Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Reorder tone

The reorder tone, also known as the fast busy tone, congestion tone, or all trunks busy (ATB) tone, is an audible call progress signal in public switched telephone networks (PSTN) that alerts callers to the unavailability of a transmission path, typically because all switching paths or trunks are busy or the dialed number is invalid.^[1]^[2] In North American telephony systems, it consists of a dual-frequency tone at 480 Hz and 620 Hz, each at -24 dBm0, with a rapid cadence of 0.25 seconds on followed by 0.25 seconds off, repeating continuously at 120 interruptions per minute to distinguish it from the slower standard busy tone.^[3] This signal is generated by the network when incoming circuit capacity or private branch exchange (PBX) ports are fully utilized, ensuring callers are promptly informed without tying up resources further.^[4] Historically, the reorder tone has been a standard feature in analog and digital telephony since the mid-20th century, evolving alongside the expansion of PSTN infrastructure to handle increasing call volumes and prevent network overload.^[5] In modern voice over IP (VoIP) systems using Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), it can be customized or replaced with voice announcements, though traditional tones remain common for compatibility with legacy equipment.^[4] Variations exist internationally; for example, in some European networks, congestion tones may use a single 425 Hz frequency with different cadences, such as 0.2 seconds on and 0.2 seconds off.^[5] Businesses monitor reorder tone occurrences via traffic reports from providers like CenturyLink or Integra to optimize circuit capacity and avoid lost calls during peak hours.^[4] The reorder tone plays a critical role in call management by freeing up network resources quickly, differing from other progress tones like ringback or standard busy signals in its urgency and repetition rate.^[2] In troubleshooting, persistent reorder tones may indicate configuration issues, such as insufficient ports in a PBX or calling search space errors in systems like Cisco CallManager.^[6] As telephony shifts toward all-IP environments, the tone's relevance persists in hybrid setups, underscoring its enduring utility in signaling network congestion.^[4]

Overview

Definition

The reorder tone is an intermittent audible call progress tone in the public switched telephone network (PSTN) that signals to the calling party that a call cannot be completed, typically due to network congestion, invalid dialing, or equipment unavailability.^[7] Unlike visual indicators such as error messages on modern devices or silent disconnections, the reorder tone relies exclusively on audio to promptly inform users of the issue, ensuring accessibility in traditional analog telephony environments where visual feedback may be absent. The tone's basic structure involves a generated sound interrupted at a rapid rate, designed to create an urgent auditory cue that differentiates it from slower-interrupting signals like the busy tone, which denotes an engaged destination line.^[8]

Purpose and Usage

The reorder tone functions as an audible signal in telephony systems to notify callers of connection failures arising from network limitations or errors. It is commonly triggered when all trunks are busy (ATB), indicating that no available circuits exist for routing the call, or during network congestion where excessive traffic prevents call completion.^[9]^[5] Additionally, the tone activates for invalid or non-existent destination numbers, out-of-service equipment, or invalid access codes, alerting the user to potential dialing mistakes or system unavailability.^[10]^[11] In call progress signaling, the reorder tone's primary role is to instruct the caller to retry the call later or verify the number, thereby discouraging repeated attempts on unavailable paths and conserving network resources.^[2] This feedback mechanism enhances user experience by providing immediate awareness of issues without requiring further interaction from the network.^[12] Contemporary implementations extend the reorder tone's application beyond traditional analog Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) setups to digital environments, including Voice over IP (VoIP) and Private Branch Exchange (PBX) systems, where it denotes errors such as invalid extensions or failed outbound routes.^[6] In these contexts, it maintains consistency in error indication across hybrid infrastructures.^[13]

