Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Columbia

Columbia, also known as Lady Columbia or Columbia Triumphant, is a female allegorical figure personifying the United States of America and its foundational values of liberty, republican virtue, and enlightenment ideals.^[1]^[2] Originating in the 1730s through poetic and artistic works that evoked Christopher Columbus's legacy while adapting classical Roman iconography—such as a toga-clad woman with shield, liberty cap, and eagle—Columbia served as a unifying symbol during the American Revolution and early republic, appearing in literature by figures like Philip Freneau and in emblems on currency and seals.^[1]^[3] Her imagery proliferated in the 19th century, adorning political cartoons, patriotic posters, and public monuments to rally support for causes including the War of 1812, abolitionism, and westward expansion, often contrasting her with figures like Britannia to assert national independence.^[2]^[3] By the mid-20th century, however, Columbia's prominence waned in favor of more concrete icons like the Statue of Liberty and Uncle Sam, though her influence persists in place names, institutional titles, and cultural references such as the "Hail, Columbia" anthem, reflecting a shift toward less abstract patriotism amid mass media and immigration-driven national reimagining.^[2] This evolution underscores causal dynamics in symbolism, where empirical utility in evoking shared identity gave way to symbols better suited to industrial-era mobilization and diverse populaces, without reliance on ideologically laden reinterpretations common in modern academic analyses.^[4]

Etymology and historical context

Origin of the name

The name Columbia derives from the surname of the Genoese explorer Christopher Columbus (c. 1451–1506), adapted into a feminine form and appended with the Latin suffix -ia, which denotes a land, country, or territory, paralleling names such as Hispania or Germania.^[5] ^[6] This construction emerged as a poetic and symbolic reference to the New World, particularly the British North American colonies that later formed the United States, with initial uses recorded in the 1730s amid growing colonial identity distinct from European nomenclature.^[5] The term gained traction as an alternative to monarchical or indigenous-derived names, reflecting Enlightenment-era preferences for classical Latin forms and honoring Columbus as the European discoverer of the Americas in 1492, despite his voyages predating Vespucci's naming influence on "America."^[5] ^[7] By the mid-18th century, Columbia had become a recurring motif in literature and cartography for the American continents or the emerging republic, supplanting earlier transient proposals like "Appalachia" or direct references to Columbus alone.^[5] Its adoption avoided direct association with the later South American republic of Colombia, which independently derived the name in 1819 from Simón Bolívar's República de Colombia as a nod to Columbus, but with a distinct Spanish orthography and political context.^[8] The name's persistence in U.S. contexts underscores a deliberate cultural choice for a neutral, aspirational emblem over potentially divisive indigenous or rival European claims.^[5]

Symbolic and cultural usage

Columbia, as a Neo-Latin toponym derived from Christopher Columbus, evolved into a symbolic personification of the United States, representing the nation's aspirations for liberty and republican virtue from the colonial era onward. This female allegorical figure, often depicted with attributes such as a liberty cap, eagle, or shield, first appeared in late 17th-century poetry and sermons, embodying the New World as a land of promise distinct from European monarchies.^[2]^[1] By the 1730s, "Columbia" was applied to the Thirteen Colonies in neoclassical contexts, reflecting a deliberate invocation of Roman-inspired ideals to legitimize American identity.^[2] During the American Revolution and subsequent conflicts, Columbia's imagery proliferated in political cartoons, posters, and emblems to rally support for independence and expansionist policies, including Manifest Destiny in the 19th century. For instance, she symbolized American resolve in World War I recruitment materials, portrayed as a guiding maternal force amid global upheaval.^[1]^[3] This usage paralleled Britannia for Britain, serving as a visual shorthand for national sovereignty until gradually eclipsed by the Statue of Liberty after its 1886 dedication, though Columbia retained niche roles in patriotic iconography.^[2] Culturally, the name permeated literature and music, as in the 1843 patriotic song "Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean," which extolled the United States as a beacon of freedom and inspired naval traditions. In visual arts and early cinema, Columbia influenced logos like that of Columbia Pictures, established in 1918, featuring a torch-bearing woman evoking enlightenment and American enterprise. These representations underscore Columbia's role in fostering a cohesive national mythology, though modern interpretations often critique its ties to expansionism and Eurocentric origins.^[2]^[9]

Places

Natural features

The Columbia River constitutes the preeminent natural feature bearing the name, originating at Columbia Lake in the Canadian Rockies of British Columbia at an elevation of 2,700 feet (820 meters) and extending 1,243 miles (2,000 kilometers) westward to discharge into the Pacific Ocean near Astoria, Oregon.^[10] Its basin encompasses 258,000 square miles (668,000 square kilometers) across parts of seven U.S. states and one Canadian province, rendering it the fourth-largest river by discharge volume in North America, with an annual average of 192 million acre-feet at its mouth.^[11] The river traverses diverse terrains, including steep canyons and braided floodplains, supporting extensive hydroelectric infrastructure while historically facilitating salmon migration central to indigenous ecosystems.^[12] Adjoining the river's course lies the Columbia Plateau, a expansive flood basalt province spanning approximately 250 miles (400 kilometers) per side in the northwestern United States, primarily within Washington, Oregon, and Idaho.^[13] Formed by voluminous Miocene-era lava flows from the Yellowstone hotspot track, the plateau features elevations averaging 4,000 feet (1,219 meters) on its fringes, incised by the Columbia River and its tributaries into stepped canyons and fertile basins overlain by loess deposits.^[14] This region, part of the larger Columbia Basin, exhibits arid to semi-arid climates conducive to dryland agriculture, though prone to seismic activity from underlying fault systems.^[15] The Columbia Mountains, a complex of ranges distinct from the Rockies, extend across southeastern British Columbia into adjacent U.S. territories, bounded by the Rocky Mountain Trench to the east, the Columbia River to the south, and the Interior Plateau to the west.^[16] Comprising the Purcell, Selkirk, Monashee, and Cariboo subranges, this system covers roughly 52,000 square miles (135,000 square kilometers), with peaks rising to 11,545 feet (3,519 meters) at Mount Sir Sandford; high precipitation fosters dense coniferous forests and alpine glaciers.^[17] These mountains influence regional hydrology, channeling tributaries into the Columbia River while hosting protected areas like Glacier and Mount Revelstoke National Parks.^[18] Further afield, the Columbia Glacier in Alaska's Prince William Sound represents a dynamic tidewater glacier descending from the Chugach Mountains, originally spanning 400 square miles (1,000 square kilometers) with thicknesses exceeding 550 meters in places.^[19] As North America's second-largest tidewater glacier, it calves into the sound at rates among the world's fastest, retreating over 12 miles since 1986 due to climatic warming, which has accelerated iceberg production and altered local marine habitats.^[20] Observations from satellite imagery confirm ongoing mass loss, underscoring its role as an indicator of broader glaciological changes in tidewater systems.^[21]

