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Sam Born

Sam Born (September 10, 1891 – March 23, 1959) was a Russian-born American candy maker, inventor, and entrepreneur best known for developing the first automated machine for mass-producing lollipops and founding the Just Born Quality Confections company, which became famous for iconic candies like Peeps, Mike and Ike, and Hot Tamales.^[1]^[2] Born Samuel Bernstein into a Jewish family in Vinnytsia, Russian Empire (present-day Vinnytsia, Ukraine), Born faced anti-Semitic tensions in his youth and relocated to Paris, where he apprenticed in chocolate-making before immigrating to the United States in 1909 at age 18, arriving in Philadelphia as a trained candy maker.^[2] In 1916, while operating a candy business in Brooklyn, New York, he invented the "Born Sucker Machine," a device that mechanically inserted sticks into hard candies, revolutionizing lollipop production and earning him the key to the city of San Francisco for his innovation.^[1]^[3] Born also contributed to other confectionery advancements, including technology for producing chocolate sprinkles (known as Jimmies) and a hard chocolate coating used in Eskimo Pies.^[1] In 1923, he established Just Born in Brooklyn with the help of his brothers-in-law, Irv and Jack Shaffer, initially focusing on chocolate and novelty candies; the company relocated to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, in 1932 and expanded significantly after acquiring the Rodda Candy Company in 1953, which brought the marshmallow Peeps chicks into their lineup.^[1]^[2]^[4] Born passed away at age 67 aboard the Cunard liner Britannic during a world cruise, leaving a lasting legacy in the American candy industry through his inventive spirit and family-run business that continues to operate today.^[2]

Early Life and Background

Birth and Family Origins

Samuel Born, originally named Samuel Bernstein, was born on September 10, 1891, in Vinnitsia, Russian Empire (present-day Vinnytsia, Ukraine), into a Jewish family.^[2] His early life unfolded amid the Pale of Settlement, where Jews faced significant restrictions and periodic pogroms under tsarist rule. The family's modest socioeconomic status reflected the challenges typical of many Jewish households in the region, marked by limited opportunities and economic hardship.^[2] Born's childhood was influenced by the cultural and religious milieu of Eastern European Jewish communities. Although specific family anecdotes are scarce, records indicate that by age 18, he identified as a candy maker on his immigration manifest.^[2] These formative years in Russia instilled a resilience shaped by anti-Semitic tensions, which contributed to his family's decision to relocate to France before his eventual immigration to the United States in 1909, amid rising political instability in the empire.^[2]

Education and Early Training in Confectionery

After his family relocated to France in the early 1900s amid anti-Semitic tensions, Sam Born began his formal training in confectionery.^[5]^[2] Prior to relocating, Born attended rabbinical school in Berdichev, Ukraine.^[5] In Paris, Born apprenticed in the art of chocolate-making, working in a local candy store that provided hands-on experience in the trade.^[5]^[1] This period marked the foundation of his expertise, as he honed skills essential to producing high-quality chocolates under European standards of craftsmanship.^[6] During his apprenticeship in the early 1900s, Born developed skills in chocolate production central to what became known as "French Chocolates," emphasizing refined textures and flavors that distinguished European sweets from coarser varieties.^[1] He also gained an understanding of flavor combinations, blending traditional ingredients to elevate taste profiles, which reflected the era's advancements in confectionery artistry.^[2] These experiences in France equipped him with the technical proficiency and creative insight that he would carry to the United States, setting the stage for his contributions to American candy-making.^[6]