Technical Characteristics

Audio Specifications

The reorder tone features distinct frequency components tailored to regional telecommunication standards. In North American systems, it employs a dual-tone configuration of 480 Hz and 620 Hz, generated simultaneously to produce a clear, identifiable signal.^[14] In contrast, European standards under ETSI and ITU-T guidelines typically utilize a single-tone approach with frequencies around 400 to 425 Hz, such as 425 Hz across most countries (e.g., Germany, France at 440 Hz variant, or the UK at 400 Hz), ensuring harmonization while accommodating national variations.^[15] This tone is generated by telephone exchanges or endpoint equipment through electronic oscillators that synthesize the required sinusoidal waveforms. In traditional analog systems, these oscillators create pure tones. Modern implementations, such as dedicated integrated circuits like the Teltone M-991, employ low-power CMOS-based oscillators for precise generation of these components.^[16] Volume levels are calibrated for optimal audibility and compatibility with standard handset receivers, avoiding distortion while maintaining sufficient loudness. In North American specifications, each frequency component is set at -24 dBm0, yielding a combined power level of -21 dBm0. Broader standards permit a range of -52 dBm0 to -21 dBm0 total power to account for transmission losses and equipment variations, though typical deployments target -24 dBm0 for consistent performance.^[14]^[17]

Cadence Variations

The reorder tone is characterized by a rapid on-off interruption pattern, typically consisting of 0.25 seconds of tone followed by 0.25 seconds of silence, repeating continuously to produce 120 interruptions per minute.^[14] This cadence creates a distinctive "fast busy" rhythm that is immediately perceptible to the caller.^[15] The purpose of this faster interruption rate, compared to the slower cadence of standard busy tones (often 60 interruptions per minute), is to signal a more severe network congestion or equipment unavailability, emphasizing urgency and encouraging the caller to terminate the attempt and redial later.^[14]^[15] By accelerating the pulse, the tone conveys that the issue lies beyond the called party's line, such as all trunks being occupied, prompting quicker user action to free up resources.^[14] While the symmetric 0.25-second on-off pattern represents the standard in many telephony systems, some implementations introduce minor variations in timing to optimize auditory perception, such as slightly longer off periods for clarity.^[5] However, all variations maintain an intermittent structure to differentiate the reorder tone from continuous signals and ensure it is not mistaken for other audio cues.^[14] These adjustments are guided by perceptual studies in telecommunications engineering, prioritizing rapid repetition over steady tones for effective signaling.^[18]

Regional Differences

North America

In North America, the reorder tone adheres to standards established by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the Bell System, consisting of a dual-frequency tone at 480 Hz and 620 Hz, each with a power level of -24 dBm0, interrupted at 120 times per minute using a cadence of 0.25 seconds on and 0.25 seconds off.^[19] These specifications, originally defined in AT&T practices and later formalized in Telcordia document GR-505-CORE, ensure consistent signaling across the telecommunications network.^[19] Within the North American Numbering Plan (NANP), the reorder tone—also known as the fast busy or all trunks busy (ATB) tone—is primarily employed to signal network congestion, such as when no trunks are available in long-distance networks, or to indicate errors like invalid area codes or non-existent called numbers.^[20] For instance, if a dialed number falls outside valid NANP routing or encounters carrier-level overload, the originating party receives this tone to prompt redialing after clearing the connection. In contemporary Voice over IP (VoIP) implementations, such as Cisco Unified Communications Manager, the reorder tone maintains these legacy frequency and cadence parameters to preserve interoperability with public switched telephone network (PSTN) gateways and ensure seamless call progress indication. Similarly, systems like ShoreTel adhere to these specifications for compatibility during trunking and routing. Troubleshooting premature reorder tones in these environments often involves verifying configurations, as errors in calling search spaces (CSS) or partitions can cause the system to reject valid routes and trigger the tone erroneously.^[6]^[21]