Populated places in North America

The District of Columbia, coextensive with the city of Washington, D.C., is the capital of the United States and the most populous place named Columbia in North America, with an estimated population of 702,250 as of July 1, 2024.^[22] Established under the Residence Act of 1790 to serve as a neutral federal district, it encompasses 68 square miles ceded from Maryland and Virginia (the latter retroceded in 1846) and houses key government institutions including the White House, U.S. Capitol, and Supreme Court. Columbia, South Carolina, the state capital, ranks as one of the larger such places with an estimated population of 144,788 in 2024.^[23] Founded in 1786 on the Congaree River to replace fire-prone Charleston as the seat of government, it served as the Confederacy's capital briefly in 1861 before its occupation by Union forces in 1865, which destroyed much of the city. Columbia, Missouri, home to the University of Missouri flagship campus established in 1839, has an estimated 2024 population of 130,900 and is the fastest-growing major city in the state.^[24] Originally platted in 1821 as Smithton before renaming to honor the personification of America, it functions as a regional hub for education, healthcare, and research, with the university enrolling over 30,000 students annually. Columbia, Maryland, an unincorporated planned community in Howard County developed by James Rouse starting in 1965, recorded a 2023 population of 105,871.^[25] Designed as a "new town" with nine villages emphasizing mixed-use development, green spaces, and social diversity, it lacks municipal government but operates through a nonprofit association managing amenities for residents. Smaller populated places named Columbia exist across 20 U.S. states, including towns in Pennsylvania (population ~9,800, known for its historic canal and bridge over the Susquehanna River), North Carolina (~800, a rural seat in Tyrrell County), and California (a census-designated place and former Gold Rush hub preserved as a state historic park).^[26] No significant populated places named Columbia appear in Canada or Mexico beyond minor or unrelated locales.^[27]

Populated places elsewhere

Columbia is the name of a small rural locality in the Pando Department of Bolivia, situated in the northern Amazonian region near the border with Brazil and Peru, characterized by tropical rainforest and low population density. This settlement, with coordinates approximately at 10°S latitude and 67°W longitude, serves primarily agricultural purposes and reflects the sparse habitation typical of Bolivia's remote frontier areas.^[27] In Europe, Columbia denotes a minor hamlet or frazione in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy, located in the province of Reggio Emilia, amid the Apennine foothills with a focus on local agrarian activities rather than urban development.^[28] Such instances outside North America are uncommon, often resulting from historical naming conventions honoring the personification of the Americas or Christopher Columbus, though lacking the prominence of North American counterparts. No major cities or towns bearing the name exist elsewhere, as confirmed by global geographical databases cataloging over 30 instances worldwide, predominantly in North America.^[27]

Arts, entertainment, and media

Fictional elements

In the video game BioShock Infinite, released on March 26, 2013, by Irrational Games, Columbia is portrayed as a colossal, airborne city-state lifted into the clouds via quantum levitation devices and propelled by massive propellers. Founded in 1893 by self-proclaimed prophet Zachary Hale Comstock as a divine ark embodying American ideals, it features opulent architecture, airships, and vigilante forces like the Handymen, but devolves into a dystopian society marked by racial segregation, religious fanaticism, and social hierarchies under Comstock's theocratic rule.^[29] The city's narrative critiques themes of nationalism, imperialism, and technological hubris, with its multicultural underclass and elite districts highlighting internal conflicts.^[29] Columbia appears as a supporting character in the rock musical The Rocky Horror Show (1973) and its 1975 film adaptation The Rocky Horror Picture Show, directed by Jim Sharman. Depicted as a vivacious, tap-dancing groupie with a punk aesthetic, she serves as a domestic aide and admirer to the alien scientist Dr. Frank-N-Furter, originating from the planet Transsexual in the galaxy of Transylvania. Her role underscores themes of hedonism and rebellion, culminating in her dramatic demise during the story's climax.^[30] In Neil Gaiman's novel American Gods (2001) and its 2017 television adaptation, Columbia is anthropomorphized as a faded goddess embodying the optimistic, expansionist spirit of pre-20th-century America. Summoned by old gods to represent the nation's manifest destiny and industrial promise, she appears as a ethereal figure in white robes, symbolizing lost ideals supplanted by modern immigration waves and the Statue of Liberty's arrival in 1886, which diminishes her influence.^[31] This portrayal draws on historical iconography to explore cultural displacement and the evolution of national mythology. Miss Columbia, a variant of the historical personification, features in early 20th-century American comics and pulp illustrations, often as a heroic female figure aiding in fictional tales of patriotism and conflict. For instance, in public domain works like those from the World War I era, she wields symbolic elements such as shields or liberty torches against adversaries, blending allegory with adventure narratives.^[32]

Music

"Hail, Columbia" stands as one of the earliest American patriotic songs, with lyrics composed by Philadelphia lawyer Joseph Hopkinson in the spring of 1798 to the existing tune of Philip Phile's "President's March," originally written in 1789 for George Washington's inauguration.^[33]^[34] The song surged in popularity amid the XYZ Affair and Quasi-War with France, embodying Federalist sentiments of national defense and unity, and it functioned as the de facto national anthem for over a century before "The Star-Spangled Banner" was officially designated in 1931.^[34]^[35] Today, it serves as the ceremonial entrance march for the Vice President of the United States, performed by the United States Marine Band at official events.^[33] "Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean," originally titled "Columbia, the Land of the Brave," emerged as another enduring patriotic anthem, written and composed by David T. Shaw around 1843 with music attributed to Thomas A. Becket.^[36]^[37] The lyrics extol Columbia as a beacon of freedom and maritime pride, drawing parallels to British songs like "Britannia, the Pride of the Ocean," and it gained traction during the mid-19th century, including use in Union Army contexts during the Civil War and later presidential campaigns, such as William McKinley's in 1896.^[36] Its melody influenced variants and sheet music publications through the early 20th century, underscoring Columbia's symbolic role in evoking national exceptionalism.^[37] These compositions highlight Columbia's prominence in 18th- and 19th-century American musical culture, where the figure represented republican ideals and territorial expansion, often adapted for marches, hymns, and public ceremonies without reliance on foreign melodies for lyrics.^[33] Fewer notable works emerged in the 20th century, as "Columbia" yielded to direct references to "America" in popular music, though archival recordings preserve their historical renditions by military bands and choral groups.^[35]

