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Serial

''Look up serial in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.'' '''Serial''' may refer to:
  • Serialized fiction or other narrative presented in installments, such as a [[serial novel]] or [[soap opera]]
  • [[Serial (radio and television)|Serial (radio and television)]], a broadcast format
  • [[Serial (podcast)|Serial (podcast)]], an American investigative journalism podcast
  • [[Serial killer]], a type of murderer
  • [[Serial number]], an identifier assigned to unique objects
  • [[Serial (computing)|Serial (computing)]], in computing and electronics
For other uses, see [[Serial (disambiguation)]].

Arts, Entertainment, and Media

Serialized Narratives

Serialized narratives refer to a format in which a larger work of is divided into sequential installments, released periodically to build and maintain audience interest over time. This approach originated in the 19th-century print media, particularly in and the , where authors like published novels in monthly or weekly parts within magazines and periodicals. Dickens, a pioneer of the form, serialized all 15 of his novels, beginning with in 1836, which allowed broader access to by reducing costs for readers and enabling authors to receive payments per installment. The historical evolution of serialized narratives expanded from elite literary magazines to mass-market publications, including the Victorian penny dreadfuls of the 1830s to 1870s, which were inexpensive, sensational booklets sold for a penny and featuring adventure tales, crimes, and gothic elements aimed at working-class audiences. These serials, initially called "penny bloods" for their violent content, democratized fiction by leveraging rising literacy rates and improved printing technology. In the , the format persisted in print through newspaper comic strips, which began serializing daily or weekly panels in the late 1890s, such as Richard F. Outcault's in 1895, blending humor, narrative arcs, and visual storytelling to engage newspaper readers. Fanfiction serials emerged prominently in the late , with online platforms enabling amateur writers to post episodic extensions of existing works, drawing from early traditions in the 1960s but exploding digitally in the 1990s and 2000s. Modern web serials on sites like , launched in 2006, continue this tradition by allowing user-generated stories to unfold in chapters, fostering interactive communities and global reach. Broadcast media adapted serialization for audio and visual formats, with radio serials gaining popularity in the 1930s as daytime dramas sponsored by soap manufacturers—hence the term "soap operas"—such as Painted Dreams in 1930, which aired 15-minute episodes focusing on family and social issues. These programs transitioned to television in the early , with ongoing dramas like (1951–1982) expanding to 30-minute formats and emphasizing emotional, multi-generational plots. Production techniques, notably cliffhangers—abrupt endings that leave unresolved tension—originated in Dickens' serials but became staples in broadcast, compelling listeners and viewers to tune in next time; for instance, radio episodes often concluded mid-conflict to heighten anticipation. The advantages of serialized narratives lie in their ability to cultivate sustained audience engagement through episodic release, creating communal anticipation and loyalty, as seen in the BBC Radio 4's , a rural airing since 1950 that has maintained a weekly audience of approximately 5 million listeners, topping on-demand charts for younger demographics and influencing British cultural discussions on and social issues. This format's cultural impact includes broadening access to stories across classes and media, from print's role in 19th-century to broadcast's shaping of daily routines, while web serials have empowered diverse voices in contemporary .