Europe and ETSI Standards

In European telecommunications, the reorder tone, often referred to as the congestion tone, is standardized under CEPT and ETSI guidelines to indicate network failures such as overload or invalid call attempts. According to CEPT Recommendation T/CS 20-15, the generic congestion tone uses a single frequency of 425 Hz ±15 Hz at a level of -12 to -8 dBm, with a cadence of 0.2 seconds on and 0.2 seconds off, designed to alert users to abort the call attempt due to temporary network issues.^[22] This specification aligns with ITU-T Recommendation E.180, which recommends a frequency range of 400-450 Hz and a faster cadence than the busy tone for congestion signals in international and national networks.^[18] A notable variant exists in the United Kingdom, where the congestion tone employs a 400 Hz frequency with a more complex cadence of 0.4 seconds on, 0.35 seconds off, 0.225 seconds on, and 0.525 seconds off, while the number unobtainable tone (used for permanently unreachable numbers) is a continuous 400 Hz tone.^[23] These UK specifications, documented in ITU operational bulletins based on national implementations, distinguish between transient congestion and permanent faults like disconnected lines. Under the E.164 international numbering plan, the congestion tone in CEPT countries signals failures such as invalid international dialing sequences, network overload, or unobtainable subscriber numbers, ensuring consistent user feedback across borders. In PBX and ISDN environments, ETSI standards like EN 300 001 mandate the use of this 425 Hz intermittent tone for invalid digit sequences or blocked calls, promoting harmonization among EU member states. ETSI standards like EN 300 001, developed in the 1990s amid EU efforts toward market liberalization, promoted harmonization of tones to facilitate cross-border interoperability.^[24] In other regions, such as Asia-Pacific countries like Japan and Australia, congestion tones typically use frequencies around 400-480 Hz with national cadences, as outlined in ITU-T Recommendation E.180 and operational bulletins, though specifics vary by country.^[18]

History and Development

Origins in Early Telephony

The reorder tone, serving as an automated indicator of network congestion, first emerged in the 1920s and 1930s amid the rapid expansion of urban telephone networks, where increasing call volumes often overwhelmed available trunk lines. AT&T's Bell Laboratories developed this tone as an integral component of early automated switching systems, such as the step-by-step (Strowger) and panel switches, to efficiently manage trunk congestion without relying on manual operator assistance. These innovations were driven by the need to scale telephony in growing cities, where manual exchanges struggled to handle surging demand, leading to the standardization of audible signals for "all trunks busy" conditions by the late 1920s.^[25] In its early purpose, the reorder tone replaced operator interventions in manual exchanges, enabling fully automatic signaling that informed callers of congestion and prompted them to try again later, thus reducing the load on switching equipment and improving overall system efficiency. Bell Labs engineers integrated this tone into the signaling protocols of electromechanical switches, marking a key shift from human-mediated call handling to machine-driven processes during the transition from the 1910s manual systems to widespread automation by the 1930s. This development aligned with broader efforts to automate long-distance and local calls, minimizing delays in busy urban hubs like New York and Chicago.^[26]^[27] As pre-digital precursors, reorder tones were implemented in electromechanical step-by-step switches, where generation relied on simple mechanical interrupters tied to relay circuits to produce the characteristic rapid on-off pattern. These interrupters, often driven by rotating cams or toothed wheels in tone plants, modulated a steady audio signal at higher interruption rates than standard busy tones to distinguish congestion from individual line busyness, ensuring clear auditory feedback in noisy electromechanical environments. Western Electric equipment, under Bell Labs guidance, commonly employed such relay-based interrupters for reliable tone production in these early systems.^[28]

