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Religious Technology Center

The Religious Technology Center (RTC) is a nonprofit religious corporation formed in 1982 to preserve, maintain, and protect the Scientology religion, with primary responsibility for safeguarding its trademarks, service marks, and the orthodox application of L. Ron Hubbard's scriptural technologies.^[1]^[2]
Headed by Chairman of the Board David Miscavige since 1987, RTC holds ultimate ecclesiastical authority as the final arbiter of doctrinal purity, distinct from the day-to-day management of Scientology churches, and licenses trademarks to the Church of Scientology International for sub-licensing to affiliated organizations.^[1]^[2]
A defining characteristic of RTC is its aggressive enforcement of intellectual property rights through global trademark registrations and litigation against unauthorized use or alteration of Scientology materials, as evidenced in cases such as Religious Technology Center v. FACTNet, Inc., where it successfully defended copyrights on advanced religious texts.^[3]^[4]^[1]

History

Formation and Early Corporate Structure (1982)

The Religious Technology Center (RTC) was incorporated on January 1, 1982, as a California nonprofit religious corporation in Los Angeles.^[5] Its articles of incorporation specified the entity's purpose as preserving, maintaining, and protecting the Scientology religion, with an emphasis on ensuring the orthodox application of L. Ron Hubbard's scriptural technologies.^[1] Attorney Sherman Lenske handled the incorporation, naming Reverend Lyman D. Spurlock, Jr., as the initial agent for service of process at 4751 Fountain Avenue, Los Angeles.^[6] Prior to RTC's creation, Hubbard personally owned the Dianetics and Scientology trademarks and service marks, which he had registered to safeguard the religion's practices.^[2] In May 1982, shortly after incorporation, Hubbard transferred these marks to RTC, granting it exclusive authority over their use and licensing.^[7] This structure separated intellectual property oversight from the Church of Scientology's day-to-day operations, positioning RTC as an independent entity focused on ecclesiastical standards rather than administrative management.^[2] RTC's early governance included trustees with powers to appoint and remove directors, a mechanism designed to insulate the organization from internal disputes amid Scientology's management purges in the early 1980s.^[8] The corporation licensed the trademarks to the Church of Scientology International (CSI), enabling CSI to deliver services while RTC enforced compliance with Hubbard's exact methodologies to prevent deviations.^[1] This framework addressed vulnerabilities exposed by prior legal challenges to Scientology's assets, prioritizing perpetual protection of the religion's core elements over profit or expansion.^[5]

Transfer of Trademarks and Tax-Exempt Status

In May 1982, shortly after its incorporation, L. Ron Hubbard executed an assignment agreement transferring ownership of the Scientology trademarks and service marks to the Religious Technology Center (RTC).^[9]^[1] The agreement, dated May 10, 1982, granted RTC full supervision and control over these marks to safeguard their use in preserving Scientology's religious technologies and orthodoxy.^[9] This transfer was part of a broader corporate restructuring amid ongoing legal and financial pressures on Scientology organizations, including disputes with the Internal Revenue Service over tax status.^[6] RTC was incorporated on January 1, 1982, as a California nonprofit religious corporation explicitly structured to qualify for tax-exempt status under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code, with its articles of incorporation affirming this intent.^[10] The entity's formation allowed it to hold intellectual property assets like trademarks in a dedicated religious framework, separate from operational churches, to mitigate risks from litigation and potential asset seizures during the IRS's scrutiny of Scientology's overall tax-exempt claims.^[6] Although RTC operated under nonprofit religious auspices from inception, formal IRS recognition of its 501(c)(3) status was not obtained until October 1993, as part of a comprehensive closing agreement resolving audits and exemptions for 153 Scientology-related entities.^[11]^[12] This recognition affirmed RTC's role in licensing trademarks to affiliated organizations while maintaining ecclesiastical oversight, without direct transfer of prior entities' exemptions but through independent qualification.^[11]

Leadership Transition to David Miscavige (1987 Onward)

Following L. Ron Hubbard's death on January 24, 1986, David Miscavige, a longtime aide who had risen through the ranks as a Commodore's Messenger and later coordinated key projects under Hubbard, assumed de facto ecclesiastical leadership over Scientology organizations, including the Religious Technology Center (RTC).^[13]^[14] In 1987, Miscavige was formally appointed Chairman of the Board of RTC, the top executive position within the entity responsible for safeguarding Scientology's trademarks, service marks, and core religious technologies.^[13] This appointment followed internal reorganizations aimed at aligning leadership with Hubbard's directives on orthodoxy, amid ongoing efforts to resolve disputes from the early 1980s involving corporate restructuring and trademark protections.^[15] The transition to Miscavige's chairmanship involved the removal of prior RTC executives, notably Vicki Aznaran, who had served as President and Chairman of the Board from RTC's inception in 1982 until her ouster in the mid-1980s.^[16]^[17] Church-aligned accounts frame these changes as essential purges to eliminate deviations from Hubbard's technologies, citing Miscavige's direct involvement in auditing and standardizing practices to ensure fidelity to foundational texts.^[13] In contrast, Aznaran and other former executives, in subsequent court declarations and interviews, described the shifts as stemming from internal power dynamics, alleging Miscavige orchestrated their removals to centralize control, including through recordings of meetings and loyalty tests.^[18]^[19] These accounts, provided by defectors in litigation such as Church of Scientology v. Fishman (1994), highlight tensions over authority but lack independent corroboration beyond participant testimonies, which church officials have disputed as motivated by personal grievances.^[18] Since 1987, Miscavige has retained the Chairman position uninterrupted, exercising ultimate oversight of RTC's mission to license Scientology's intellectual properties to affiliated entities and revoke usages deemed non-standard.^[13] Under his tenure, RTC has pursued numerous legal actions to defend trademarks, contributing to the organization's global expansion to over 167 countries by enforcing uniform application of Hubbard's methodologies.^[13] This era has seen RTC centralize ecclesiastical authority, with Miscavige directing initiatives like the 1993 IRS tax-exempt recognition for Scientology churches, resolved after protracted disputes.^[13] Critics, including ex-members, attribute heightened litigiousness and internal discipline to Miscavige's leadership style, though such claims remain contested and primarily sourced from adversarial testimonies in civil suits.^[20]^[19]