Immigration and Early Career

Arrival in the United States

Sam Born, born Samuel Bernstein in 1891 in Vinnitsia, Russian Empire (now Ukraine), to a Jewish family, fled anti-Semitic persecution that prompted his relocation to Paris, France, where he apprenticed in chocolate-making.^[2] In December 1909, at age 18, he immigrated to the United States from Liverpool (after training in France) aboard the S/S Merion, arriving in Philadelphia as a Russian Jewish immigrant amid the broader exodus of Eastern European Jews escaping pogroms and economic hardship before World War I.^[2]^[1] His specialized training in French confectionery techniques proved a vital asset for entering the American candy trade upon arrival.^[2] To facilitate assimilation in the diverse yet often unwelcoming urban landscape of early 20th-century America, Bernstein anglicized his name to Sam Born, a common practice among Jewish immigrants to mitigate discrimination and ease integration.^[2] As a young Jewish newcomer, Born encountered significant challenges, including language barriers—navigating English alongside his knowledge of Yiddish, Russian, and French—and economic hurdles in a competitive job market rife with nativist sentiments and limited opportunities for immigrants. These obstacles were emblematic of the broader struggles faced by over two million Eastern European Jews who arrived in the U.S. between 1880 and 1920, many settling in overcrowded tenements while seeking stability. Despite these adversities, Born's determination and skills laid the foundation for his future endeavors in the confectionery industry.

Initial Business Ventures in New York

Upon arriving in the United States in 1909, Sam Born leveraged his confectionery training from France to establish initial retail operations in New York City, opening several small candy stores in 1916 to showcase his European-style chocolates and candies.^[5] These ventures focused on high-quality, imported-inspired confections, introducing "French Chocolates" to local American consumers through handmade production that highlighted artisanal techniques from his background.^[1] Born operated these stores primarily as a solo entrepreneur, crafting and selling fresh batches daily to build a reputation for quality in Brooklyn and surrounding areas, including custom orders for neighborhood markets and events.^[5] His innovative sales approach centered on eye-catching window displays that demonstrated the immediacy of production, with signage proclaiming the candies as "just born" to underscore their unparalleled freshness—a concept that would later define his branding.^[1] These early efforts in retail confectionery allowed Born to experiment with product variety, such as chocolate-based treats tailored to urban tastes, while fostering direct customer relationships through in-store demonstrations and personalized service.^[1] Although initially independent, Born soon brought in family support, with his brothers-in-law Irv and Jack Shaffer joining the operations shortly after the stores' inception to assist in expansion and daily management.^[1] This period laid the groundwork for his reputation as a purveyor of premium, fresh European-style sweets in New York's competitive market.^[5]

Founding and Development of Just Born

Establishment of the Company

In 1923, Sam Born founded Just Born in Brooklyn, New York, as a dedicated candy manufacturing firm, incorporating it on May 23 of that year.^[7] This establishment built upon his earlier retail candy ventures in New York City, where he had honed his skills in confectionery production.^[1] The company's name derived from the "Just Born" slogan Born displayed in the windows of his previous shops, highlighting the exceptional freshness of his candies as if they were newly made each day.^[5] This branding emphasized quality and immediacy, setting Just Born apart in the competitive New York candy market from the outset.^[8] Just Born's initial product line centered on handmade French-style chocolates, produced in a small retail shop and factory to maintain artisanal standards.^[1] The firm prioritized daily manufacturing cycles to ensure optimal freshness and flavor, a practice that became central to its operations and reputation.^[9]

Relocation and Expansion to Pennsylvania

In 1932, amid the challenges of the Great Depression, Just Born relocated its operations from Brooklyn, New York, to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, seeking larger facilities and more affordable production costs to support the company's growing ambitions.^[1] The move allowed access to a spacious four-story building, previously an empty printing plant, which provided the necessary space for expanded manufacturing and convenient rail connections for distribution.^[10] This strategic shift marked a pivotal step in scaling the business beyond its initial retail and small-scale production roots in New York.^[5] Upon arriving in Bethlehem, Just Born integrated local resources by recruiting workers from the area's stagnant steel industry, which was severely impacted by the economic downturn, thereby building a dedicated workforce to operate the new facility.^[5] The relocation facilitated operational efficiencies, enabling the company to increase production capacity through the adoption of more advanced equipment and processes suited to the larger space.^[11] By the mid-1930s, these efforts had driven significant expansion, with the workforce growing substantially to support heightened output and positioning Just Born as a key employer in the region.^[1] This period of growth in Pennsylvania laid the groundwork for Just Born's emergence as a major player in the confectionery sector, despite the broader economic hardships, by leveraging the new location's advantages for long-term sustainability.^[12]

