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Robert Craft

Robert Craft (October 20, 1923 – November 10, 2015) was an American conductor, musicologist, and author renowned for his decades-long collaboration with composer , during which he served as the composer's assistant, musical advisor, and chronicler of his life and work. Born in , Craft studied music at the in , where he developed a deep interest in modern and . In the late 1940s, he began his conducting career, notably leading the Evenings on the Roof and Monday Evening Concerts in , which introduced American audiences to avant-garde works by composers such as Schoenberg, Webern, and Stravinsky during the 1950s and 1960s. Craft first met Stravinsky in 1947 and soon became his indispensable companion, co-conductor, and confidant for the next 23 years, traveling with him worldwide and assisting in rehearsals and performances of over 150 concerts. He conducted the world premieres of several of Stravinsky's late works, including (1957), (1954), and Requiem Canticles (1966), and was the first American to lead performances of Alban Berg's operas and . Throughout his career, Craft guest-conducted major orchestras in the United States, Europe, Russia, and Japan, including the , , , and , and he recorded the complete works of Stravinsky, Schoenberg, and Webern for labels like and . As a writer and editor, Craft co-authored six volumes of dialogues with Stravinsky—beginning with Conversations with Igor Stravinsky (1959)—and edited collections of the composer's letters, sketches, and memoirs, such as Memories and Commentaries (1960) and Expositions and Developments (1962). He also penned over two dozen books on music, literature, and culture, including his memoirs An Improbable Life (1978, revised 2002) and Stravinsky: Chronicle of a Friendship (1972), as well as critical essays for publications like The New York Review of Books. His contributions earned him prestigious awards, such as the Grand Prix du Disque (twice), the Edison Prize, and the 2002 International Prix du Disque Lifetime Achievement Award. Craft passed away at his home in Gulf Stream, Florida, at the age of 92, leaving a legacy as a pivotal figure in 20th-century music who bridged performance, scholarship, and documentation of modernism's key innovators.

Early Life and Education

Childhood and Family

Robert Craft was born on October 20, 1923, in Kingston, New York, to Raymond Eugene Craft and Arpha Lawson Craft. He grew up in the family home at 41 Johnston Avenue in Kingston, a small city along the Hudson River, where his mother remained until her death in 1986. As a member of a modest household in this upstate community, Craft developed an early attachment to the area that endured throughout his life. From the age of 12, Craft showed a profound devotion to Igor Stravinsky's music, igniting his passion for modern composition and shaping his future trajectory in the field. This formative interest in contemporary works, including those of Stravinsky, marked the beginning of his self-directed immersion in music before pursuing formal studies. By adolescence, he had begun attending local performances and exploring recordings that broadened his appreciation for classical and repertoires. Craft's early years in Kingston provided a stable, if unremarkable, environment that contrasted with the international acclaim he later achieved, laying the groundwork for his transition to structured musical training at institutions like the .

Formal Training and Influences

Craft graduated from the in 1940 and enrolled at the of Music in 1941, where he began studying conducting under . His formal training at focused on and , laying the foundation for his lifelong engagement with orchestral repertoire. His studies were interrupted by military service during from 1942 to 1945, during which he served as a in the Army , performing clerical duties. After the war, Craft resumed his education, continuing at Juilliard, from which he earned a in and , and pursuing additional studies at the Berkshire Music Center in , where he further honed his skills with Monteux in 1947. He also attended from 1946 to 1948, studying music history and drawing influences from faculty members. In the late 1940s, Craft began his early freelance work in , working as a for composer and participating in local performances that exposed him to scenes. This period was pivotal for his intellectual development, as he immersed himself in readings and concerts featuring modern composers like and , whose twelve-tone techniques profoundly shaped his advocacy for the Second Viennese School throughout his career. These influences, combined with his rigorous academic training, equipped Craft with a deep scholarly perspective on , distinguishing his later contributions as a and .

Collaboration with Igor Stravinsky

Initial Meeting and Relationship

Robert Craft first met Igor Stravinsky on March 31, 1948, at the Hotel Raleigh in Washington, D.C., during a gathering where the poet W. H. Auden presented the libretto for what would become the opera The Rake's Progress. The introduction occurred through mutual contacts in the New York music scene, as Craft, then a 24-year-old conductor and founder of the Evenings on the Roof chamber music series, had been corresponding with Stravinsky since 1947 about borrowing a score. The friendship developed rapidly following this encounter, fueled by Craft's deep admiration for Stravinsky's neoclassical compositions, such as The Rake's Progress and earlier works like Pulcinella, which led to frequent informal discussions on compositional techniques and musical aesthetics. Stravinsky, who had relocated to the United States in 1940 amid the outbreak of World War II and settled in Hollywood, California, found value in Craft's perspectives as a young enthusiast familiar with American orchestras and contemporary performance practices. Craft's enthusiasm prompted him to invite Stravinsky to conduct at the Evenings on the Roof series in Los Angeles in 1949, an offer the composer accepted, marking the beginning of their intensive collaboration. By the early 1950s, their bond had evolved into a profound personal and professional partnership, with Craft serving as Stravinsky's close confidant, traveling companion on European and American tours, and occasional housemate in the Stravinsky household in . Beyond music, they shared interests in , engaging in lively conversations about authors like and , which influenced their joint writings. Craft also became integrated into Stravinsky's family life, acting as a supportive figure akin to a surrogate son during periods of personal and financial strain for the aging composer and his wife, .