Modern Standardization

Following World War II, the Bell System codified reorder tone specifications within its engineering practices during the 1950s, establishing uniform parameters for frequency, cadence, and application to handle network congestion signals across its expanding network.^[29] These practices laid the groundwork for North American standards, which were later formalized in the 1980s through ANSI T1.401, specifying signaling interfaces for analog voicegrade lines that incorporated call progress tones like reorder to ensure interoperability between carriers and customer installations.^[30] In Europe, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) advanced harmonization efforts in the 1990s, adopting congestion tone equivalents to reorder in reports such as TR 101 041-2 (1997), which recommended a 425 Hz tone with a 0.2-second on/off cadence to indicate temporary network overloads while aligning with international guidelines like ITU-T E.180.^[31] The shift to digital switching profoundly influenced reorder tone deployment, with Bell Labs' Electronic Switching Systems (ESS), introduced starting with No. 1 ESS in 1964, embedding tone generation directly into programmable electronic modules for precise, repeatable output without mechanical variability.^[32] This integration extended to later systems like No. 4 ESS in the 1970s, where tones were synthesized via digital signal processing to meet high-volume traffic demands. Complementing this, the Signaling System No. 7 (SS7) protocol, standardized by CCITT in 1980 and widely implemented in the 1980s, provided out-of-band control for call setup and teardown, including directives for reorder tone application during congestion, thereby ensuring tonal consistency across diverse network elements and enabling seamless international roaming.^[33] As voice communications migrated to IP networks in the late 1990s and 2000s, updates focused on preserving reorder tone fidelity in packet-based environments. The IETF's RFC 2833 (2000) introduced RTP payload formats for telephony events, designating event code 73 for reorder tone to transmit its characteristic interrupted cadence—typically 0.25 seconds on/off at 480/620 Hz—without distortion from audio codecs, thus maintaining legacy patterns in SIP systems interfacing with PSTN gateways.^[34] This approach, updated in RFC 4733 (2006), remains integral to modern VoIP deployments as of the 2020s, supporting hybrid networks where traditional cadences signal equipment or trunk unavailability reliably over IP.^[35]

Comparison to Busy Tone

The reorder tone and busy tone are both call progress tones used in telephony to indicate call failure, but they differ primarily in cadence, purpose, and the guidance they provide to the caller. Both tones typically employ the same dual-frequency composition of 480 Hz and 620 Hz at similar power levels in North American standards, ensuring auditory familiarity while the rhythm distinguishes their meanings.^[15]^[19] A key distinction lies in their cadences, which convey varying levels of urgency. The busy tone features a slower, repeating pattern of 0.5 seconds on followed by 0.5 seconds off, resulting in approximately 60 interruptions per minute, signaling a standard engaged line.^[15]^[19] In contrast, the reorder tone—often called the fast busy tone—has a quicker cadence of 0.25 seconds on and 0.25 seconds off (or variations like 0.3 seconds on and 0.2 seconds off), producing about 120 interruptions per minute to emphasize network-level issues rather than simple line occupancy.^[15]^[19] This faster rhythm, as defined in standards like ITU-T E.180 and RFC 3660, helps callers quickly recognize the need for alternative actions.^[19] In terms of indication, the busy tone specifically notifies the caller that the called party's line is in use by another party, reflecting a subscriber-side condition.^[15] The reorder tone, however, indicates broader systemic problems, such as network congestion (all trunks busy), invalid or unallocated numbers, or equipment faults, preventing call routing at the switching level.^[12]^[15] According to ITU-T recommendations, this differentiation ensures the reorder tone's congestion signaling aligns with equipment or circuit group unavailability, distinct from the busy tone's focus on the called subscriber. These differences guide user responses accordingly. Upon hearing a busy tone, callers are typically advised to retry the call later, as the issue is temporary and line-specific.^[12] The reorder tone's rapid pace prompts more immediate action, such as verifying the dialed number for errors, checking for service outages, or attempting a redial after a short wait to avoid exacerbating congestion.^[12]^[19] This design promotes efficient network usage by discouraging persistent attempts during systemic overloads.

Relation to Other Call Progress Tones

The reorder tone belongs to the broader category of call progress tones as defined in ITU-T Recommendation E.180, which establishes technical characteristics for signals including dial tone (indicating line readiness for dialing), ringback tone (signaling remote ringing), busy tone (denoting the called party is engaged), and special information tones (SIT) for conveying network errors or announcements.^[36] These tones collectively guide users through telephony interactions by providing audible feedback on call status without voice intervention.^[36] Within standard call flows, the reorder tone typically succeeds the dial tone upon detection of invalid input, such as an unrecognized number or insufficient digits, prompting the caller to redial.^[12] It may also supplant the ringback tone during periods of network congestion, alerting the caller to try again later, and frequently precedes the SIT in error-handling sequences where additional verbal instructions follow. In the evolution toward digital networks, particularly VoIP systems, the reorder tone integrates with Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) signaling; for instance, a SIP 503 Service Unavailable response—indicating overload or temporary failure—often maps to the reorder tone at media gateways to maintain consistent user experience across hybrid PSTN-VoIP environments. This linkage ensures the tone serves as a unified congestion indicator alongside related signals like busy tones in protocol-driven call progress.