Innovations and Contributions to Candy Industry

Invention of the Born Sucker Machine

In 1916, Samuel Born, a Russian immigrant and confectioner based in San Francisco, invented the Born Sucker Machine, a groundbreaking device designed to automate the insertion of sticks into hard candy drops, transforming the labor-intensive process of lollipop production. Prior to this innovation, lollipops were handmade, with workers manually pushing sticks into molten candy, limiting output to small batches and making the treat a regional novelty rather than a national staple. Born's machine addressed this bottleneck by mechanically aligning and inserting wooden sticks into the cooling candy, enabling consistent, high-volume manufacturing that significantly reduced costs and increased efficiency. For his contribution, Born was awarded the key to the city of San Francisco in 1916, recognizing the machine's potential to elevate the American candy industry.^[5] The Born Sucker Machine operated through a series of mechanical components that synchronized candy drop formation with stick placement, allowing for the rapid production of uniform lollipops without compromising quality. Hot candy was dropped onto a conveyor or rotating platform where sticks were precisely positioned and pressed into the base as the candy cooled and hardened, preventing breakage or misalignment common in manual methods. This automation not only boosted production rates—capable of handling hundreds of units per hour compared to dozens by hand—but also ensured hygienic and standardized results, setting a new benchmark for confectionery equipment. The invention was patented under US Patent 1,195,437 for "Candy-Making Machinery" on August 22, 1916, solidifying Born's role as a pioneer in industrial candy production.^[13] The widespread adoption of the Born Sucker Machine by other candy manufacturers across the United States marked a pivotal shift in the lollipop market, standardizing the product as an affordable, mass-produced treat available nationwide by the 1920s. Companies in California and beyond licensed or replicated the technology, leading to exponential growth in lollipop consumption and variety, from fruit-flavored spheres to shaped designs. This innovation democratized access to the candy, turning it from a luxury item into an everyday indulgence and influencing the broader confectionery sector's move toward mechanization. Later, upon founding Just Born in 1923, Born integrated an improved version of the machine into his operations, further enhancing efficiency in producing his company's early lollipop lines.^[1]^[5]

Other Confectionery Innovations

Born contributed to several other advancements in the candy industry. He developed the technology for producing chocolate sprinkles, commonly known as Jimmies, which became a popular topping for ice cream and baked goods. Additionally, he invented a hard chocolate coating technique that was used in the production of Eskimo Pies, an early frozen confection introduced in the 1920s. These innovations expanded the range of chocolate-based products and improved manufacturing processes for coated treats.^[1]

Key Products and Company Growth

Development of Mike and Ike

In 1940, Just Born, Inc., under the leadership of Sam Born, introduced Mike and Ike as a line of chewy, fruit-flavored candies, marking a significant addition to the company's portfolio during the post-Depression economic recovery. The name "Mike and Ike" is believed to draw inspiration from a popular 1920s vaudeville act titled "Mike and Ike (They Look Alike)," though the exact origin remains a subject of company legend and speculation.^[14] The candies featured an original assortment of five fruit flavors—cherry, lemon, lime, orange, and strawberry—delivered in small, colorful, soft-shelled pieces with a distinctive chewy texture achieved through modified food starch and corn syrup. This formulation provided a burst of fruity taste in a compact, bite-sized form, distinguishing Mike and Ike from harder jelly beans and appealing to consumers seeking affordable treats.^[15]^[16] Packaging played a key role in the product's market introduction, with the candies sold in slim, colorful cardboard boxes that facilitated portability and portion control, ideal for movie theaters and impulse buys. This box format, often in theater-sized portions, contributed to early visibility and accessibility at retail outlets.^[17] The launch proved successful amid ongoing economic challenges, as Just Born's relocation to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, in 1932 had already positioned the company for expanded production and distribution, helping Mike and Ike achieve rapid popularity and bolster sales during a period of national recovery. By offering a low-cost indulgence at just a few cents per box, the candy resonated with consumers in the early 1940s, supporting Just Born's growth into a prominent confectionery name.^[16]^[1]