Key Joint Projects and Contributions

One of the earliest significant joint endeavors between Robert Craft and was Craft's involvement in the Evenings on the Roof concert series in during the 1950s, where he served as starting in 1950 and programmed numerous performances of Stravinsky's works, including premieres of pieces such as In Memoriam: Dylan Thomas (1954). Stravinsky frequently attended these concerts and rehearsals, fostering a collaborative environment that introduced American audiences to his music alongside contemporary composers like Schoenberg and Webern. This series, which evolved into the Monday Evening Concerts, highlighted Craft's role in promoting Stravinsky's oeuvre through innovative programming until the late 1960s. Craft provided essential assistance during Stravinsky's U.S. tours in the , acting as rehearsal , traveling companion, and logistical coordinator for nearly 25 years beginning around 1948, sharing conducting duties in over 150 concerts worldwide, which included support for performances of works like following its 1951 world premiere in . Their partnership extended to joint recordings for from the through the , where Craft shared conducting duties with Stravinsky using the Columbia Symphony Orchestra to document the composer's full catalog, including neoclassical and emerging serial pieces; these sessions, often held with Stravinsky present, resulted in numerous recordings that preserved and popularized his music. In the realm of composition, Craft played a pivotal role as copyist and advisor for Stravinsky's transition to serial techniques after 1954, transcribing sketches and providing technical guidance for works such as Agon (1953–1957) and Threni (1957–1958), the latter of which he conducted at its U.S. premiere in 1959. This hands-on collaboration ensured the precision of Stravinsky's notation in these dodecaphonic scores, marking a stylistic evolution influenced by Craft's familiarity with Schoenberg and Webern. Craft's editorial contributions began in the late 1950s with co-authorship of Stravinsky's reflective dialogues, including Conversations with (1959), which incorporated autobiographical elements and drew from their daily discussions, followed by volumes like Memories and Commentaries (1960). These collaborative writings, while influential, have sparked controversy among scholars over Craft's role in shaping Stravinsky's expressed views. He also provided early input on selections and annotations for Stravinsky's letters, culminating in multi-volume editions of correspondence published after the composer's death in 1971, offering insights into Stravinsky's creative process and relationships.

Conducting Career

Early Performances and Breakthroughs

Craft began his conducting career in the late 1940s, leading the Evenings-on-the-Roof and Monday Evening Concerts in starting in 1950, series that championed compositions and broadened American audiences' exposure to modern music through the . He founded the Chamber Art Society in around 1948-1949, serving as its director to promote contemporary repertoire, drawing from his training at the , though opportunities for young conductors in post-war America remained limited. In the early 1950s, Craft secured guest conducting spots with prominent orchestras, including the Boston Symphony, allowing him to explore innovative programs amid professional challenges. These hurdles prompted freelance work in by the mid-1950s, where he honed his interpretive skills with diverse ensembles. Craft's breakthrough arrived in when he conducted Igor Stravinsky's with the , earning widespread critical acclaim for his precise and energetic approach to neoclassical scores. This performance highlighted his specialization in , exemplified by his leadership of world premieres for works by and , which expanded audiences' exposure to experimental sounds. Through such efforts, Craft established himself as a vital advocate for modernist composers, navigating the era's professional constraints to build a reputation for insightful interpretations.