Publications

The Columbia Journalism Review (CJR), founded in 1961 by the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, is a bimonthly publication dedicated to examining and critiquing the practices, ethics, and economics of journalism worldwide.^[38] It has historically prioritized rigorous analysis of media performance, including investigations into reporting accuracy and institutional influences on news coverage, with a circulation that peaked at over 30,000 subscribers in the late 20th century.^[38] Columbia: A Journal of Literature and Art, established in 1977 by graduate students in Columbia University's School of the Arts Writing Program, publishes fiction, poetry, nonfiction, and visual art from emerging and established authors.^[39] The journal appears biannually and emphasizes experimental and diverse voices, with past contributors including National Book Award winners; it maintains an annual print run of approximately 1,000 copies distributed through literary networks. The Columbia Journal, launched in 1977 by students in Columbia University's MFA Writing Program, is an annual literary magazine featuring fiction, nonfiction, poetry, translations, and visual art.^[40] It solicits submissions globally and has evolved to include online editions, with themed issues addressing contemporary literary trends; print circulation hovers around 500-1,000 copies per year, supported by university resources.^[41] COLUMBIA, the official magazine of the Knights of Columbus, debuted in August 1921 and focuses on Catholic perspectives, fraternal activities, and cultural commentary, with a monthly print and digital distribution exceeding 1.8 million copies to members worldwide as of 2021.^[42] Early issues under editor Luke E. Hart emphasized moral and social teachings amid post-World War I recovery, evolving to cover global events through a faith-based lens. The Columbia Chronicle, published weekly since 1973 by students at Columbia College Chicago, serves as an independent campus newspaper covering arts, entertainment, local news, and media industry developments, with a focus on creative fields given the institution's emphasis on design, film, and performing arts.^[43] It has received multiple awards from the Society of Professional Journalists, including for investigative reporting, and maintains an online archive with over 50 years of issues.^[43]

Film and television

In the 1975 film The Rocky Horror Picture Show, directed by Jim Sharman, Columbia is a key supporting character portrayed by Nell Campbell. She functions as a domestic servant and devoted groupie to the transgender alien scientist Frank-N-Furter, displaying exuberant personality traits including bisexuality, loyalty, and showmanship through her tap-dance routine in the song "The Time Warp." The role originated in the 1973 London stage production of the rock musical by Richard O'Brien, where Campbell also performed before transitioning to the screen adaptation produced by 20th Century Fox. The film, which grossed over $140 million worldwide against a $1.4 million budget following its initial limited release, developed a cult following via participatory midnight screenings starting in 1976 at theaters like the Waverly in New York City. Columbia's arc culminates in her death alongside other characters during Frank's final musical number, underscoring themes of excess and transience in the narrative.

Businesses and organizations

Entertainment and media companies

Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc., commonly known as Columbia Pictures, is an American film studio founded on June 19, 1918, as Cohn-Brandt-Cohn Film Sales Corporation by brothers Harry and Jack Cohn and Joe Brandt to distribute short films and comedies.^[44]^[45] The company reorganized and adopted the name Columbia Pictures Corporation in 1924, relocating to Hollywood and expanding into feature films, with its first released in August 1922.^[46] Acquired by Sony Corporation in 1989 after a period under Coca-Cola ownership starting in 1982, it operates today as a subsidiary of Sony Pictures Entertainment, producing and distributing films such as Spider-Man franchises and Jumanji sequels.^[44]^[46] Columbia Records, a pioneering American record label, traces its origins to the Columbia Phonograph Company, established on January 15, 1889, as the second major producer of recorded sound after initially distributing Edison phonographs under the American Graphophone Company banner from 1887.^[47]^[48] It became the oldest continuously operating brand in the pre-recorded sound industry, signing artists like Frank Sinatra, Bob Dylan, and Adele, and achieving milestones such as the first electrical recording process in 1925.^[47] Now a flagship label under Sony Music Entertainment, it has released over 100 billion records historically and maintains a roster emphasizing diverse genres from jazz to hip-hop.^[49] The Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), originally the Columbia Phonograph Broadcasting System, was launched as a radio network on September 18, 1927, by talent agent Arthur Judson with initial affiliation from 16 stations, soon expanding under William S. Paley who acquired control in 1928 for $400,000.^[50]^[51] It pioneered national radio programming, entering television in 1941 and becoming a dominant broadcaster with shows like I Love Lucy and news coverage, before evolving into CBS Corporation and merging into Paramount Global in 2019 while retaining the CBS name for its networks.^[52] The company's early success stemmed from live talent and affiliate growth to over 100 stations by 1930, though it faced competition from NBC.^[50]

Transportation companies

Columbia Helicopters, Inc., founded in 1957 and headquartered in Aurora, Oregon, operates as a global provider of heavy-lift helicopter services, including external load transport, firefighting, and logging operations, while also manufacturing and maintaining specialized helicopters such as the Vertol 107-II model.^[53] The company supports commercial, government, and military clients with maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) capabilities, emphasizing integrated solutions for demanding aerial transport needs.^[54] The Columbia Group, established in 1990 and based in New Jersey, functions as a maritime transportation firm specializing in container barge feeder services along the U.S. East Coast, complemented by off-dock container handling and intermodal trucking through subsidiaries like Columbia Coastal Transport and Columbia Intermodal.^[55] It facilitates port-to-port logistics for containerized cargo, focusing on efficiency in regional shipping routes.^[56] Columbia Logistics, initiated in 1997 in Gardena, California, delivers freight forwarding and logistics services across local, national, and international scopes, handling customs brokerage, warehousing, and multimodal transport arrangements.^[57] The firm prioritizes customized solutions for importers and exporters, leveraging partnerships for competitive rates in air, ocean, and ground freight.^[58] Historically, the Columbia Transportation Company, formed in 1920 as a division of Oglebay Norton Company, managed a fleet of self-unloading bulk carriers on the Great Lakes, transporting iron ore, coal, and limestone until its integration into broader marine operations in the late 20th century.^[59] This entity exemplified early 20th-century industrial shipping, with vessels like the M/V Columbia Star featuring advanced conveyor systems for unloading up to 10,000 tons per hour.^[60]

Other businesses and organizations

Columbia Sportswear Company, founded in 1938 in Portland, Oregon, by Paul Lamfrom after his family fled Nazi Germany, manufactures and distributes outdoor and active lifestyle apparel, footwear, and accessories.^[61] The company, now publicly traded under the ticker COLM, reported net sales of $3.48 billion in fiscal year 2023 and employs innovative technologies such as Omni-Heat reflective lining for thermal regulation.^[62] Columbia Insurance Group, a mutual insurance carrier headquartered in Columbia, Missouri, provides property and casualty insurance products through independent agents across multiple states.^[63] Established as Columbia Mutual Insurance Company, it focuses on personal and commercial lines, emphasizing community-based service and risk management for policyholders.^[63] Columbia Bank, founded in 1926 in Fair Lawn, New Jersey, offers personal and business banking services including deposits, loans, and wealth management primarily in New Jersey and Pennsylvania.^[64] As of 2023, it operated over 50 branches and managed assets exceeding $6 billion, positioning it as a regional community bank with a focus on local economic support.^[64]