References

[1]
Reorder Tone - Billing Dictionary
A tone applied 120 times per minute indicating that all switching paths or trunks are busy. The reorder tone also is called a channel busy or fast busy tone.Missing: telephony specifications
[2]
Fast Busy/Reorder tone when placing a call - HuronTel
This is also known as The reorder tone, or the fast busy tone, which is the congestion tone or all trunks busy (ATB) tone of a public switched telephone network ...
[3]
draft-foster-mgcp-basic-packages-10 - Basic Media Gateway Control ...
In North America, reorder tone is a combination of two AC tones with ... The cadence for reorder tone is 0.25 seconds on followed by 0.25 seconds off ...
[4]
What Does Reorder Tone Mean? - CarrierBid Communications
A reorder tone is a fast busy signal and it is usually heard when all your circuits are busy. The trouble is the people calling you hear the tone but you don't.
[5]
Tone Cadence | InnoMedia
Mar 5, 2021 · Reorder tone, also known as fast busy tone, is the congestion tone or all trunks busy tone of a PSTN network. It varies from country to country.
[6]
In CallManager, the reorder tone is observed while making calls to ...
Jun 18, 2009 · In CallManager, the reorder tone is observed while making calls to IP phones registered to the same CallManager cluster · Core Issue · Resolution.<|control11|><|separator|>
[7]
reorder tone - Avaya Documentation
Sep 7, 2012 · Definitions · Locally sourced music and ... Home Administering Avaya Aura® Call Center Elite reorder toneCurrent page. Table of Content ...Missing: telephony | Show results with:telephony
[8]
[PDF] NENA Master Glossary Of 9-1-1 Terminology
Feb 25, 2005 · The tone is applied 60 times per minute. Cable TV/Telephony ... Reorder Tone). Call Relay. Forwarding of pertinent information by a ...
[9]
reorder tone - Avaya Documentation
Sep 7, 2012 · A tone to signal that one of the facilities such as a trunk or a digit transmitter, was not available.
[10]
[PDF] Dial Plan - Cisco
Sep 27, 2007 · as immediate reorder tone if an invalid number is being dialed. ... unavailable due to an "all trunks busy" condition or insufficient IP WAN ...
[11]
Troubleshooting Guide for Cisco CallManager, Release 4.1(3)
A reorder tone may occur if the dialed number is out of service or if the PSTN has an equipment or service problem. Check to be sure that the device giving the ...
[12]
Voice Network Signaling and Control - Cisco
Dec 4, 2008 · A Reorder tone indicates that all the local telephone circuits are busy, and thus prevents a telephone call from being processed. A Receiver off ...
[13]
Configure Call Progress Tones in Regional Voice Parameters on ...
Jun 17, 2019 · The objective of this document is to show how to configure the call progress tones in the regional voice parameters on SPA100 series ...
[14]
RFC 3660: Basic Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP) Packages
... dBm each, to give a combined level of -21 dBm. The cadence for Station Busy ... In North America, reorder tone is a combination of two AC tones with ...
[15]
[PDF] Various tones used in national networks - ITU
Busy tone -. 425. 0.5 on 0.5 off. Congestion tone -. 425. 2.5 on (every 10.0 sec.) Dial tone -. 425 continuous. Ringing tone -. 425. 1.0 on 0.5 off 1.0 on 10.0 ...
[16]
https://www1.futureelectronics.com/doc/clare/m-991.pdf
[17]
Tech Stuff - Network (Call Progress) tones - North America - Zytrax
Power Levels ; Name, 350 Hz, 440 Hz ; Dial tone. Message Waiting Recall, -29 to -10 dBm, -29 to -10 dBm ; Line Busy Reorder ; Ringing, -47 to -16 dBm ...
[18]
E.180 : Technical characteristics of tones for the telephone service
### Summary of Congestion Tone Frequencies and Levels (ITU-T E.180/Q.35)
[19]
RFC 3660 - Basic Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP) Packages