Creation and Evolution of Peeps

The marshmallow chicks that would become known as Peeps originated at the R.E. Rodda Candy Company in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, where they were first produced in the early 1940s as special-order Easter decorations for local customers, particularly in the Pennsylvania Dutch community.^[18] These early treats were crafted from a simple marshmallow mixture of sugar, corn syrup, gelatin, and egg whites, shaped into small yellow chicks to symbolize spring and renewal.^[19] The Rodda company, founded in 1908 and renowned for its jelly beans and eggs, hand-formed the chicks using a labor-intensive process that involved squeezing the warm marshmallow paste through pastry tubes onto trays, allowing them to air-dry for up to 24 hours before adding a light sugar coating and tiny dots of icing for eyes.^[20] In 1953, under the leadership of Sam Born, Just Born acquired the Rodda Candy Company, integrating its jelly bean production and the nascent marshmallow chick line into the company's portfolio to expand its seasonal offerings.^[1] Born, who had relocated Just Born to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, in 1932, recognized the potential of these handmade confections as a distinctive Easter product. At the time of acquisition, each batch of chicks required approximately 27 hours of manual labor—from mixing and piping to drying, coating in fine sugar for texture and stability, and meticulously applying the eye details—highlighting the unique, hands-on process that emphasized freshness and detail.^[19] Following the acquisition, Just Born, led by Sam Born and his son Bob Born, mechanized the production process in 1954, reducing the time to create each Peeps chick from 27 hours to just 6 minutes and enabling mass production. This innovation scaled output while maintaining the product's quality, appearance, and marshmallow composition, allowing for nationwide introduction in 1953 as Just Born's signature Easter treat, initially limited to the classic yellow marshmallow chick to align with traditional holiday themes of rebirth and simplicity.^[1]^[19] These advancements in the 1950s laid the foundation for Peeps' enduring popularity, with the company's expansion in Pennsylvania supporting broader distribution and the treats' whimsical design.^[16]

Personal Life and Later Years

Family and Succession

Sam Born, a Russian immigrant who founded Just Born in 1923, established a family-oriented business structure from its inception, with his marriage facilitating early involvement from relatives. In 1923, Born married Ann Shaffer, whose brothers Irv and Jack joined the company shortly after its founding, contributing to operations in Brooklyn, New York.^[2]^[1] Born had one son, Ira "Bob" Born, who was born on September 29, 1924, in New York City. Bob Born graduated from Lehigh University in 1944 with a degree in engineering physics and served in the U.S. Navy during World War II as a radar specialist and lieutenant. He joined Just Born in 1945, bringing his technical expertise to the family enterprise at a time when the company was expanding following the war.^[21]^[22]^[23] Bob Born's engineering background played a key role in the family's operational involvement, particularly in mechanizing production processes that supported post-war growth and innovation at Just Born. For instance, he led the automation of marshmallow chick manufacturing in 1954, drastically reducing production time and enabling scalability. This hands-on family collaboration ensured continuity and technical advancement during the company's relocation and expansion to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.^[1]^[24]^[25] Succession planning within the Born family maintained tight control over Just Born, with Bob Born assuming the presidency in 1959 following his father's death. Under Bob's leadership, which lasted over 30 years, the company solidified its family-owned status, later passing to the third generation, including his son Ross Born, who became co-president in 1992. This generational handover preserved the entrepreneurial vision while adapting to modern demands.^[26]^[1]^[27]

Philanthropy and Community Involvement

Sam Born, a Jewish immigrant who relocated Just Born to Bethlehem in 1932, established a foundation for community engagement through the company's growth as a major local employer during the 1940s and 1950s. The Born family, beginning with Sam's leadership, maintained a strong tradition of supporting Jewish causes, earning honors from the Federation of Jewish Philanthropy, the United Jewish Appeal, and the Jewish Federation of the Lehigh Valley for their charitable contributions.^[28] This commitment extended to Bethlehem community projects, where Just Born's presence since the company's early years in Pennsylvania fostered local economic stability and involvement in regional initiatives.^[29] Beyond personal business interests, Sam Born contributed to advancements in the candy trade through his innovations, which were later recognized by industry groups such as the National Confectionary Sales Association via his posthumous induction into the Candy Hall of Fame.^[5] The success of Just Born under Born's direction provided the resources that underpinned these philanthropic and community efforts.^[30]