People

Surname and given name bearers

Columbia is a rare surname in the United States, ranking approximately 28,049th in frequency among surnames, with an estimated prevalence indicating fewer than 1,000 bearers as of recent demographic data.^[65] It is primarily associated with individuals of White ethnic background, comprising about 92% of recorded U.S. bearers.^[65] The surname's etymology traces to an altered form of the French habitational name de la Colombe, referring to someone from a place named Colombe, derived from Latin columba meaning "dove."^[65] Genealogical records, such as those from FamilySearch, document around 97,868 historical entries linked to the name, but these predominantly pertain to ordinary individuals rather than notable figures, with occupational data from early 20th-century U.S. censuses showing common roles like laborers for men (36%) and clerks for women (50%).^[66]^[67] No prominent historical or contemporary individuals bearing the surname Columbia, such as in politics, arts, sciences, or business, are widely recognized in verifiable public records.^[68]^[69] As a given name, Columbia is exceptionally uncommon, with roots in Latin columba ("dove") and historical ties to the personification of the United States, but it has not achieved popularity in naming conventions.^[70]^[71] Demographic analyses from naming databases indicate minimal usage, often linked symbolically to themes of discovery and the New World rather than frequent personal application.^[70] No notable real individuals with Columbia as a first name appear in records of fame or achievement; its rare occurrences are typically found in historical or familial contexts without broader recognition.^[72]^[71]

Educational institutions

Higher education

Columbia University, located in New York City, is a private Ivy League research university established in 1754 as King's College and renamed in 1784. It comprises 20 schools, including undergraduate colleges such as Columbia College and the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, alongside graduate institutions like Columbia Law School and Columbia Business School. The university enrolls approximately 33,000 students and is known for its contributions to research, with an endowment exceeding $13 billion as of 2023.^[73]^[74] Other notable institutions bearing the name include Columbia College in Columbia, South Carolina, a private liberal arts college founded in 1854 that emphasizes undergraduate education with around 1,200 students and offers programs in fields such as business, education, and health sciences.^[75] Columbia College (Missouri), established in 1851, provides both on-campus and online programs to over 7,000 students annually, focusing on accessible higher education through its global campus network.^[76] Columbia College Chicago, founded in 1890, specializes in creative and media arts, enrolling about 6,000 students in programs blending liberal arts, business, and disciplines like film, music, and design.^[77] Columbia International University, a Christian institution in South Carolina opened in 1923, offers over 75 programs from associate to doctoral levels, emphasizing biblical worldview integration across its curriculum for roughly 2,000 students.^[78] Columbia Southern University, an online-focused provider since 1993, delivers degrees in occupational safety, fire science, and business to adult learners, with accreditation from the Distance Education Accrediting Commission.^[79]

Primary and secondary education

Columbia Grammar & Preparatory School, located in New York City, is the oldest continuously operating nonsectarian independent school in the United States, established in 1764 to prepare students for entry into what is now Columbia University.^[80] It serves students from pre-kindergarten through grade 12, emphasizing a rigorous curriculum that includes classical languages, sciences, and arts, with separate grammar and preparatory divisions.^[81] The school became coeducational in 1956 and adopted its current name in 1969, maintaining a commitment to small class sizes and individualized instruction.^[81] Columbia Secondary School for Math, Science, and Engineering, a public selective school in New York City, opened in 2007 through a partnership between Columbia University and the New York City Department of Education.^[82] Serving grades 6 through 12, it focuses on STEM disciplines with an integrated curriculum that incorporates engineering design principles and real-world problem-solving, drawing on university resources for advanced coursework and mentorship.^[83] The school reports high academic performance, including an 81% Advanced Placement participation rate and national rankings among top public high schools.^[84] The School at Columbia University, a private day school in New York City affiliated with the university, provides education for grades K-8 to children of faculty, staff, and local families.^[85] Located on the university's campus, it prioritizes community, collaboration, and innovation in its curriculum, fostering inquiry-based learning in a diverse environment.^[86] Columbia High School in Maplewood, New Jersey, holds the distinction of being the first public high school established in the state, with roots tracing to the mid-19th century and operations formalized in its current form by the early 20th century.^[87] Serving grades 9-12 in the South Orange-Maplewood School District, it is recognized for its diverse student body and historical significance as a pioneer in public secondary education.^[88]

Transportation vehicles

Aircraft

The Wright-Bellanca WB-2, known as Columbia or Miss Columbia, was a single-engine monoplane designed by Giuseppe Mario Bellanca and constructed in 1926–1927 initially for Wright Aeronautical.^[89] Acquired by Charles A. Levine's Columbia Aircraft Corporation, it achieved a historic non-stop transatlantic flight from Roosevelt Field, New York, to Eisleben, Germany, on June 4–6, 1927, piloted by Clarence D. Chamberlin with Levine as passenger, covering 3,911 miles (6,294 km) in 43 hours 48 minutes.^[90] The aircraft featured a 200 hp Wright J-5 Whirlwind engine, a fabric-covered wooden fuselage, and a wingspan of 48 ft 7 in (14.81 m), enabling endurance records prior to the crossing, including a 51-hour flight in April 1927.^[90] The Columbia 300 (LC40-550FG), 350 (LC42-550FG), and 400 (LC41-550FG) were high-performance, single-engine piston general aviation aircraft produced by Columbia Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation, a spin-off from Lancair's certified program established in 1995 and rebranded in 2005.^[91] The Columbia 300 received FAA certification on September 18, 1998, as the fastest fixed-gear single-engine aircraft at the time, powered by a 300 hp Continental TSIO-550-C turbocharged engine, with a cruise speed of 183 knots and range exceeding 1,000 nautical miles.^[91] The Columbia 350, an upgraded variant, introduced retractable gear and enhanced avionics, while the Columbia 400, certified March 30, 2003, added a glass cockpit and 310 hp dual-turbocharged engine for speeds up to 235 knots true airspeed.^[91] Production ceased after Columbia filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2007, triggered by financial pressures, intense competition from the Cirrus SR22, and damage to 60 aircraft in a July 7, 2006, hailstorm at its Bend, Oregon facility, which delayed deliveries and escalated costs.^[91] Textron Aviation acquired the assets for $26.4 million on November 27, 2007, rebranding the models as Cessna 350 Corvalis and Cessna 400 Corvalis TT (later TTx), with TTx production ending in 2017 after 12 units built under Cessna.^[91] Approximately 250 Columbia aircraft were delivered before the bankruptcy, noted for composite construction, advanced safety features like ballistic parachutes, and ties to NASA's AGATE program for revitalizing general aviation.^[91]