In North America, reorder tone is a combination of two AC tones with ... [6] Bellcore, "Call Processing" GR-505-CORE, Issue 1, December 1997. [7] ...
[20]
[PDF] Intercarrier Call Completion/Call Termination Handbook | ATIS
Numbering Plan Area/ Central Office Code Routing (NPA/NXX) ... Reorder tone (also known as “fast busy”) is applied to the originating ...
[21]
Configure Partition and Calling Search Space - Cisco
May 5, 2016 · This document describes the functionality of partitions and calling search spaces (CSSs) to apply call routing restrictions based on user class and/or ...
[22]
[PDF] T/CS 20-15 - Tones and announcements - ETSI
The signal to noise ratio shall not be less than 30dB, and the collective power of the other sound waves must not exceed 46 dBm (except for dial tone when MFPB ...Missing: reorder | Show results with:reorder
[23]
[PDF] ITU Operational Bulletin No. 781 - 1.II.2003
Jan 27, 2003 · Dial tone -. 450 continuous. Number unobtainable tone - I. 450. 6x(0.11 on 0.092 off) 0.362 on 0.11 off. Number unobtainable tone - II (digital).
[24]
[PDF] EN 300 001 V1.5.1 (1998-10) - ETSI
... tone ... Chapter 1 of this European Standard (Telecommunications series) has been produced by the Analogue. Terminals and Access (ATA) Project of the European ...Missing: reorder | Show results with:reorder
[25]
1975_Bell System Switching Timeline - History 1878-1975 - TCI ...
Download (pdf, 442 KB). Bell System Switching Timeline-History.pdf. 1975_Bell System Switching Timeline - History 1878-1975. Time Line of Bell System Switching ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[26]
Electromechanical Telephone-Switching
Jan 9, 2015 · 1921, AT&T introduces the panel switch, designed for use in large cities. 1938, AT&T installs the first #1 crossbar switch in New York City.<|control11|><|separator|>
[27]
[PDF] Bell System Switching Timeline-History
DEVELOPMENT. MANUAL. STEP-BY. STEP. 1878 to Mid. 1920's. 1921. 1920's. PANEL ... SIGNALING TO SIGNALING. 1. Customer off-hook &. 2. Voice. Dial Pulse. (10 pps). 1 ...
[28]
generators and timers in a electro-mechanical telephone exchange ...
Telephone exchanges needed ways to generate ringing voltage, call-progress tones and interupters for ringing and busy tones.
[29]
[PDF] BELL LABORATORIES RECOIII) - World Radio History
phone system. We are all familiar with some of the tones used to advise the telephone customer of the functioning of the system - such as dial tone, which.
[30]
https://webstore.ansi.org/standards/atis/ansit14011993
[31]
[PDF] TR 101 041-2 V1.1.1 (1997-05) - ETSI
Comparison of tone characteristics and coding dimensions used in European tones ... frequency of 420 Hz when the specification states 425 Hz with a tolerance.Missing: reorder | Show results with:reorder
[32]
[PDF] No. 1 ESS: System Organization and Objectives - World Radio History
The No. 1 electronic switching system. (ESS) has been developed to meet this need. It is ageneral-purpose telephone switching machine capable of providing ...Missing: reorder | Show results with:reorder
[33]
Introduction to SS7 Signaling
This tutorial provides an overview of Signaling System No.7 (SS7) network architecture and protocols.Missing: consistency | Show results with:consistency
[34]
RFC 2833 - RTP Payload for DTMF Digits, Telephony Tones and ...
This memo describes how to carry dual-tone multifrequency (DTMF) signaling, other tone signals and telephony events in RTP packets.
[35]
RTP Payload for DTMF Digits, Telephony Tones - » RFC Editor
This memo describes how to carry dual-tone multifrequency (DTMF) signalling, other tone signals, and telephony events in RTP packets. It obsoletes RFC 2833.
[36]
https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-E.180-199803-I