Mission and Ecclesiastical Authority

Preservation of Scientology's Core Technologies

The Religious Technology Center (RTC) exercises ultimate ecclesiastical authority to preserve the standard and pure application of Scientology's core technologies, defined as the religious practices and procedures developed by L. Ron Hubbard, including Dianetics auditing processes, Scientology spiritual counseling methods, training routines, and administrative policies.^[21] Formed in May 1982 at Hubbard's direction, RTC received ownership of key Scientology trademarks such as "Scientology" and "Dianetics" to prevent unauthorized alterations or misrepresentations of these technologies under the guise of orthodoxy.^[1] Hubbard donated his original writings and recordings to RTC, establishing a verifiable basis for ensuring that affiliated churches deliver the technologies exactly as he authored them, without deviation that could compromise their spiritual efficacy.^[7] To maintain this preservation, RTC licenses trademarks to the Church of Scientology International (CSI) and subordinate organizations on the condition of strict adherence to "standard technology," which mandates verbatim application of Hubbard's bulletins, policy letters, and lecture transcripts.^[7] RTC oversees the Inspector General Network, a system of internal auditors who conduct routine inspections of Scientology organizations and missions to verify compliance with standard ethics, technology, and administration.^[5] ^[22] These inspections involve analyzing delivery statistics, session reports, and training outcomes against Hubbard's originals to detect and correct any suppressives or practices that introduce alterations, thereby safeguarding the technologies from dilution or ethical compromise.^[23] RTC's preservation efforts extend to protecting advanced confidential materials, such as Operating Thetan (OT) levels, by enforcing security protocols and investigating departures that could expose or misapply them, ensuring confidentiality aligns with Hubbard's directives for progressive spiritual attainment.^[24] Through these mechanisms, RTC positions itself as the final arbiter of technological orthodoxy, independent from daily church operations, to perpetuate the unaltered form of Hubbard's methodologies as the foundation of Scientology practice.^[2] This role has been upheld in legal contexts where courts recognized RTC's authority to enforce standards against external misuse, reinforcing the internal preservation framework.^[1]

Ultimate Oversight of Religious Purity and Standards

The Religious Technology Center (RTC) holds the ultimate ecclesiastical authority over the standard and pure application of L. Ron Hubbard's Dianetics and Scientology technologies, functioning as the final arbiter of orthodoxy across all affiliated organizations.^[2]^[22] This role, established upon RTC's formation in 1982 when Hubbard transferred key trademarks to it, ensures that religious practices adhere strictly to Hubbard's scriptural writings without alteration or deviation, safeguarding the religion's doctrinal integrity against internal or external distortions.^[1] RTC's oversight is distinct from the operational management of the Church of Scientology International (CSI), focusing exclusively on preserving authenticity rather than day-to-day administration.^[2] Central to this oversight is the Inspector General Network, a global system of inspectors operating from offices on five continents that monitors Scientology ministry and administration for compliance with exact standards.^[22] These inspectors investigate potential deviations, root out factors that could compromise orthodoxy—such as suppressives who hinder standard delivery—and enforce corrections to maintain 100% precise application of technologies.^[22] By licensing trademarks only to entities demonstrating fidelity to Hubbard's methods, RTC can revoke usage rights for non-compliance, thereby preventing misrepresentation and ensuring parishioners receive unaltered religious services.^[1] This mechanism, under the direction of RTC Chairman David Miscavige since 1987, positions the organization as an external guardian incorruptible by ecclesiastical politics.^[22] RTC's authority extends to doctrinal purity enforcement through legal and administrative measures, including trademark protection to bar unauthorized or altered uses that could dilute the religion's standards.^[7] While self-described as essential for spiritual freedom, this oversight has been characterized in U.S. tax rulings as RTC's core charge to uphold uniformity in Scientology practice.^[25] The structure prioritizes fidelity to Hubbard's original intent, with RTC intervening where necessary to correct aberrations and preserve the religion's foundational technologies.^[1]

Organizational Structure and Governance

Internal Management and Officers

The Religious Technology Center (RTC) is structured as a California nonprofit religious corporation, with governance vested in a board of directors that oversees its ecclesiastical mandate. David Miscavige has held the position of Chairman of the Board since 1987, exercising primary authority over the organization's mission to safeguard Scientology's core technologies and trademarks.^[13]^[26] As Chairman, Miscavige directs strategic decisions on purity enforcement and licensing, distinct from the day-to-day operations of affiliated Scientology entities.^[1] Warren McShane serves as President of RTC, managing internal operations and compliance with corporate and religious standards.^[27] McShane, a longtime Sea Organization member, has affirmed in legal declarations RTC's role as holder of ultimate authority for technology application, emphasizing its separation from broader church administration.^[28] RTC's internal management relies on a compact staff of Sea Organization executives, who function as dedicated religious clergy bound by long-term commitments to Hubbard's doctrines.^[29] This elite group enforces internal ethics and reports systems to prevent deviations in practice, operating from facilities in Los Angeles with minimal public disclosure of personnel beyond top officers due to the corporation's private status.^[5] The structure prioritizes hierarchical oversight to maintain doctrinal integrity, with board and officer roles filled by individuals vetted for alignment with Scientology's preservation goals.^[30]