Death and Legacy

Death

Sam Born died on March 23, 1959, at the age of 67, while at sea aboard the Cunard liner Britannic, en route from Lisbon to Southampton.^[5]^[31] His body was returned to the United States, and he was buried at Montefiore Cemetery in Springfield Gardens, Queens County, New York.^[31] The family-owned Just Born company, based in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, experienced no significant disruptions following his passing, with operations continuing under the leadership of his son, Bob Born, who had joined the firm in 1946 and helped stabilize and innovate its production processes. Bob Born served as president until his death in 2023.^[1]^[16]^[25]

Enduring Impact and Recognition

Under the leadership of Sam's son, Bob Born, who became president in 1959 and served for over 30 years, Just Born Quality Confections expanded significantly through strategic acquisitions, including the Rodda Candy Company in 1953, which introduced Peeps to the portfolio, and the Goldenberg Candy Company in 1967.^[1] Bob Born's innovations, such as the mechanization of Peeps production in 1954, reduced manufacturing time from 27 hours per batch to just six minutes, enabling mass production and transforming the seasonal treat into a year-round staple.^[1] As of 2025, under family leadership including co-CEOs David Shaffer and Gardner "Chip" Jett since 2022, the family-owned company continues to thrive, maintaining its Bethlehem, Pennsylvania headquarters and focusing on quality confections.^[1]^[32] Peeps have evolved into cultural icons, symbolizing Easter traditions and inspiring annual events like dioramas and social media trends, with Just Born producing more than 2 billion units annually as of 2025—enough to circle the Earth more than twice.^[33]^[19] This scale underscores the enduring appeal of Sam Born's vision for innovative, accessible candies like Peeps, which remain staples in American households.^[1] Sam Born's contributions earned him posthumous induction into the Candy Hall of Fame in 2006, honoring his pioneering role in the confectionery industry.^[5] Earlier, in 1916, he received the keys to the city of San Francisco for inventing the Born Sucker Machine, which automated lollipop stick insertion—a breakthrough that shifted production from labor-intensive hand processes to efficient machinery.^[1] Born's automation legacies persist in modern confectionery, where his early machines for chocolate sprinkles (Jimmies) and hard coatings laid groundwork for scalable manufacturing techniques still used today.^[1] Just Born's ongoing adoption of advanced robotics for packaging delicate products like chocolate-dipped Peeps exemplifies this influence, ensuring the company's longevity as it marked its 100th anniversary in 2023.^[1]^[34]