Specific Works and Formats

In , Serial is a 1980 American comedy directed by Bill Persky, adapting Cyra McFadden's novel of the same name and starring as a suburban husband navigating California's trends alongside and . The satirizes affluent Marin County lifestyles through episodic vignettes, earning a 60% approval rating on for its witty portrayal of 1970s social assimilation. The novel The Serial: A Year in the Life of Marin County, published in 1977 by , is a satirical work by Cyra McFadden that mocks the self-absorbed, jargon-filled culture of California's Marin County through fragmented, newspaper-column-style entries about couples like Kate and Harvey Holroyd. McFadden's book, initially serialized in local columns, uses blank spaces for missing dialogue to highlight superficial relationships, influencing adaptations like the 1980 film. In audio media, Serial is an launched in 2014 as a of This American Life, hosted by and produced by Chicago Public Media. Its first season examined the 1999 murder trial of Adnan Syed for the killing of Hae Min Lee, drawing over 5 million downloads per episode and sparking global interest in serialization; subsequent seasons included Season Two (2015–2016), which investigated the disappearance and captivity of U.S. soldier in ; Season Three (2018), which followed a year in Cleveland's felony court system to highlight systemic flaws; and Season Four (2024), which explored the history of through detainees' accounts. Syed's conviction was vacated in 2022. In 2020, Serial Productions was acquired by , maintaining its episodic, narrative-driven format. On television, The Serial was a Canadian broadcast on from 1963 to 1966, presenting self-contained dramas and limited-run stories such as the Western Cariboo Country (1960, rebroadcast in segments) and political tales like Quentin Durgens, M.P. starring . The program innovated by packaging regional productions into serialized blocks for national audiences, running nine episodes in its initial Vancouver-focused run before expanding to formats that emphasized Canadian narratives without ongoing continuity. Specialized formats incorporating "serial" extend to print and digital media, including pulp magazines from the 1940s that serialized crime fiction. In graphic novels, serialized runs like The Walking Dead (2003–2019) by Robert Kirkman and artists Tony Moore and Charlie Adlard exemplify long-form storytelling through Image Comics, spanning 193 issues of post-apocalyptic survival drama that built a multimedia franchise. As of 2025, interactive formats have evolved with AI-generated serial stories on platforms like TikTok, where tools enable episodic, user-influenced narratives, and apps such as Talefy allow creators to build branching, interactive tales via AI prompts for personalized serialization.

Computing and Technology

Serial Data Transmission

Serial data transmission involves sending data bits sequentially, one at a time, over a single or wire, enabling the transfer of information in a continuous stream without simultaneous parallel paths. This method contrasts with parallel transmission, which sends multiple bits concurrently across several lines, potentially achieving higher throughput over short distances but requiring more complex cabling. Key protocols for serial data transmission include , a longstanding standard for asynchronous communication developed in the 1960s by the Electronic Industries Association (EIA), which supports baud rates up to 115,200 and is widely used for point-to-point connections between devices like computers and peripherals. Another prominent example is the Universal Serial Bus (USB), introduced in version 1.0 in 1996 by the , evolving through versions up to Version 2.0, released in 2022, where data is transmitted in serial packets over signaling pairs for high-speed device connectivity. These protocols ensure reliable bit-level sequencing, often incorporating start and stop bits in asynchronous modes to synchronize receivers without a shared clock. In applications such as embedded systems, modems, and (IoT) devices, serial transmission facilitates efficient data exchange in resource-constrained environments, such as networks or remote monitoring setups, where simplicity and are prioritized. For instance, modems use serial protocols to convert digital signals for analog transmission over lines, while IoT modules leverage them for interfacing microcontrollers with transceivers. The effective throughput in asynchronous can be calculated as: \text{Effective data rate (bps)} = \text{Baud rate} \times \frac{\text{Data bits}}{\text{Start bits} + \text{Data bits} + \text{Stop bits} + \text{Parity bit (if used)}} For a common configuration of 9600 baud with 8 data bits, 1 start bit, and 1 stop bit (no parity), this yields approximately 7680 bps, accounting for overhead bits that ensure frame synchronization. Serial transmission offers advantages like reduced wiring complexity and cost—using fewer conductors than methods—making it suitable for longer distances up to 30 meters or more, depending on baud rate and cable quality, though it incurs higher due to sequential processing. Disadvantages include lower maximum speeds over distance compared to for short-range tasks and susceptibility to timing errors without robust . Historically, serial principles trace back to 19th-century telegraphs, which transmitted bits sequentially over wires, evolving through teletype machines in the early 20th century to modern standards like in the 1960s and serial modes in Ethernet protocols, such as 10BASE-T, which serialize data frames for twisted-pair transmission. As of 2025, serial data transmission integrates with networks for applications, enabling low-latency serial-to-IP conversions in industrial and automotive systems through dedicated network slices that prioritize for serial devices. Error detection in these setups commonly employs (), a polynomial-based method that appends a to data frames, allowing receivers to verify by dividing the received and checking for zero remainder, with common implementations using 16-bit or 32-bit polynomials for high detection rates in noisy channels.