Relationships with Broader Scientology Hierarchy

The Religious Technology Center (RTC) holds the highest ecclesiastical authority within the Scientology hierarchy, functioning as the ultimate guardian of L. Ron Hubbard's religious technologies and serving as the final arbiter of orthodoxy across all affiliated entities.^[1]^[31] This position enables RTC to oversee the standard application of Scientology doctrines without engaging in the operational management of churches, which is delegated to subordinate bodies.^[2] The Church of Scientology International (CSI), established as the mother church and headquartered in Los Angeles, California, manages the ecclesiastical and administrative propagation of Scientology worldwide, coordinating with advanced organizations, local churches, and missions.^[32]^[31] RTC maintains structural independence from CSI's management apparatus, focusing exclusively on protecting doctrinal purity, while CSI handles daily affairs such as service delivery and expansion.^[1]^[2] Central to this relationship is RTC's ownership and licensing of all Dianetics and Scientology trademarks, service marks, and advanced materials, which it grants to CSI via formal agreements, including the license executed on May 18, 1982.^[2] CSI then sublicenses these assets to lower-tier organizations, but usage requires ongoing RTC approval to verify compliance with orthodox standards; revocation of licenses for deviations enforces accountability throughout the hierarchy.^[7]^[33] This mechanism allows RTC to supervise command channels and inspect for misapplication indirectly, ensuring that local churches and Sea Organization units adhere to Hubbard's technologies without RTC micromanaging routine operations.^[1]^[5] In doctrinal disputes, RTC acts as the appellate authority, akin to the Catholic Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, reviewing appeals from CSI-managed entities to maintain uniformity.^[31] Beyond CSI, RTC's oversight extends to entities like Scientology Missions International through similar licensing protocols, preventing unauthorized use and preserving the religion's integrity against external or internal distortions.^[7]^[33] This top-down authority structure, rooted in Hubbard's directives, positions RTC as an external guarantor rather than an integrated manager, with all hierarchical elements deriving legitimacy from adherence to RTC-vetted standards.^[31]

Intellectual Property Management

Holding and Licensing of Trademarks and Copyrights

The Religious Technology Center (RTC) owns and maintains registrations for numerous trademarks and service marks associated with Scientology and Dianetics, including "Scientology," "Dianetics," "L. Ron Hubbard," the Scientology cross, and the Volunteer Minister symbol, among others.^[34]^[3] These marks, some in use since as early as 1951, were transferred to RTC to centralize control and prevent unauthorized commercial exploitation or dilution of the religion's proprietary technologies.^[35] RTC registers these in multiple jurisdictions, including the United States, to enforce uniformity in their application across affiliated entities.^[36] Regarding copyrights, RTC holds rights to specific unpublished works of L. Ron Hubbard, particularly advanced Scientology materials such as Operating Thetan (OT) levels and Bridge to Total Freedom bulletins, which it asserts as protected to preserve the exact replication of religious auditing processes.^[37] While the Church of Spiritual Technology owns copyrights to Hubbard's core estate scriptures, RTC manages and enforces copyrights on derivative technologies and service delivery materials to ensure doctrinal purity.^[38] RTC licenses these intellectual properties primarily to the Church of Scientology International (CSI), granting perpetual but revocable rights for CSI to use the marks in religious services and sublicense them to subordinate organizations, contingent on adherence to standardized delivery protocols.^[39] Direct licenses are issued by RTC for advanced materials to qualified high-level churches, with terms emphasizing non-commercial religious use only and revocation authority if misuse or deviation from Hubbard's methodologies occurs.^[7] This licensing framework, established post-1982 corporate restructuring, functions as a mechanism to monitor and correct deviations in practice, as evidenced in inter-corporate agreements requiring periodic audits of trademark and technology application.^[5]

Agreements with Key Affiliated Entities

The Religious Technology Center (RTC) entered into a covenant with the Church of Scientology International (CSI) on May 18, 1982, granting CSI an exclusive license to use Scientology and Dianetics trademarks and service marks, as well as the authority to sublicense these marks to subordinate churches within the ecclesiastical hierarchy under CSI's management.^[33] This agreement stipulates that CSI must adhere to strict standards for the pure application of Scientology religious technologies, with RTC retaining oversight to enforce compliance and revoke usage rights if deviations occur.^[39] CSI, in turn, executes sublicense agreements with key affiliated entities such as the Flag Service Organization (FSO), which operates advanced Scientology services in Clearwater, Florida. These sublicenses, authorized by RTC, permit FSO to employ the trademarks in delivering auditing and training while mandating fidelity to Hubbard's methodologies; RTC's approval is required for any mark usage, ensuring ecclesiastical purity across the network.^[38] Similar licensing arrangements extend to other CSI subordinates, including Advanced Organizations and missions, forming a tiered structure where RTC's ultimate ecclesiastical authority prevents unauthorized alterations to core practices.^[7] These agreements emphasize perpetual, revocable licenses conditioned on ongoing adherence to Scientology scriptures and technologies, with RTC empowered to monitor and correct any "squirreling" (deviations from standard procedures) through termination clauses.^[40] In legal contexts, such as disputes over mark infringement, courts have recognized RTC's role in these pacts as safeguarding religious orthodoxy rather than commercial interests.^[41]

Legal Engagements and Precedents

Copyright Enforcement Cases (1990s-2000s)

