAF office was established on the lake's 5-kilometer-long dam, overseeing these military flights amid the global conflict. Post-war, the seaplane operations ceased around 1945 as advancements in land-based aviation—such as longer-range propeller aircraft and emerging jet technology—rendered water-based routes obsolete and more economical, leading to the abandonment of the facilities, which were later repurposed by local authorities.^[34]^[33]^[35]

Current Uses and Environmental Challenges

Rajsamand Lake serves as a critical resource for irrigation in the Rajsamand district, supporting agriculture across arid farmlands through canal systems that distribute water from the reservoir.^[36]^[37] It also provides drinking water to local communities, addressing water scarcity in the region amid Rajasthan's semi-arid climate.^[38] Additionally, the lake is a key tourism asset, attracting visitors for boating, water sports, and scenic views, which bolsters the local economy through related services and infrastructure.^[27]^[2] As part of Rajasthan's broader irrigation framework, the lake integrates with district-level plans aimed at enhancing water storage and distribution efficiency, including runoff management and soil conservation measures.^[37] Water levels have shown significant fluctuations, notably dropping to just 9 feet in 2019 due to prolonged drought, severely impacting downstream farming.^[39] By September 2025, however, levels recovered to 28.20 feet, nearing the lake's full capacity of 30 feet, reflecting improved monsoon inflows; the lake subsequently reached full capacity and overflowed in late September 2025.^[40]^[41] Conservation initiatives in the district include efforts to restore water bodies and promote sustainable management, though specific desilting projects for the lake remain limited to broader environmental planning.^[42] Environmental challenges persist due to extensive marble mining in the Rajsamand district, which causes groundwater depletion and reduces recharge to the lake through altered hydrology and deforestation. Recent 2025 studies highlight mining's role in vegetation loss and air quality degradation in the area.^[43]^[44] Marble slurry effluents from processing units pollute nearby water bodies, including potential contamination of lake inflows via rivers like the Gomati, leading to sedimentation and quality degradation.^[45]^[46] Climate change exacerbates these issues with erratic rainfall patterns, contributing to periodic droughts that lower water levels and increase evaporation losses.^[47] Tourism-related waste management poses additional pressures, with calls for eco-tourism initiatives to mitigate impacts through regulated activities and habitat preservation in the district.

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### Physical Characteristics of Rajsamand Lake
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Native and Naturalized (140) ; Rock Pigeon Columba livia ; Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus ; Little Egret Egretta garzetta ; Medium Egret Ardea intermedia.
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### Summary of Rajsamand Lake as a Seaplane Base
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