Hardware Interfaces and Identification

Serial ports serve as fundamental hardware interfaces for asynchronous serial communication in computing devices, enabling the transmission of data one bit at a time over physical connections. The RS-232 standard, established by the Electronic Industries Alliance, defines the electrical characteristics, timing, and physical connectors for such interfaces, commonly using DB-9 or DB-25 connectors to link devices like computers to peripherals. These connectors facilitate point-to-point connections, with the DB-9 being a 9-pin variant that became prevalent in personal computers from the 1980s onward, while the larger DB-25 was used in earlier systems for more extensive pin assignments. In terms of voltage levels, RS-232 operates with bipolar signaling ranging from +3V to +15V for logic high and -3V to -15V for logic low, allowing for longer cable runs up to 50 feet compared to unipolar standards. This contrasts with TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) levels used in many embedded systems, which employ 0V to 5V (or 3.3V in modern variants) for low and high states, respectively, but require level shifters for compatibility with RS-232. Prior to the widespread adoption of USB in the late , serial ports via were essential for connecting input devices such as mice and output devices like printers, modems, and terminals, allowing bidirectional data exchange through dedicated transmit () and receive () lines along with ground and control signals. Modern equivalents have largely emulated serial functionality over USB interfaces to maintain compatibility with legacy hardware; for instance, USB Type-C ports often incorporate bridge chips that convert USB signals to or serial, enabling direct connections to older devices without native USB support. Another notable serial bus is , branded as FireWire by Apple and standardized in 1995, which provides high-speed serial data transfer up to 400 Mbps initially, using a daisy-chain for connecting devices like cameras and external drives. Hardware identification relies on serial numbers, which are unique alphanumeric codes assigned to components during manufacturing to distinguish individual units. For example, Intel's Pentium III processors, introduced in 1999, included a built-in processor serial number (PSN) feature—a 96-bit identifier readable via CPUID instructions—for software licensing and authentication purposes, though it faced privacy concerns and was later made optional. These serial numbers are typically generated using deterministic methods, such as hashing unique hardware attributes like MAC addresses from network interfaces, to create a reproducible yet obscured identifier for licensing systems without exposing raw hardware details. In security and tracking applications, serial numbers play a critical role in and anti-theft measures by enabling throughout a device's lifecycle. Vehicle Identification Numbers (VINs), standardized as 17-character codes under ISO 3779 since , serve as serial numbers etched into vehicles, incorporating manufacturer details, , and a unique sequence for registration, recall tracking, and theft prevention through databases like those maintained by the . As of 2025, advancements in blockchain technology have integrated tracking into supply chains, using distributed ledgers to provide immutable records of product provenance, reducing counterfeiting in industries like electronics and pharmaceuticals by linking physical serials to cryptographic hashes. A practical example of serial interfaces in prototyping is the platform, where digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX) handle TTL-level for , data exchange, and interfacing with computers or other devices. These pins connect TX to the receiver's RX and vice versa, with ground shared, allowing hobbyists to upload code or monitor outputs via USB-serial converters without additional hardware for short-range applications.