Spacecraft

The Space Shuttle Columbia (Orbital Vehicle designation OV-102) was the first orbiter constructed for NASA's Space Shuttle program, with assembly of its initial components beginning at North American Rockwell Corporation's Space Division in 1975. Named after the historic American sailing ship that circumnavigated the globe, Columbia completed ground testing and was ferried atop a Boeing 747 to NASA's Kennedy Space Center in March 1979 for final integration.^[92]^[93] Columbia's maiden flight, STS-1, launched on April 12, 1981, from Launch Pad 39A at Kennedy Space Center, marking the first orbital test of a reusable crewed spacecraft; it was commanded by John W. Young with pilot Robert L. Crippen, achieving a successful two-day uncrewed-payload mission focused on vehicle checkout.^[94]^[95] Over its operational lifespan, Columbia completed 28 missions, accumulating more than 300 days in space and demonstrating capabilities such as satellite deployment, scientific research, and payload servicing.^[96] Notable achievements included the deployment of the Chandra X-ray Observatory during STS-93 on July 23, 1999, which remains operational for astrophysics observations.^[97] As the heaviest orbiter at approximately 171,000 pounds empty weight, Columbia lacked certain modifications like the orbital docking system, limiting its role in International Space Station assembly compared to later orbiters.^[96] The orbiter's final mission, STS-107, launched on January 16, 2003, from Pad 39A as a dedicated 17-day microgravity science flight carrying the SPACEHAB module with over 80 experiments in biology, materials science, and astrophysics.^[98] During ascent, a briefcase-sized piece of foam insulation from the external tank struck Columbia's left wing, breaching the reinforced carbon-carbon leading edge and allowing superheated atmospheric gases to penetrate during reentry on February 1, 2003, causing structural failure at approximately 8:59 a.m. EST over Texas.^[99]^[100] The accident resulted in the loss of Columbia and its seven crew members—Rick Husband, William McCool, Michael Anderson, David Brown, Kalpana Chawla, Laurel Clark, and Ilan Ramon—exposing vulnerabilities in NASA's foam shedding management and return-to-flight decision processes, as detailed in the Columbia Accident Investigation Board's report.^[101]^[102] Debris recovery efforts spanned 84,000 square miles across Texas and Louisiana, yielding over 84,000 pieces analyzed to confirm the physical cause as wing damage from the launch impact.^[100]

Ships

The Columbia Rediviva, a privately owned American full-rigged ship launched in 1787 from Joseph Barre's shipyard in Plymouth, Massachusetts, became the first U.S.-flagged vessel to circumnavigate the globe during its voyage from September 1787 to August 1790 under captains John Kendrick and Robert Gray.^[103] Departing Boston with the sloop Washington, it traded furs on the Pacific Northwest coast, visited Hawaii and China, and returned via the Cape of Good Hope, logging over 41,000 miles and establishing early American maritime presence in the region.^[104] The U.S. Navy has commissioned multiple warships named Columbia. The first, a 44-gun frigate built at the Washington Navy Yard in 1814, served briefly before being lost or broken up.^[105] A subsequent 50-gun sailing frigate, USS Columbia (1836), launched on March 9, 1836, at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, conducted surveys and patrols until it was burned by Union forces on April 20, 1861, at Norfolk to prevent Confederate capture.^[106] USS Columbia (C-12/CA-16), a protected cruiser laid down in 1888 and commissioned on July 1, 1894, displaced 7,375 tons, featured 9-inch and 8-inch guns, and participated in Caribbean patrols to safeguard U.S. interests from 1894 to 1895 before serving in the Spanish-American War and later as a minelayer until decommissioning in 1921.^[106] During World War II, USS Columbia (CL-56, a Cleveland-class light cruiser of 11,744 tons armed with fifteen 6-inch guns, was laid down on August 19, 1940, launched December 17, 1941, and commissioned July 1, 1942; it earned 12 battle stars for Pacific operations including Guadalcanal and Leyte Gulf before decommissioning on December 20, 1946, and scrapping in 1959.^[107] Other vessels include USS Columbia (SSN-771), a Los Angeles-class nuclear-powered attack submarine commissioned on June 9, 1990, which completed a seven-month deployment returning to Pearl Harbor in 2025.^[108] Merchant ships such as the Cunard Line's Columbia (1840), an early steam paddle steamer, and the electrically lighted SS Columbia (1901) of the Savannah Line, which pioneered onboard electric lighting, also carried the name but had limited historical impact compared to naval predecessors.^[109]^[110]

Other uses

Miscellaneous nomenclature and concepts

Columbia, as a nomenclature, originated in the 1730s as a Neo-Latin toponym for the British Thirteen Colonies, later extended to the United States, formed by appending the suffix -ia (denoting a land or country) to the name of explorer Christopher Columbus. This etymological construction emphasized causal connections to the Age of Discovery, positioning the New World territories as a "land of Columbus" in contrast to European nomenclature.^[5] Conceptually, Columbia embodies a female personification of the United States, paralleling figures like Britannia or Marianne, and symbolizing republican virtues, liberty, and manifest destiny in 18th- and 19th-century American iconography. Depicted in political cartoons, currency, and public monuments—such as Archibald Willard's 1876 painting Spirit of '76 variants—this allegorical representation reinforced national identity through visual and rhetorical traditions rooted in Enlightenment ideals rather than indigenous or monarchical heritage. Its usage declined post-Civil War with the rise of Uncle Sam and the Stars and Stripes as dominant symbols, though it persists in institutional names and cultural references.^[111] In scientific and taxonomic nomenclature, Columbia appears in binomial classifications honoring Columbus, such as Columbia livia (a synonym for the rock dove, Columba livia), linking avian taxonomy to exploratory history via Linnaean conventions. Similarly, in astronomy, minor planets and features bear the name, as with the Columbia Glacier in Antarctica, though such applications prioritize historical commemoration over functional description. These instances illustrate nomenclature's role in perpetuating explorer-centric paradigms in empirical disciplines, often critiqued for Eurocentric bias in modern revisions.^[112]