In the 1990s, the Religious Technology Center (RTC) filed several high-profile lawsuits alleging copyright infringement against former Scientologists and online facilitators who posted portions of L. Ron Hubbard's advanced religious materials, such as Operating Thetan (OT) levels, on digital forums and bulletin boards. These cases arose amid early internet dissemination of confidential texts, which RTC claimed were protected as unpublished works essential to Scientology's spiritual technology. RTC sought injunctions, damages, and seizures to prevent further distribution, arguing that unauthorized copying harmed the religion's proprietary methods.^[42] A pivotal case was Religious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Communication Services, Inc. (N.D. Cal. 1995), filed on February 8, 1995, against Dennis Erlich, a former Scientology minister; Tom Klemesrud, operator of a bulletin board system (BBS); and Netcom, an internet service provider (ISP). Erlich had posted excerpts from Hubbard's OT II and OT III materials on the Usenet group alt.religion.scientology via Klemesrud's BBS, which routed messages through Netcom's servers. RTC alleged direct, contributory, and vicarious infringement, claiming the temporary caching of files on servers constituted unauthorized reproduction and distribution. The district court ruled that Netcom and Klemesrud did not commit direct infringement, as automated copying lacked volitional conduct, but denied summary judgment on contributory infringement, finding triable issues of knowledge and material contribution after RTC's notices. The case settled in 1996, with Netcom agreeing to terms that avoided liability precedent but highlighted emerging ISP responsibilities.^[42]^[43] Similarly, in Religious Technology Center v. Lerma (E.D. Va. 1995), RTC sued Arnaldo Lerma, a former member, after he posted the "Fishman Affidavit"—a 1993 court filing containing 69 pages of advanced Scientology documents—on the internet via Digital Gateway Systems in July 1995. The affidavit originated from a California lawsuit against Steven Fishman, where it was sealed but later accessed publicly. RTC also targeted The Washington Post for quoting 46 words from the documents in an August 19, 1995, article. The court granted summary judgment to the Post, holding the use constituted fair use under 17 U.S.C. § 107 due to its newsworthy, transformative nature and minimal market impact, and awarded attorney fees. Advanced materials were deemed to lack trade secret protection as they had entered the public domain through prior leaks and filings, though RTC secured injunctions against Lerma for specific infringements.^[44]^[45] RTC also pursued Religious Technology Center v. FACTNet, Inc. (D. Colo. 1995), filed August 21, 1995, against Lawrence Wollersheim, Robert Ingram, and the Fight Against Coercive Tactics Network (FACTNet) for uploading copyrighted Hubbard works, including OT levels, to their website. Following RTC's ex parte motion, the court authorized seizure of defendants' computers and documents on August 24, 1995, impounding materials in RTC's counsel's custody. The district court upheld RTC's copyrights on unpublished works, rejecting fair use defenses, but the case resolved via settlement in 1996, with defendants agreeing to return documents and refrain from distribution. These actions established RTC's aggressive stance on digital protections but faced criticism for overreach, as courts often limited liability to direct actors while affirming copyrights on core texts.^[46] Enforcement in the 2000s shifted toward Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) notices rather than litigation, with fewer reported RTC-initiated suits over Hubbard's materials; instead, cases involved affiliates or trademarks, reflecting matured online takedown mechanisms.^[47]

Responses to Digital Dissemination and Online Critics

In the mid-1990s, the Religious Technology Center (RTC) initiated multiple federal lawsuits to combat the unauthorized online dissemination of Scientology's advanced religious materials, asserting copyright infringement and trade secret misappropriation claims. These actions targeted individuals who posted excerpts from confidential texts, such as Operating Thetan (OT) levels authored by L. Ron Hubbard, on Usenet newsgroups and early websites, arguing that such postings violated RTC's exclusive licensing rights to these unpublished works.^[37] RTC's filings emphasized that the materials were not intended for public release, as premature exposure could undermine their efficacy in spiritual counseling processes, per Hubbard's directives.^[42] A pivotal case was Religious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Communication Services, Inc. (1995), where RTC sued former Scientologist Dennis Erlich for posting OT passages on the alt.religion.scientology Usenet group, extending claims to Netcom, the ISP hosting the content. The U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California ruled that while Erlich directly infringed copyrights, Netcom was not liable for direct infringement due to its passive caching role but could face contributory liability if it had actual or constructive knowledge of the infringement and failed to act.^[37] This established early precedents limiting ISP immunity under emerging digital liability doctrines, influencing later safe harbor provisions in the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) of 1998.^[42] Similarly, in Religious Technology Center v. Lerma (1995), RTC obtained an ex parte order to raid the home of critic Arnie Lerma, seizing computers after he uploaded portions of the Fishman Affidavit containing OT III materials to the Internet via FactNet. The U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia upheld RTC's copyrights on the texts as original works but rejected trade secret claims for publicly litigated portions, dismissing suits against Lerma's co-defendants like the Washington Post for fair use in reporting.^[44] RTC also pursued Religious Technology Center v. FACTNet, Inc. (1995), targeting Keith Henson and others for distributing digital copies, resulting in a preliminary injunction against further postings but no final damages award due to settlement.^[4] These efforts extended internationally, as in RTC's opposition to Dutch journalist Karin Spaink's online publication of Hubbard excerpts in 1995, where a Dutch court initially restrained distribution but later permitted fair use commentary in 1999, highlighting jurisdictional variances in copyright application to religious critiques.^[48] RTC defended its actions as necessary to safeguard the unaltered "technology" of Scientology practices, with no evidence of suppression motives beyond IP protection in court records, though critics alleged overreach to silence dissent.^[37] By the early 2000s, such litigation declined as DMCA takedown notices became a more efficient tool for addressing sporadic online leaks, shifting focus from full suits to automated enforcement.^[48]

Recent Litigation and Outcomes

In the 2020s, the Religious Technology Center (RTC) has primarily been named as a defendant in lawsuits filed by former Scientologists alleging mistreatment, human trafficking, and related claims, often tied to their involvement in the Sea Organization and enforcement of Scientology doctrines. These cases frequently invoke the Religious Technology Center's role in overseeing intellectual property and ecclesiastical standards, with plaintiffs contending that RTC participated in or facilitated coercive practices. Courts have commonly enforced arbitration clauses embedded in Scientologists' membership agreements, directing disputes to internal ecclesiastical proceedings rather than public trials.^[49] A prominent example is Baxter v. Miscavige, filed on April 28, 2022, in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Florida (Case No. 8:22-cv-00986). Plaintiffs Gawain Baxter, Laura Baxter, and Valeska Paris accused RTC, alongside David Miscavige and the Church of Scientology International, of human trafficking, forced labor, and emotional distress under the Trafficking Victims Protection Act and Florida law, alleging confinement on Freewinds cruise ship and Gold Base facilities from the 1990s to 2010s.^[50] The court granted defendants' motion to compel arbitration on March 7, 2023, citing enforceable contracts requiring resolution through Scientology's internal committees, and denied plaintiffs' request for an interlocutory appeal.^[49] The Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals declined to hear the appeal in 2024, leaving the matter in ongoing religious arbitration as of mid-2025 filings.^[51] Similarly, in Haney v. Church of Scientology International et al., initiated in 2019 in Los Angeles Superior Court and appealed to California's Second Appellate District, plaintiff Valerie Haney claimed false imprisonment, defamation, and stalking by RTC and affiliates after her 2016 departure from Gold Base, including alleged surveillance and online harassment.^[52] The trial court compelled arbitration under Haney's Sea Org contracts in 2020, a decision upheld on appeal, leading the U.S. Supreme Court to deny certiorari on October 4, 2021 (Docket No. 20-1647).^[53] As of May 2024, defendants sought additional arbitration sessions, with Haney protesting delays and perceived bias in the process conducted by Scientology officials.^[54] Leah Remini's August 2, 2023, complaint in Los Angeles Superior Court (Case No. not specified in public dockets) named RTC as a defendant alongside Miscavige and the Church of Scientology International, alleging a racketeering campaign of harassment, including private investigators and smear efforts post-2013 departure, framed under RICO and state tort laws with RTC's doctrinal enforcement as a purported enabler.^[55] A January 2024 tentative ruling addressed defendants' anti-SLAPP motion, and the case was reassigned to a fourth judge by April 2024 amid procedural disputes, remaining unresolved in public court as of October 2025.^[56] These outcomes reflect judicial deference to contractual arbitration in religious contexts, though plaintiffs have argued it denies due process.^[57] No major recent victories for RTC as plaintiff in trademark or copyright enforcement were publicly reported in federal dockets from 2020 onward.