Other Uses

Behavioral and Social Contexts

Serial monogamy refers to a pattern of engaging in multiple successive monogamous relationships without overlapping partners, often characterized by relatively short-term commitments followed by new partnerships. This practice has become prevalent in contemporary Western societies, particularly among younger adults navigating modern dating landscapes. For instance, high divorce rates underscore its commonality, with over 40% of first marriages in the United States ending in divorce, and the rate increasing for subsequent unions, prompting many individuals to form new monogamous bonds sequentially. Anthropologist Helen Fisher describes serial monogamy as the dominant mating strategy in the U.S., where 85-90% of adults marry at some point but frequently transition to new partners after dissolution. Serial entrepreneurship involves individuals sequentially founding and managing multiple businesses over their careers, leveraging prior experiences to launch new ventures. A prominent example is , who co-founded (which became ) in 1999 and sold it in 2002, then established the same year, followed by roles in and other companies, demonstrating how serial entrepreneurs transfer skills across industries. Success in this pattern often stems from accumulated knowledge, networks, and resilience gained from previous endeavors, with studies showing serial entrepreneurs outperform novices by opening 25% of new firms and achieving higher success rates due to . In , serial killing denotes the act of committing three or more murders over an extended period, typically with cooling-off periods between incidents, though the FBI's 2005 definition specifies two or more victims killed in separate events by the same offender(s). Psychological profiles distinguish between organized and disorganized types: organized killers, like in the 1970s, meticulously plan attacks, target strangers, and minimize evidence, often exhibiting high intelligence and social competence; disorganized killers act impulsively, leaving chaotic scenes and sometimes targeting acquaintances, driven by sudden emotional triggers. Historical cases include Jack the Ripper's 1888 murders in , classified as organized due to the precision in victim selection and evasion of capture, highlighting in forensic analysis to link successive crimes. Socially, serial behaviors elicit varied cultural responses, with serial often stigmatized as indicative of commitment issues or emotional instability, while serial garners admiration for and persistence. In relationships, the pattern faces scrutiny for potential patterns of dissatisfaction, yet it aligns with evolving norms where 61% of U.S. adults in 2025 surveys expressed openness to non-traditional structures beyond lifelong . Conversely, serial entrepreneurs like are celebrated for driving economic progress, though both patterns reflect broader sociological shifts toward sequential commitments amid changing societal values. apps exacerbate serial dating, with boasting 9.6 million subscribers in 2025, enabling rapid partner transitions but raising concerns about authenticity in successive matches. In criminology, serial killing evokes universal revulsion, informing on pattern detection to prevent escalation.

General and Miscellaneous Applications

In its general usage, the adjective "serial" describes something arranged in a series or occurring successively, such as items ordered in a like lists or rankings. In and , serial production refers to the mass assembly of goods in a sequential process, exemplified by Henry 's introduction of the moving for the Model T automobile in 1913, which reduced assembly time from over 12 hours to about 90 minutes per vehicle and enabled output of approximately 1,000 cars per day by 1914. By the , this system had scaled dramatically, with Ford producing up to 10,000 Model T vehicles per day at peak efficiency in 1925. In legal and administrative contexts, serial numbers serve as unique identifiers for documents and assets, such as the patent serial numbers assigned by the and Office (USPTO) since the modern numbering system began on July 13, 1836, following the issuance of 9,957 earlier patents. In , serial bonds are debt instruments issued as a single offering but with principal repayments scheduled in installments over successive years, featuring staggered maturity dates to manage for issuers like municipalities funding long-term projects. In science and mathematics, particularly , serial processing denotes the brain's handling of tasks one at a time in a linear sequence, in contrast to , as proposed in Donald Broadbent's 1958 filter model of , which described early selective as a bottleneck where sensory inputs are filtered serially based on physical characteristics before deeper analysis. This model, derived from experiments on , highlighted the limited capacity of human for simultaneous processing. Miscellaneous applications include the serial comma, also known as the Oxford comma, which is the comma placed before the coordinating conjunction in a list of three or more items, such as "red, white, and blue," sparking ongoing debates in grammar styles over clarity and consistency, with proponents arguing it prevents ambiguity in complex sentences. In library science, "serials" traditionally refer to periodicals and continuing publications cataloged in successive volumes or issues, such as journals or newspapers, to track ongoing content updates indefinitely. As of 2025, an emerging application appears in , where serial inference in large language models involves autoregressive generation of text by in during output, differing from the parallel processing used in model training to predict multiple tokens simultaneously across data batches.

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