References

[1]
Goddess of Liberty Figure | National Museum of American History
Columbia was an idealized feminine figure that personified the new nation of America. The concept was created in 1697.
[2]
Before Lady Liberty, There Was Lady Columbia, America's First ...
Her image was used to help rally millions of immigrants toward an American identity—and, Hattem says, to reinforce a new patriotic movement called Columbianism.
[3]
Columbia | World War I Poster - Pritzker Military Museum & Library
Columbia is a quasi-mythical, adult female personification of the United States and the values of the people who live there.
[4]
Miss(ing) Columbia: America's Forgotten Warrior Goddess
Jul 4, 2016 · Once the symbol of the nation, today Columbia is greatly “hidden in plain sight” in names, places, and logos all over the country. Many rivers, ...
[5]
Columbia - Etymology, Origin & Meaning of the Name
Poetic name for the USA, originally British colonies (1730s), female personification; from Christopher Columbus' name plus Latin country suffix -ia, origin ...
[6]
https://www.gettysburgflag.com/blog/about-lady-columbia-cotton-american-flags/
[7]
How Did America Get Its Name? | Timeless
Jul 4, 2016 · America is named after Amerigo Vespucci, the Italian explorer who set forth the then revolutionary concept that the lands that Christopher Columbus sailed to ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[8]
Colombia - Etymology, Origin & Meaning of the Name
Colombia, named after explorer Columbus, originated from Gran Colombia in 1819; its meaning relates to the South American nation evolving from New Granada.
[9]
Before Lady Liberty, There Was Lady Columbia, America's First ...
Aug 30, 2023 · The first and longest-ruling mascot of the United States made her debut before the country was even a country, appearing in 17th-century poems and sermons ...
[10]
Columbia River | Location, Length, History, & Facts - Britannica
Oct 18, 2025 · The Columbia flows from its source in Columbia Lake, at an elevation of 2,700 feet (820 metres), in British Columbia near the crest of the Rocky ...
[11]
Columbia River: Description, Creation, and Discovery
The Columbia River, fourth-largest by volume in North America (annual average of 192 million acre-feet at the mouth) begins at Columbia Lake in the Rocky ...
[12]
Columbia River - American Rivers
In its 1,200 mile course to the ocean, the river flows through four mountain ranges and drains more water to the Pacific Ocean than any other river in North or ...Missing: geographical named
[13]
Columbia Plateau - Northwest Power and Conservation Council
It is a roughly triangular-shaped area about 250 miles on a side. On its fringes the elevation of the plateau is about 4,000 feet (1,219 meters) above sea level ...
[14]
Columbia Plateau | Map, Geography, & Facts | Britannica
Columbia Plateau, geographic region, northwestern United States. It forms part of the intermontane plateaus and is bordered east by the Northern Rocky ...
[15]
Columbia Basin | Department of Natural Resources - WA DNR
The area is characterized by steep river canyons, extensive plateaus, and in places, tall and sinuous ridges. The region is overlain with loess blown in by the ...
[16]
Columbia Mountains | Canada, Location, Map, & Facts | Britannica
The Columbia Mountains are a range in southeastern British Columbia, Canada, bounded by the Rocky Mountain Trench, Columbia River, Interior Plateau, and Fraser ...
[17]
The Columbia Mountains Natural Region - Glacier National Park
May 3, 2024 · The Columbia Mountains, including Mount Revelstoke and Glacier, are distinct from the Rockies, with high precipitation, and three life zones: ...
[18]
The Columbia Mountains Natural Region - Mount Revelstoke ...
May 3, 2024 · The Columbia Mountain ranges (Purcells, Selkirks, Cariboos, Monashees) form the first tall mountain barrier east of the Coast Mountains. They ...
[19]
Columbia Glacier | ALASKA.ORG
Columbia glacier is located in Prince William Sound. At over 550 meters thick at some points and covering an area of 400 square miles, this glacier is a sight ...
[20]
World of Change: Columbia Glacier, Alaska - NASA Earth Observatory
The Columbia Glacier descends from an icefield 3,050 meters (10,000 feet) above sea level, down the flanks of the Chugach Mountains, and into a narrow inlet ...
[21]
Columbia Glacier, Alaska, USA | EROS
Columbia Glacier is a large tidewater glacier that flows south out of the Chugach Mountains in Alaska to Prince William Sound.
[22]
District of Columbia, District of ... - U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts
Population. Population estimates, July 1, 2024, (V2024).. 702,250. Population estimates base, April 1, 2020, (V2024).. 689,545. Population, percent ...
[23]
Columbia Demographics | Current South Carolina Census Data
2024 Population With 144,788 people, Columbia is the 2nd most populated city in the state of South Carolina out of 475 cities according to the most current US ...
[24]
Columbia Demographics | Current Missouri Census Data
population icon 2024 Population ... With 130,900 people, Columbia is the 4th most populated city in the state of Missouri out of 1,066 cities according to the ...
[25]
Maryland Cities by Population (2025)
Aug 7, 2025 · The most populous cities in Maryland are Baltimore with 568,271, Columbia at 105,871, Germantown with 90,521, Frederick at 89,537, and Waldorf ...
[26]
How many cities are called Columbia in America? - Geotargit
There are 29 places named Columbia in America. ... All places in the world called "Columbia". Location Columbia: Alabama · Arizona · California · Connecticut ...
[27]
How many places are named Columbia?
There are 29 places named Columbia in America. There are 3 places named Columbia in Cuba. There are 2 places named Columbia in Colombia. There is one place ...
[28]
Where is Columbia in Italy? - Geotargit
Columbia is situated in the region Emilia-Romagna in Italy! ... Here you will find the location of Columbia on a map. To see how it currently looks like outside, ...
[29]
List of places named for Christopher Columbus - Wikipedia
Cities, towns, and villages · Colombo, Brazil · Columbia, California · Columbia, Connecticut · Columbus, Georgia · Columbia, Illinois · Columbus, Indiana · Columbus, ...Missing: populated outside
[30]
Columbia - BioShock Wiki - Fandom
Columbia is named after the angel that visited Comstock, inspiring him to build Columbia (his own ark). This can be heard at the celebrations at the start ...
[31]
Columbia - Rocky Horror Wiki - Fandom
Columbia is a character from the musical productions of The Rocky Horror Show since 1973, from the 1975 movie, from the 2015 tribute production celebrating 40 ...
[32]
Columbia - American Gods Wiki - Fandom
Columbia was the feminine embodiment of the spirit of America before the Statue of Liberty arrived and stole her thunder.
[33]
Columbia | Public Domain Super Heroes | Fandom
Columbia also known as Miss Columbia, is a female national personification of the United States similar to how Uncle Sam is a male personification.
[34]
Hail Columbia | Articles & Essays | Patriotic Melodies
The music for "Hail Columbia" was composed by Philip Phile (Pfeil), believed to be one of a number of German musicians who immigrated to the United States.
[35]
Hail, Columbia - Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia
Philadelphia lawyer Joseph Hopkinson (1770–1842) created “Hail, Columbia” in the spring of 1798 when he put lyrics to the tune of the “President's March,” a ...
[36]
Hail Columbia: almost the national anthem - Musicology for Everyone
Sep 23, 2023 · Hail Columbia, an immediate hit, served as the unofficial American national anthem for more than a century. Why did the public lose interest ...
[37]
Columbia the Gem of the Ocean | Articles & Essays | Patriotic Melodies
Columbia the Land of the Brave, written and composed by David T. Shaw. 1843. Music Division, Library of Congress. Britannia, the pride of the ocean, The home of ...Missing: compositions | Show results with:compositions