Internal Operational Tools

Knowledge Reports and Ethics Enforcement

The Religious Technology Center (RTC) maintains oversight of ethics enforcement within Scientology organizations to ensure the standard and unaltered application of L. Ron Hubbard's technologies, as deviations could compromise the religion's doctrinal purity.^[1] This includes reviewing reports of ethical lapses through the Inspector General Network, where a dedicated General Inspector for Ethics monitors compliance with Hubbard's ethics codes across affiliated entities.^[5] RTC's authority stems from its mandate to protect the "ethical use of the philosophy," intervening in cases where lower-level handling fails to address threats to technological integrity or group survival.^[5] Knowledge Reports (KRs), formalized in Hubbard's Introduction to Scientology Ethics (1968), serve as a primary mechanism for Scientologists to document observed "outpoints"—deviations from policy, ethics violations, or suppressive acts—without direct involvement in the incident. These reports, encouraged from members and even non-members, escalate to RTC when they indicate risks to core practices, such as altered auditing procedures or command channel breaches, prompting investigations to enforce conditions of existence (e.g., Emergency or Danger formulas) and remedial actions like amends projects or security checks.^[58] Former RTC executive Mike Rinder, who served in ethics oversight roles until 2007, states that public Scientologists are routinely urged to submit KRs directly to RTC on organizational issues, often leading to ethics summonses, lowered conditions, and potential barriers to advanced services like OT levels.^[58] Ethics enforcement under RTC emphasizes causal accountability, applying Hubbard's justice procedures—ranging from verbal ethics handlings to Committees of Evidence or declarations of Suppressive Persons (SPs)—to isolate and correct factors harming the dynamics. RTC's interventions prioritize data-verified outnesses over unsubstantiated claims, with policy prohibiting the suppression of valid reports as a suppressive act itself.^[5] Rinder contends this system fosters a reporting culture that, in practice, incentivizes unsubstantiated accusations to curry favor or avoid personal liability, though Hubbard's writings frame KRs as essential for early detection of ethical decay to sustain expansion.^[58]

Criticisms, Defenses, and Impact

Allegations of Aggressive Tactics and Suppression

The Religious Technology Center (RTC) has faced allegations from critics and defendants in litigation that it employs aggressive legal strategies primarily aimed at suppressing criticism of Scientology rather than solely enforcing intellectual property rights. In the 1995 case Religious Technology Center v. Lerma, a federal district court found that RTC's suit against a former Scientologist and a newspaper for publishing excerpts of L. Ron Hubbard's writings was motivated "to stifle criticism of Scientology in general and to harass Lerma," noting RTC's history of "fair game" practices involving harassment and intimidation despite official disavowal.^[59] Similarly, in Religious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Communication, Inc. (1995), the court observed that RTC's pursuit of a former minister for posting Hubbard's texts online reflected an intent "to stifle criticism of Scientology," with preliminary injunctions granted but damages limited due to fair use defenses.^[48] These cases, part of a wave of 1990s litigation, involved raids on defendants' premises and demands for document seizures, which opponents claimed chilled online discourse about Scientology doctrines.^[37] Critics further allege RTC's involvement in non-litigious suppression tactics, including the deployment of private investigators to harass defectors and vocal opponents. In Texas state court proceedings involving RTC and Church leader David Miscavige (2014 appeal), evidence emerged of "Squirrel Busters"—teams of investigators filming and confronting critic Marty Rathbun daily from 2009 to 2012, tactics described as harassment operations to disrupt his activities and deter public criticism.^[60] A 2019 lawsuit by former member Valerie Haney accused RTC of directing surveillance and intimidation after her departure, including monitoring her movements and attempting to reclaim property under the guise of protecting confidential materials.^[61] Such allegations tie into broader claims of RTC overseeing "policing operations" against "suppressive persons"—designated critics—echoing Hubbard-era policies, though RTC maintains these actions safeguard religious purity.^[62] More recent suits highlight ongoing patterns, with actress Leah Remini filing in 2023 against RTC, Miscavige, and affiliates for alleged stalking, defamation, and harassment campaigns post her 2013 departure, claiming RTC coordinated private investigators and smear efforts to portray her as unstable.^[55] Defendants in these actions, including ex-members in 2022 human trafficking suits, assert RTC's role in internal ethics enforcement extends to external suppression, using trademark claims to target independent practitioners ("squirrels") via injunctions and asset freezes.^[63] While RTC defends such measures as necessary to prevent dilution of Scientology's "technology," courts have occasionally sanctioned tactics as overreach, as in RTC v. FACTNet (1996), where defendants cited RTC's "extreme litigation and extra-litigation tactics" resulting in few successful recoveries despite numerous filings.^[64] These allegations, drawn from court records and plaintiff complaints, portray RTC's enforcement as a tool for broader control, though empirical success in suppressing leaks has waned with digital proliferation.