Major Orchestral Works and Recordings

Craft maintained a long-term association with the Columbia Symphony Orchestra during the and , conducting an extensive series of recordings focused on modern music, which were later compiled into a 44-CD collection by . These sessions emphasized the Second Viennese School, including pioneering interpretations of works by Schoenberg, , and Webern, alongside late-period Stravinsky compositions, establishing Craft as a leading advocate for 20th-century in the recording studio. Among his key performances, Craft conducted the world premiere of Stravinsky's Requiem Canticles in 1966 at , a pivotal late work that reflected the composer's serial techniques. He also led significant presentations of Stravinsky's Movements for Piano and Orchestra, including rehearsals and performances that supported the composer's explorations during the early 1960s. In the realm of Schoenberg's oeuvre, Craft directed the first commercial recording of Erwartung around 1970 with the Washington Opera Society and soprano Helga Pilarczyk for , a that captured the opera's intense expressionist demands and marked a milestone in making the work accessible beyond live theater. Craft's European engagements in the and included tours and performances with prominent ensembles, where he championed serialist composers through precise, analytical interpretations. His work in during this period involved collaborations with orchestras on programs featuring Schoenberg, Webern, and Stravinsky, contributing to the continent's growing interest in atonal and twelve-tone music. In later decades, he recorded with the London Sinfonietta on 20th-century . Highlights of Craft's discography include his Grammy-nominated 1997 recording of Schoenberg's Concerto for String Quartet and Orchestra with the Fred Sherry and the Twentieth Century Classics Ensemble, praised for its clarity in navigating the composer's complex textures. His complete edition of Webern's works, recorded in the late with the Symphony and Chamber Ensemble, revolutionized appreciation of the composer's concise, aphoristic style and remains influential for its fidelity to the scores. Additionally, Craft's 1967 recording of Monteverdi's Vespers of 1610 with the Gregg-Smith Singers, Boys Choir, and Baroque Ensemble brought renewed attention to polyphony through vibrant choral and instrumental balances. In the , Craft advocated for historically informed approaches in revivals, incorporating period-appropriate instrumentation in his recordings of masters like Monteverdi and Gesualdo, which aligned with the emerging authentic performance movement and emphasized textual accuracy over romanticized interpretations.

Writing and Scholarship

Books and Essays on Music

Robert Craft's literary contributions to music scholarship centered on analytical essays and books that explored modern composition, often drawing from his intimate knowledge of 20th-century composers. His debut independent book, A Stravinsky Scrapbook, 1940-1971 (), compiled notes from the onward into a collection of personal anecdotes, musical analyses, and reflections on Igor Stravinsky's creative process during their decades-long association. This work provided detailed insights into Stravinsky's evolution, including his adoption of serial techniques, blending memoir with critical commentary on specific scores like and Threni. Craft's essays frequently defended as a rigorous antidote to the perceived excesses of in , critiquing figures like and while praising their innovations. In a seminal 1958 essay, "Boulez and Stockhausen," published in The Score, Craft analyzed their early serial works, highlighting Boulez's structural precision in Structures Ia and Stockhausen's temporal experiments in Kreuzspiel, positioning them as pivotal in extending Arnold Schoenberg's twelve-tone method beyond pitch to rhythm and dynamics. Two decades later, in "Sour Notes" (1978) for The New York Review of Books, he elaborated on 's principles, arguing that its "basic principle" of ordered series ensured compositional integrity against populist dilutions, while critiquing misapplications by lesser adherents. Throughout the 1960s to 1980s, Craft's peak period of output, he contributed over a dozen essays to The New York Review of Books on , amassing more than ten books and collections overall on modern composers, including joint volumes with Stravinsky that influenced his solo analyses. These writings, such as "My Life with Stravinsky" (1982), traced the composer's shift to under Craft's guidance, emphasizing themes of intellectual discipline over emotional indulgence in works like Canticum Sacrum. His commentary on the historic exchange between Schoenberg and , though not in a dedicated volume, appeared in scattered essays like those in Current Convictions: Views and Reviews (1977), where he contextualized their 1940s letters as a bridge between tonal and aleatoric extremes. Craft's prose remained formal yet incisive, prioritizing conceptual clarity in dissecting 's impact on postwar music.

Editing Stravinsky's Works and Correspondence

Craft's most significant contribution to Stravinsky scholarship involved editing and annotating the composer's personal correspondence, drawing on his unparalleled access to the Stravinsky family's archives granted through decades of close . Beginning in the early 1980s, he compiled and provided extensive commentaries for Stravinsky: Selected Correspondence, a three-volume series published by (Volume 1 in 1982, Volume 2 in 1984, and Volume 3 in 1985). This work encompasses over 1,000 letters exchanged by Stravinsky with publishers, composers, and family members spanning his career, offering insights into his creative processes, professional relationships, and personal views. In 1985, Craft extended this editorial effort with Dearest Bubushkin: The Correspondence of Vera and Igor Stravinsky, 1921–1954, with Excerpts from Vera Stravinsky's Diaries, 1922–1971, published by Thames & Hudson. This volume presents intimate letters between Stravinsky and his second wife, de Bosset, alongside diary selections, revealing the couple's daily life, travels, and emotional dynamics during key periods of the composer's output. Craft's annotations contextualize these documents using primary materials from the Stravinsky estate, to which he had direct access as a trusted associate and literary executor following Stravinsky's death in 1971. Craft's later editorial projects continued to leverage these archives, culminating in Stravinsky: Discoveries and Memories (2013, Books), a compilation of previously unpublished letters, notes, and reminiscences that further illuminated Stravinsky's influences and lesser-known aspects of his life. His methodological approach emphasized fidelity to original documents while providing interpretive footnotes to clarify historical and musical contexts, positioning him as the primary of Stravinsky's literary legacy. However, this role sparked controversies, particularly over Craft's annotations addressing Stravinsky's political leanings and instances of anti-Semitism in the correspondence, such as references to Jewish figures and Nazi-era negotiations, which critics like argued were selectively presented or softened to protect the composer's reputation. These editions profoundly shaped Stravinsky studies by establishing Craft as the gatekeeper of the composer's private papers until the 2010s, when disputes arose with institutions like the Paul Sacher Foundation over access to additional materials and questions of authenticity in Craft's interpretations. His work remains a foundational resource, though subsequent scholarship has reevaluated its biases through broader archival releases.