[38]
Patriotic Music: Columbia The Gem Of The Ocean - Lilesnet
Sep 18, 2024 · "Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean" is a United States patriotic song which was popular in the 19th and early 20th century . It was used on ...
[39]
Columbia Journalism Review
The voice of journalism, since 1961.Contact · Mission Statement · Masthead · Newsletters
[40]
Columbia: A Journal of Literature and Art
Columbia: A Journal of Literature and Art was founded in 1977 by students in the Columbia University School of the Arts Graduate Writing program.
[41]
COLUMBIA JOURNAL
FICTION · NONFICTION · POETRY · ARCHIVE. a literary magazine founded in 1977 by Columbia graduate students. a literary magazine founded in 1977 by Columbia ...Submission Guidelines · History · Fiction · Previous Issues
[42]
Columbia Journal - Chill Subs
Columbia Journal is an annual literary magazine founded in 1977. We're based at Columbia University's MFA Writing Program in New York City.
[43]
100 Years of Columbia | KofC.org
Jul 1, 2021 · When the first issue of Columbia was published in August 1921, Warren G. Harding was U.S. president, Charlie Chaplin and Rudolph Valentino ...Missing: notable journals
[44]
The Columbia Chronicle | Columbia College Chicago
Columbia Chronicle. Published since 1973, The Columbia Chronicle is considered the highest-rated student-run collegiate newspaper of its kind.
[45]
https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/100-years-columbia-pictures-timeline-1235961895/
[46]
100 Years at Columbia Pictures Timeline - The Hollywood Reporter
Aug 1, 2024 · From Poverty Row to Frank Capra, Coca-Cola ownership to the infamous Sony hack, a look at the colorful history of one of Hollywood's most storied studios.
[47]
The History of Columbia Pictures - Entertainment Junkie Blog
Jan 9, 2024 · The Coca-Cola Company now owned both Columbia and TriStar, but in 1989 they decided to sell the two studios to the Japanese electronics giant ...
[48]
Columbia Records | Artists, History, & Music | Britannica
Aug 29, 2025 · Columbia Records traces its origins to the American Graphophone Company in 1887 and the Columbia Phonograph Company in 1889. The two ...
[49]
The Columbia Records Story - History and Artists - LiveAbout
Mar 18, 2017 · Columbia Records derives its name origin from the District of Columbia. It was originally the Columbia Phonograph Company and distributed Edison phonographs ...
[50]
Columbia Records - Sony Music UK
Founded in 1887, Columbia is the oldest surviving brand name in pre-recorded sound and home to an array of notable singers, instrumentalists, and groups. From ...
[51]
Remembering CBS Radio's Beginnings
Jul 15, 2020 · January 1929: Columbia Broadcasting System President William S. Paley completes a circuit feeding the West Coast, turning CBS into a national ...
[52]
Columbia Broadcasting System — MBC
Soon merged with the Columbia Phonograph Company, the network went on the air on September 18, 1927, as the Columbia Phonograph Broadcasting Company. Within a ...
[53]
Columbia Broadcasting System - New World Encyclopedia
The name is derived from an abbreviation of Columbia Broadcasting System, its former legal name. The company became known as CBS, Inc. in 1971, and as CBS in ...History · Early years · The television years · CBS Today
[54]
Columbia Helicopters - Home
Columbia creates, delivers, operates, and maintains the world's premier heavy-lift helicopters to save lives, protect nations, and build industries.AboutEqual OpportunityTerms of Use
[55]
Columbia Helicopters | LinkedIn
Columbia Helicopters, Inc. is a global operator of heavy-lift helicopters and also provides maintenance support for commercial and military customers around ...
[56]
About Columbia Group |
Columbia Group, founded in 1990, is a premier container barge feeder operator. It also provides off-dock container services, and is now owned by Bruce Fenimore.Missing: named | Show results with:named
[57]
Columbia Group: Revenue, Competitors, Alternatives - Growjo
Columbia Group of companies consists of three operating companies including Columbia Coastal Transport, Columbia Container Service and Columbia Intermodal.
[58]
About Us - Columbia Logistics
Columbia Logistics provides VIP service, competitive rates, and is dedicated to customer satisfaction, with a culture focused on exceeding expectations and a ...
[59]
Columbia Logistics | Local, National and Global Freight Forwading ...
A full service freight forwarding and logistics company founded in 1997 by Mr. Simon Tung an Alumni of Columbia University.
[60]
Columbia Transportation Division Logo Shirt - Mohawk Design
In stockThe Columbia Transportation Company was formed as a division within the Oglebay Norton Company in 1920. The mining industry, of which Oglebay Norton was a ...
[61]
Bay Shipbuilding Delivers M/V Columbia Star To Oglebay Norton
A self-unloading vessel, the Columbia Star is equipped with a 265-foot conveyor boom which swings over the vessel's side to discharge up to 10,000 tons of bulk ...
[62]
Our History - Columbia Sportswear Company
Founded in 1938, Columbia Sportswear Company is a global leader in designing, sourcing, marketing, and distributing outdoor and active lifestyle apparel.
[63]
Company Information :: Columbia Sportswear Company (COLM)
Columbia Sportswear Company is a global leader in the design, sourcing, marketing, and distribution of outdoor and active lifestyle apparel.
[64]
Columbia Insurance Group - Mutual Insurance Carrier
As a mutual insurance carrier, we've chosen to support small business by selling our products through Independent Insurance Agents in and around your community.ContactCareersSubmit a ClaimAboutAll Locations
[65]
Columbia Bank: Personalized Financial Solutions in NJ
Serving New Jersey since 1927, Columbia Bank offers tailored financial solutions to meet your needs. Discover our personal and business banking services to ...
[66]
Columbia Surname/Last Name: Meaning, Origin & Family History
Columbia ranks #28049 in the US. 92.15% White in US. Altered form of French de la Colombe (see Colombe), a habitational name for someone from a place in.
[67]
Columbia Name Meaning and Columbia Family History at ...
12 people in Family Tree. We found 97,868 records for the Columbia last name. Explore historical collections, such as birth records, death certificates, ...<|separator|>
[68]
Columbia - Surname Origins & Meanings - Last Names - MyHeritage
36% of men with the last name Columbia worked as laborers and 50% of women with the last name Columbia worked as a clerk. Search historical records.
[69]
Columbia Surname Origin, Meaning & Last Name History - Forebears
In The United States the number of people carrying the Columbia surname expanded 467 percent between 1880 and 2014. Columbia Last Name Statistics demography.
[70]
Columbia Genealogy | WikiTree FREE Family Tree
Here are the 55 most-recently added or edited Columbia ancestors, cousins, and community members. Search all 55 profiles. James Columbia: • managed by James ...
[71]
What Does The Name Columbia Mean?
As a given name, Columbia has remained relatively uncommon but carries strong associations with discovery, freedom, and the New World.
[72]
Columbia : Meaning and Origin of First Name - Ancestry.com
In history, the name Columbia came to prominence during the 18th century as a poetic name for the United States of America. Derived from Christopher Columbus, ...
[73]
Columbia - Baby Name, Origin, Meaning, And Popularity
Fictional characters named Columbia. Columbia is a fictional character from the musical The Rocky Horror Picture Show. She is a quirky and energetic groupie who ...<|separator|>
[74]
Columbia University in the City of New York
Columbia prepares the next generation of thinkers, scientists, artists, and leaders through an education grounded in intellectual rigor, open inquiry, and a ...
[75]
Columbia University - Profile, Rankings and Data
In the 2026 edition of Best Colleges, Columbia University is ranked No. #15 in National Universities. It's also ranked No. #4 in Lowest Acceptance Rates. It has ...