RTC's Rationale for Protective Measures

The Religious Technology Center (RTC) maintains that its protective measures are essential to safeguard the purity and efficacy of L. Ron Hubbard's Dianetics and Scientology technologies, preventing public harm from unauthorized or incompetent application. According to RTC, misapplication by unqualified individuals or groups could distort the original scriptural materials, leading to ineffective or counterproductive spiritual practices that undermine the religion's core workability.^[7] This rationale emphasizes that Hubbard entrusted RTC in 1982 with ownership of key trademarks—such as "Dianetics" and "Scientology"—and copyrights to enable rigorous oversight, ensuring services are delivered exactly as scripted without alteration.^[7] RTC justifies confidentiality protocols for advanced Scientology scriptures and technologies, restricting access to parishioners who have achieved prior ethical and spiritual benchmarks through lower-level auditing. The organization argues that premature or unsupervised exposure risks misunderstanding or misuse, as these materials presuppose foundational preparation to yield intended spiritual gains; dissemination to unprepared recipients could foster skepticism or ethical breaches rather than enlightenment.^[24] Enforcement actions, including litigation against unauthorized copying, are framed by RTC as necessary to maintain this sequential integrity, with licensing agreements to affiliated churches contingent on adherence to standard delivery methods monitored by RTC inspectors.^[65] In defending legal engagements, particularly against online dissemination, RTC positions its efforts as upholding intellectual property rights while contributing to broader internet safeguards against abuses like fraud and privacy violations. The center claims that without such interventions—such as lawsuits establishing ISP protocols for identifying infringers—inauthentic versions of Scientology materials could proliferate, eroding the religion's doctrinal purity and long-term viability.^[66] RTC asserts these measures preserve Hubbard's exact intentions, protecting adherents and the public alike from diluted or exploitative interpretations that historical precedents, like early trademark disputes, demonstrated could fracture the movement's ethical and operational standards.^[7]

Contributions to Scientology's Global Expansion and Stability

The Religious Technology Center (RTC), formed as a nonprofit religious organization in 1982, serves as the guardian of Scientology's core technologies by holding ownership of all trademarks, service marks, symbols, and texts associated with Dianetics and Scientology, which L. Ron Hubbard transferred to it prior to his death.^[1] Through licensing agreements with the Church of Scientology International and its affiliates, RTC enforces strict standards for the application of these materials, ensuring doctrinal purity and preventing deviations that could arise from unauthorized alterations or splinter interpretations.^[3] This framework has facilitated global expansion by allowing affiliated churches and missions to operate under a unified brand, with consistent delivery of auditing and training services, thereby maintaining organizational coherence as Scientology extended into over 165 nations.^[67] RTC's intellectual property protections have deterred infringement and counterfeiting, stabilizing the religion against external threats that might otherwise fragment its presence or erode its proprietary methods.^[7] Under the leadership of Chairman David Miscavige, RTC has overseen the rollout of the "Ideal Org" strategy, transforming facilities worldwide into standardized hubs equipped with authentic materials, which official accounts credit with accelerating membership growth and service delivery capacity.^[68] For instance, this approach contributed to the establishment or upgrade of numerous continental and local organizations, enabling scalable dissemination of Hubbard's technologies without compromising their integrity.^[69] By monitoring compliance via ecclesiastical inspections and revoking licenses for non-adherence, RTC upholds internal stability, reducing variances in practice that could lead to inefficacy or public scandals.^[2] This oversight has been instrumental in sustaining long-term viability amid international regulatory scrutiny, as evidenced by the religion's reported increase in active participants advancing through its structured "Bridge to Total Freedom" since the 1980s reorganization.^[13] Such measures prioritize causal fidelity to Hubbard's original formulations, arguably underpinning the resilience required for sustained global outreach.