Later Life and Legacy

Personal Challenges and Final Years

In 1971, shortly after Igor Stravinsky's death, Craft married Rita Christiansen, the Danish nurse who had cared for the composer in his final years; the ended in divorce. Craft and Christiansen had a son, Robert Alexander, who died in 1995. In 1993, he married Alva Minoff, a singer and actress who had worked as an , and they shared a home together in her later years; Minoff had two children from a previous . This union provided personal stability amid Craft's continued professional commitments. Craft's later years were marked by persistent professional and legal disputes related to Stravinsky's and , including prolonged litigation with the composer's children over copyrights, royalties, and to materials, which extended for decades following Stravinsky's 1971 death. A 1979 settlement resolved initial claims, but further court proceedings, such as a 2003 case affirming Craft's interests in reversionary copyrights, highlighted ongoing tensions. In the , Craft faced renewed controversy with the publication of his 2013 book Stravinsky: Discoveries and Memories, where he alleged the composer's bisexual affairs, drawing sharp criticism from scholars and Stravinsky's family for and unsubstantiated claims. These battles, coupled with broader accusations of exaggerating his influence on Stravinsky's work, isolated Craft within academic circles. In 1995, Craft relocated to , , for a quieter retirement, though he continued writing essays and books from home, including contributions to The New York Review of Books. His conducting activities diminished with advancing age, limiting public performances after the early 2000s. Craft died on November 10, 2015, at his home in , , at the age of 92 from and heart ailments. His wife, Alva, survived him.

Influence and Critical Assessment

Robert Craft played a pivotal role in popularizing Stravinsky's late works through his advocacy, conducting, and extensive recordings, which introduced these challenging compositions to broader audiences and influenced subsequent generations of performers. By introducing Stravinsky to the music of in the 1950s, Craft facilitated the composer's shift toward , contributing to pieces such as (1957) and Abraham and Isaac (1963), and he conducted premieres and recordings that preserved and disseminated these innovations. His recordings, spanning nearly the complete Stravinsky oeuvre including the period, became benchmarks for interpreters, ensuring the works' enduring performance and study. Craft's scholarly contributions, particularly his editions of Stravinsky's scores and , have established him as a central figure in Stravinsky studies, with many of his publications serving as standard references for musicologists and performers. Over his career, Craft authored or co-authored 26 books, including detailed annotations and revisions of Stravinsky's writings, which provided unprecedented insights into the composer's creative process and have shaped academic discourse on . However, these works have sparked debates over interpretive biases, with scholars critiquing Craft's editorial choices for potentially imposing his own views on Stravinsky's intentions and for selective emphasis that idealizes the composer's legacy. Critics have accused Craft of over-idealizing Stravinsky in his writings, portraying the composer as more autonomous and innovative than archival evidence sometimes suggests, while detractors have labeled him a "calculating " who exerted over Stravinsky's later output and public image. His memoirs and annotations have faced charges of factual inaccuracies and even , particularly in notes accompanying Stravinsky's scores and letters, where borrowed material was not always properly attributed. These controversies highlight ongoing disputes about Craft's reliability as a chronicler, with some viewing his efforts as protective and others as self-serving gatekeeping of Stravinsky's narrative. Craft received notable honors for his contributions to music and literature, including a special award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters recognizing his "creative work" in these fields. Following Craft's death in 2015, reassessments of his legacy have intensified scrutiny of his gatekeeping role over Stravinsky's archives and image, with scholars noting his attempts to control access to materials at institutions like UCLA and highlighting gaps in the historical record due to his selective editing. Obituaries and subsequent analyses have underscored the controversy surrounding his biographical authority, portraying his influence as both indispensable and problematic, while new archival research in the 2020s has prompted calls for more balanced interpretations of Stravinsky's life and collaborations.

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