[76]
Columbia College | Columbia SC
Get a private liberal arts education in Columbia, SC. Build relationships with professors, explore leadership opportunities, and prepare for your career.
[77]
Columbia College: Build Your New
Since 1851, Columbia College has been offering quality higher education with a wide variety of programs available to everyone. From traditional students to ...Online Degrees and Programs · Build Your Career at Columbia... · Current Students
[78]
Columbia College Chicago
A destination for innovators for 135 years, Columbia College Chicago provides a hands-on, practice-based creative education grounded in liberal arts, ...
[79]
Columbia International University
With over 75 bachelor's, master's and doctoral programs online or on campus, Columbia International University prepares you for a life of purpose.<|control11|><|separator|>
[80]
Columbia Southern University: An Online University with Unlimited ...
For more than 25 years, CSU has helped adult learners achieve their academic goals by providing the strongest online degree programs at an affordable rate.Login Options · Online Degree Programs · Continuing Education · Contact Us
[81]
About - Columbia Grammar & Preparatory School
Founded in 1764, Columbia Grammar is the oldest nonsectarian independent school in the US, committed to a vigorous learning environment and student-centered ...Calendar · Faculty & Staff · Careers at CGPS · Board of Trustees
[82]
Mission & History - Columbia Grammar & Preparatory School
CGPS nurtures students' talents, preparing them for college. It was established in 1764, became co-ed in 1956, and named CGPS in 1969.
[83]
Our Partnership with Columbia University | About
On October 21, 2005, Columbia University announced that it would collaborate with the City of New York on the creation of a new public secondary school that ...
[84]
Columbia Secondary School - District 5 - InsideSchools
Columbia Secondary School for Math, Science and Engineering (CSS) is an academically challenging and ethnically diverse school founded with the backing of ...Missing: notable | Show results with:notable
[85]
Columbia Secondary School in New York, NY - US News Best High ...
Columbia Secondary is ranked #202 nationally and #24 in NY, with 81% AP participation, 73% minority enrollment, and 46% economically disadvantaged students.
[86]
The School at Columbia University | New York City
Located In New York City, The School at Columbia University is a Private K-8 Day School serving neighborhood families and Columbia University employees.
[87]
About
- **Founding Date**: Not provided in the content.
[88]
Columbia High School's (NJ) rich history & notable alumni
Aug 4, 2024 · Columbia High School located in Maplewood, is not only the oldest school in New Jersey but its is the 17th oldest school in the country.
[89]
Columbia High School — New Jersey's First High School
Known for its diversity, innovation, and vast history as the state's first high school, Columbia has been a cornerstone of the South Orange Village and ...
[90]
Bellanca WB-2 Columbia - transport - Aviastar.org
The Columbia made the transatlantic journey to Berlin in a record time, and the Columbia was hailed as a great design, not least in having a passenger seat and ...
[91]
OUTSTANDING FLIGHTS: Columbia Gem of the Ocean!
May 29, 2017 · While there he designed two aircraft, the WB-1 and WB-2, which later was named the Columbia. It was here that Bellanca and Clarence ...
[92]
Why Did Columbia Aircraft Fail? - Simple Flying
Sep 3, 2024 · If you have not heard about Columbia Aircraft, this is because the company ceased operations in 2007. A few factors ultimately caused the ...
[93]
45 Years Ago: Space Shuttle Columbia Arrives at NASA's Kennedy ...
Mar 21, 2024 · Officially known as Orbital Vehicle-102 (OV-102), in January 1979 NASA named it Columbia after Captain Robert Gary's sloop that explored the ...
[94]
Space Shuttle Columbia - NASA
Columbia was delivered to Kennedy Space Center in March 1979. STS-1, Columbia's maiden voyage, launched on April 12, 1981, and was the inaugural flight in the ...
[95]
40 Years Ago: Columbia Takes Flight! - NASA
Apr 12, 2021 · Young and Pilot Robert L. Crippen lifted off on April 12, 1981, aboard space shuttle Columbia, ushering in a new era of reusable spacecraft.<|separator|>
[96]
Columbia Mission History
On April 12, 1981, Columbia roared into a deep blue sky as the nation's first reusable Space Shuttle. Named after the first American ocean vessel to circle the ...
[97]
Columbia STS-107 - NASA
Columbia (Orbital Vehicle-102) was the first of NASA's orbiter fleet; construction began on its first components at North American Rockwell Corporation's ...
[98]
STS-93 - NASA
Mission Facts ; Mission: Chandra X-Ray Observatory ; Space Shuttle: Columbia ; Launch Pad: 39B ; Launched: July 23, 1999, 12:31:00 a.m. EDT ; Landing Site: Kennedy ...Missing: specifications | Show results with:specifications
[99]
STS-107 - NASA
Jan. 16, 2003, at 10:39 a.m. EST, Columbia lifted off on time on the first shuttle mission of the year. It carried seven crew members ...
[100]
Remembering the Columbia STS-107 Mission - NASA
The Columbia STS-107 mission lifted off on January 16, 2003, for a 17-day science mission featuring numerous microgravity experiments.
[101]
[PDF] Synopsis of the Report of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board
Sep 2, 2003 · NASA's space shuttle Columbia broke apart on February 1, 2003 as it returned to ... The physical cause was damage to Columbia's left wing ...
[102]
20 Years Ago: Remembering Columbia and Her Crew - NASA
Jan 26, 2023 · The first flight of the year, STS-107 aboard NASA's oldest orbiter Columbia, the first shuttle mission dedicated to microgravity research in nearly five years.
[103]
[PDF] Columbia Accident Investigation Board Report Volume 1
Space Shuttle Columbia and its seven-member crew lasted nearly seven months ... wiring was targeted as a possible cause of the Columbia accident ...
[104]
A Voyage Round the World Onboard the Ship Columbia Rediviva ...
The Columbia and the Washington departed in September 1787, and the Columbia returned to Boston in August 1790, becoming the first American-flagged ship to ...
[105]
Around the World on the Columbia (episode 233) - HUB History
Oct 10, 2021 · The Columbia became the first American ship to visit the west coast of North America, the first American ship to land in the Hawaiian islands, and the first ...
[106]
Historic Ships Of The Navy, "Columbia" - August 1933 Vol. 59/8/366
There were six ships named "Columbia": a 1814 sailing frigate, a 1816 sailing frigate, a 1862 screw steamer, a 1892 steel cruiser, a 1918 steam tug, and a 1921 ...
[107]
USS Columbia (C-12/CA-16) - Naval History and Heritage Command
USS Columbia (C-12) joined the North Atlantic Squadron, and from 30 July 1894 to 5 January 1895 cruised to protect American interests in the Caribbean.
[108]
USS Columbia (CL-56) - Naval History and Heritage Command
USS Columbia (CL-56) was laid down in 1940, commissioned in 1942, and decommissioned in 1946. It was sold for scrap in 1959.
[109]
USS Columbia (SSN 771) history - U.S. Carriers
Jul 29, 2025 · The Columbia (SSN 771) is the 60th Los Angeles-class attack submarine and the eighth ship of the U.S. Navy to bear that name.
[110]
SS Columbia Archival Collection
Columbia (1840) Cunard Line Ship's History (Brief); Columbia (1861) ... A history of the world's famous luxury liners provides portraits of the ships.
[111]
SS Columbia - The Lost Ship Who Lit The World
Oct 23, 2016 · The unknown story about the SS Columbia and its untold history. A ship who's global impact has changed the way we live forever.
[112]
Columbia - English Definition & Meaning - WordZo
'Columbia' is a poetic and nationalistic name for the Americas and the United States, derived from the last name of Christopher Columbus, the Italian explorer.
[113]
https://www.columbiasportswear.com.au/contents/31-columbia-history