References

[1]
An Introduction to Religious Technology Center (RTC)
Religious Technology Center (RTC) was formed in 1982 and received ownership of the trademarks from Mr. Hubbard.
[2]
What is Religious Technology Center? - Scientology
Religious Technology Center (RTC) is a nonprofit religious organization formed in 1982 to preserve, maintain and protect the Scientology religion.
[3]
Trademarks of Dianetics and Scientology
Religious Technology Center (RTC) uses trademark registration to protect Scientology and Dianetics names, symbols, technologies and materials, ...Missing: founding | Show results with:founding
[4]
Religious Technology Center v. FACT Net, Inc., 901 F. Supp. 1519 ...
RTC alleges Defendants have placed on the Internet unauthorized copies of unpublished religious works called OT materials, often referred to as "Advanced ...
[5]
the religious technology center and the crossing of corporate lines
...Until 1982, all the trademarks and service marks were owned by L. Ron Hubbard. In May of that year he gave the marks of the Scientology religion ...
[6]
CHURCH OF SPIRITUAL TECHNOLOGY v. UNITED STATES
... Religious Technology Center [including the Authorization, Verification and Correction Unit]; Church of Spiritual Technology; 129 Missions of Scientology ...<|separator|>
[7]
Preserving, Maintaining and Protecting the Scientology Religion
Religious Technology Center (RTC), headed by Chairman of the Board, David Miscavige, guarantees the protection of Scientology and Dianetics trademarks, ...
[8]
1982
1982, 1.1. Attorney Sherman Lenske incorporates Religious Technology Center (RTC). Miscavige is a Trustee of RTC, giving him the power to appoint and remove ...
[9]
10 May 1982 Assignment Agreement (LRH/RTC) (Marks) [ACTUAL]
May 10, 1982 · Executed first on 10 May 1982 (the date being used for chronological placement) purportedly by L. ... "I have transferred my religious trademarks ...
[10]
[PDF] Articles of Incorporation of Religious Technology Center
Jan 1, 1982 · The Corporation's initial agent for service of process is the Reverend LYMAN D. SPURLOCK,. JR., whose address is 4751 Fountain Avenue;. Los ...
[11]
Full Text: Closing Agreement Between IRS and Church of Scientology
The full text is provided of what is believed to be the closing agreement between the IRS and the Church of Scientology that gave the church tax-exempt ...
[12]
Church of Scientology IRS Tax Exemption - STAND League
The Church's spiritual headquarters was also individually recognized as tax-exempt, as were the Church's publishing entities. Religious Technology Center (RTC), ...
[13]
David Miscavige, Chairman of the Board (COB RTC)
David Miscavige became the Chairman of the Board of Religious Technology Center. Throughout his career, Mr. David Miscavige has tirelessly worked to expand and ...
[14]
How Scientology Leader David Miscavige Rose to Power
Dec 21, 2016 · As Hubbard's closest advisor, David assumed the leadership of Scientology. His official title is Chairman of the Board, Religious Technology ...
[15]
David Miscavige | Research Starters - EBSCO
In 1987, Miscavige became the chair of the Religious Technology Center, dedicated to the preservation of Scientology. By ousting the scandal-tainted founder's ...
[16]
Declaration of Vicki Aznaran, Church of Scientology vs. Steven ...
I eventually became President of Religious Technology Center and, supposedly, the top "ecclesiastical" authority within Scientology. Richard was a high-level ...
[17]
What Was Vicki Aznaran's Role In The RTC (Religious Technology ...
... Vicki Aznaran in the Religious Technology Center (RTC) of the Church of Scientology. Vicki held prominent positions as President and Chairman of the Board ...
[18]
Third declaration of Vicki Aznaran from 19 May 1994
3. Religious Technology Center ("RTC") is the owner of the trade secret rights in certain confidential scriptures of the Scientology religion referred to ...
[19]
Scientology Leader Gave ABC First-Ever Interview
Nov 18, 2006 · On Feb. 14, 1992, ABC News aired what Scientology leader David Miscavige said was his first-ever interview.
[20]
The Man in Control - Los Angeles Times
Jun 24, 1990 · At 30, David Miscavige is chairman of the board of an organization that sits atop the bureaucratic labyrinth known as the Church of Scientology.Missing: transition | Show results with:transition
[21]
Religious Technology Center - Scientology Newsroom
Religious Technology Center (RTC) is a non-profit religious organization formed in 1982 to preserve, maintain and protect the Scientology religion.
[22]
Inspector General Network - Religious Technology Center
An Inspector General investigates and corrects instances in which departure from orthodox Scientology could betray an Organization's service to its ...Missing: standard tech
[23]
Religious Technology Center and the Inspector General Network
Jan 1, 1997 · Inspector Generals investigate and root out suppressives within and outside Scientology orgs who would prevent or distract from 100% standard ...
[24]
Protecting the Advanced Technology
Religious Technology Center (RTC) protects the confidentiality and security of Scientology Advanced Technologies and Scripture, making sure all Scientology ...
[25]
https://www.taxnotes.com/research/federal/court-documents/court-opinions-and-orders/denial-of-tax-exempt-status-for-scientology-group-affirmed/1l2nc
[26]
Religious Technology Center - GuideStar Profile
Ron Hubbard granted this Church ownership of the religious trademarks of Scientology. RTC thus became the Church responsible for the protection of the religion.
[27]
Religious Technology Center Company Profile - Datanyze
Learn about the Religious Technology Center, (RTC), Chairman of the Board David Miscavige, and its role as holder of Scientology and Dianetics trademarks.Missing: directors | Show results with:directors
[28]
Monique V Scientology: Warren McShane Declaration | PDF - Scribd
Warren McShane, the president of Religious Technology Center (RTC), declares that RTC is a California non-profit corporation that holds authority over ...
[29]
What is the Sea Organization? - Scientology
The Sea Organization is a religious order for the Scientology religion and is composed of the singularly most dedicated Scientologists.
[30]
Scientology Organization and Hierarchy
The ecclesiastical Organizations of the Scientology religion are arranged in a hierarchical structure that reflects these levels.Missing: internal | Show results with:internal
[31]
Church Community - Scientology: The Marks of Religion
CSI is the mother church and has the chief responsibility to propagate the Scientology creed around the world. The all-important function of RTC is to preserve, ...
[32]
What is Church of Scientology International?
Church of Scientology International (CSI), the mother church of the Scientology religion, is headquartered in Los Angeles, California.
[33]
[PDF] church of scientology international
As discussed below, RTC delegates rights to use the advanced technology and religious marks to churches in the ecclesiastical hierarchy and then supervises ...
[34]
Copyright and Trademark Notice - Scientology
Trademarks: The following are trademarks and service marks owned by Religious Technology Center, Los Angeles, California, USA. These marks are licensed for use ...
[35]
WIPO Domain Name Decision: D2000-0410
Religious Technology Center v. Freie Zone E. V. Case No. D2000-0410. 1. The Parties. Complainant is Religious Technology Center, a non-profit corporation ...Missing: transfer | Show results with:transfer
[36]
Legal—Website Terms of Use - Religious Technology Center
Trademark Information. The following are trademarks and service marks owned by Religious Technology Center, Los Angeles, California, USA. These marks are ...Missing: transfer date
[37]
Religious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Com., 923 F. Supp ...
This case involves Scientology-affiliated groups suing a former minister for posting their founder's writings online, concerning intellectual property rights ...
[38]
[PDF] Matter of Church Scientology International - Department of Justice
Apr 15, 2013 · the religious Technology Center (another Scientology organization) own and control, by trademarks and service marks, the products,.
[39]
What is Religious Technology Center?
RTC grants the Church of Scientology International (CSI), the mother church of the Scientology religion, the right to use the trademarks and to license their ...
[40]
What is Religious Technology Center?
Ron Hubbard donated to RTC in 1982. Earlier, Mr. Hubbard himself oversaw the practice of the religion and registered as trade and service marks many of the ...Missing: creation | Show results with:creation
[41]
Religious Technology Center v. Scott, 660 F. Supp. 515 (C.D. Cal ...
This case originated in the theft in 1983 by Robin Scott of certain documents belonging to the plaintiff Church of Scientology International, Inc.Missing: controversies | Show results with:controversies
[42]
Religious Tech. Center v. Netcom On-Line Comm., 907 F. Supp ...
This case concerns an issue of first impression regarding intellectual property rights in cyberspace.
[43]
Religious Technology Center v. Netcom Online Communication ...
Erlich's act of sending his messages created reproductions of RTC's copyrighted material on Netcom's servers. However, Netcom cannot be held liable for direct ...
[44]
Religious Technology Center v. Lerma, 908 F. Supp. 1362 (E.D. Va ...
Religious Technology Center v. Lerma, 908 F. Supp. 1362 (E.D. Va. 1995) case opinion from the US District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia.Missing: 2000s | Show results with:2000s
[45]
Religious Technology Center v. Lerma, 908 F. Supp. 1362 (1995)
Arnaldo Lerma (defendant), another former church member, acquired a copy of the Fishman affidavit and, on August 1, 1995, posted the information on the internet ...
[46]
Religious Technology Center v. FACTNet, Inc., 907 F. Supp. 1468 (D ...
Plaintiff Religious Technology Center, Inc. (RTC) seized documents and computer media of Defendants and impounded them in the custody of RTC's counsel.
[47]
Twenty Years of the DMCA: Notice and Takedown in Hindsight (Part I)
Oct 26, 2018 · ... Religious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Communication Services, Inc. Dennis Erlich, one of the defendants in the case, was a former ...Missing: lawsuits | Show results with:lawsuits
[48]
Religious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Communications ...
The paper shows that constructive knowledge is all that is necessary to hold an ISP liable for infringing activity and that the success of a fair use defense ...
[49]
Baxter v. Miscavige, 8:22-cv-00986 – CourtListener.com
27, 2025, 8:27 p.m.. Assigned To: Thomas Patrick Barber. Referred To: Sean P. Flynn. Citation: Baxter v. Miscavige ... Date of Last Known Filing: July 9, 2025.
[50]
[PDF] Case 8:22-cv-00986 Document 1 Filed 04/28/22 Page 1 of 90 ...
Apr 28, 2022 · Ron Hubbard, RTC owns, administers and enforces certain intellectual property (“IP”) rights, including. Scientology's trademarks and rights in ...
[51]
[PDF] Dismissing Human Trafficking: Forced Arbitration of Survivors' Civil ...
Jun 16, 2025 · June 7, 2023). In 2024, the Eleventh Circuit declined to hear plaintiffs' interlocutory appeal of the ruling. Baxter v. Miscavige,. No. 23- ...
[52]
She Escaped Scientology in the Trunk of a Car. Her ... - Rolling Stone
Mar 27, 2023 · Valerie Haney opens up about her years-long battle with the Church of Scientology, and how the court is forcing her into “religious arbitration.”Missing: v. outcome
[53]
Docket for 20-1647 - Search - Supreme Court of the United States
Valerie Haney, Petitioner v. Church of Scientology International, et al. Docketed: May 26, 2021. Lower Ct: Court of Appeal of California, Second Appellate ...
[54]
Scientology wants more days of 'arbitration' but Valerie Haney tells ...
May 31, 2024 · In the case at bar, the Defendants are dragging this purported “religious arbitration” on month after month. The Plaintiff has complained that ...
[55]
Leah Remini, Vocal Scientology Critic, Files Suit Against Church
Aug 4, 2023 · The lawsuit, which was filed on Wednesday in Superior Court in Los Angeles County, lists the church as a defendant along with its Religious Technology Center ...
[56]
Leah Remini's lawsuit against Scientology gets 4th judge
Apr 11, 2024 · ... David Miscavige. Judge Holly J. Fujie will be ... Miscavige's brief argued that his position as chairman at the Religious Technology Center ...
[57]
[PDF] Playing the Unfair Game: Apostates, Abuse & Religious Arbitration
Nov 27, 2023 · A fourth group of ex-Scientologists filed suit against the Church after Bixler. See Baxter v. Miscavige, No. 8:22-cv-986, 2023 WL 1993969 (M.D. ...
[58]
The Knowledge Report - Mike Rinder's Blog
Aug 21, 2016 · Up-lines. The public is encouraged to write knowledge reports to RTC (Religious Technology Center) regarding outpoints within the organization.
[59]
Religious Technology Center v. Lerma, 908 F. Supp. 1353 (E.D. Va ...
There were numerous times when counsel for RTC strayed into issues far beyond the scope of copyright or trade secret law and were more akin to an objection to ...
[60]
In re David Miscavige and Religious Technology CenterAppeal from ...
... Religious Technology Center seek a writ of ... private investigators known as the Squirrel Busters to investigate the Rathbuns. ... harassment operations ...
[61]
[PDF] Val Haney Complaint Master Final - Law.com
Jun 18, 2019 · Per CSI policy, an SP, or critic of Scientology, must be silenced by whatever means necessary. Mr. Hubbard's own written policies instruct ...
[62]
Leah Remini Hits Church of Scientology with Harassment Lawsuit
Aug 2, 2023 · The complaint names church chairman David Miscavige and the Religious Technology Center, which allegedly manages policing operations and ...
[63]
[PDF] Case 8:22-cv-00986-TPB-JSS Document 79 Filed 08/02/22 Page 1 ...
Aug 2, 2022 · On June 2, Plaintiffs sent a waiver package via Federal. Express to David Miscavige c/o Religious Technology Ctr., Inc. ... Defendant Religious ...<|separator|>
[64]
Religious Technology Center v. FACT Net, Inc., 945 F. Supp. 1470 ...
Religious Technology Center ("RTC") and Bridge Publications, Inc. sue Lawrence Wollersheim, Robert Penny and F.A.C.T.Net, Inc. for injunctive relief and damages ...Missing: officers | Show results with:officers
[65]
Guarantor of Scientology's Future - Religious Technology Center
Its purpose is to protect the public from misapplication of the technology and to see that the religious technologies of Dianetics and Scientology remain in ...
[66]
What has been the Church's role in protecting free speech and ...
In the late 1990s, the Church of Scientology stepped into the breach in defense of the free exchange of ideas and in the name of respect for the rights of ...Missing: enforcement | Show results with:enforcement<|separator|>
[67]
Church of Scientology Announces Biggest Expansion in Scientology ...
Nov 21, 2009 · In 2009 the Church of Scientology has expanded to more than 9,000 Churches, Missions and affiliated groups in 165 nations—doubling the number in ...
[68]
David Miscavige - Scientology Leader, Religious Technology Center ...
David Miscavige is the ecclesiastical leader of the Church of Scientology religion and Chairman of the Board of the Religious Technology Center (RTC).
[69]
David Miscavige Launches Scientology Network
The March 12th, 2018 launch of the Scientology Network, introduced by Mr. David Miscavige in this one-hour special.