References

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Our History | Just Born
Sam Born, who grew up in Russia, immigrated to the United States from France. Born introduced “French Chocolates” to New York City. A candy maker by trade, Born ...
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Born to Make Candy: The Life of Samuel Born - History Oasis
Jun 4, 2025 · Samuel Born transformed from Jewish immigrant to candy empire builder, inventing the lollipop machine and creating Peeps.
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Sam Born biography, list of Sam Born inventions | edubilla.com
Sam Born was a Russian-born American businessman, candy-maker and inventor. In 1910 he came from Russia to the United States. In 1916, Sam Born was awarded ...
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Sam was born on September 10, 1891, and received his education in Berdichev, Ukraine, at the city's rabbinical school. When his family moved to France, he ...
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Just Born establishes sales partnership with French chocolate Cemoi
May 26, 2016 · “Our founding father, Sam Born, immigrated from Russia and learned how to make chocolate in France. When he moved to New York City in 1915 ...
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'Just Born' born in a Brooklyn chocolate shop - Lehigh Valley Press
Feb 14, 2023 · Russian born Samuel Born immigrated to the United States from France in 1910, already trained in the art of chocolate making. In 1912, Sam Born ...
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Apr 20, 2019 · In 1910, 19-year-old Russian Jewish immigrant Sam Born arrived in New York from France, ready to take the candy industry by storm. “A candy ...
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Jul 18, 2023 · Realizing that expansion would require a large facility and access to rail connections, the trio bought an empty printing factory in 1932 and ...Missing: Central Confectionery
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Jan 23, 2023 · ... Sam Born marketed the freshness of his products ... ” The company relocated to Bethlehem during the height of the Great Depression in 1932.
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Jan 19, 2023 · Together with Born's brothers-in-law, Irv and Jack Shaffer, the company thrived and, in 1932, moved its operations to Bethlehem, PA. Headlines ...
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Apr 8, 2023 · The history of Peeps begins with Sam Born, an immigrant to the United States from France. He was born in Russia as Samuel Bernstein in 1891.
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Just Born got its name when founder, Sam Born, proudly displayed in his ... All of our jelly bean type candies, such as MIKE AND IKE®, HOT TAMALES®, TEENEE BEANEE ...Missing: handmade | Show results with:handmade
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Jun 5, 2025 · Just Born launched Mike and Ike candies in 1940. The five original flavors included Cherry, Lemon, Lime, Orange, and Strawberry.
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In 1923, Born opened a small candy shop in Brooklyn, New York. Here he made his own candy and sold it retail. Because he made fresh candy every day, he hit ...Missing: 1915-1920 | Show results with:1915-1920<|control11|><|separator|>
[17]
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Jan 10, 2018 · Mike and Ike has been a candy shop staple since 1940, when it was introduced by Just Born, the same company that created Hot Tamales and Peeps.
[18]
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May 24, 2017 · In 1910, 19-year-old Russian Jewish immigrant Sam Born landed in New York ready for a new life in America. · 75 miles away from Bethlehem in ...
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Just Born is a family-owned, candy manufacturer headquartered in Bethlehem, PA that has been in business since 1923. We make everyone's favorite candies.Missing: initial | Show results with:initial
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5 sweet facts about Peeps, the Pa. treats that were hatched in ...
Apr 19, 2025 · Peeps were first made by the RE Rodda Candy Co., located at 347 Church St., Lancaster. Founded in 1908, the company was known for its jelly beans, jelly eggs ...
[21]
Bob Born, Father of PEEPS®, passes away at 98 years old
Feb 2, 2023 · Just Born Quality Confections announced today that Ira “Bob” Born passed away peacefully on the morning of January 29, at the age of 98.Missing: succession | Show results with:succession
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Jan 30, 2023 · Ira “Bob” Born was a former president of Just Born candies, the company founded by his father, Sam Born, according to the statement. He was 98.Missing: family children succession<|control11|><|separator|>
[23]
The Lehigh Valley's candy man who helped make marshmallow ...
Jan 30, 2023 · Bob Born graduated from Lehigh University with a degree in engineering physics. He enlisted in the Navy and served as a radar specialist and ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Bob Born, the 'Father of Peeps,' has died | CNN Business
Jan 31, 2023 · Ira “Bob” Born, known as the “Father of Peeps,” died on Sunday. He was 98. Just Born Quality Confections, the Pennsylvania-based company that makes various ...Missing: children succession
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Bob Born, the 'Father of Peeps' and Hot Tamale candies, has died
Jan 31, 2023 · Born began his life in New York City on Sept. 29, 1924. His father, Sam Born, was a Russian immigrant who started Just Born shortly before his ...
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Feb 15, 2019 · Bob became the President of Just Born Quality Confections in 1959, and during his long tenure, made many significant contributions to Just Born.
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Feb 4, 2023 · Born's first wife, Maxine (Appell) Born, died in 1974, and his second wife, Elaine (Selwyn) Born, died in 2008. Along with his son, he is ...Missing: children | Show results with:children<|control11|><|separator|>
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Educated at rabbinical school in the Ukraine, Sam Born learned the candy business as a teenager when his family fled to France. In 1910, he arrived in the ...Missing: early career chocolate<|control11|><|separator|>
[29]
Lehigh Valley Rising: The Century Club | Season 2023 - PBS
Apr 20, 2023 · Sam Born, our founder, he grew up in Russia, actually modern ... Just Born has been involved with the community truly since the beginning.
[30]
Ross Born talks Just Born at 100, his late dad, their legacy
Apr 4, 2023 · This January, Bob, the Father of Peeps, died. That was one of three momentous events the Born family has experienced in the past several months.Missing: founder | Show results with:founder
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Samuel Henry Born (1891-1959) - Find a Grave...
### Summary of Samuel Henry Born's Information
[32]
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Apr 1, 2021 · Just Born makes 2 billion Peeps a year in their Bethlehem, PA factory. Easter makes up 70% of Peeps sales annually.Missing: growth successors numbers
[33]
It's a marshmallow world that just got brighter for Just Born
Aug 2, 2019 · A new robotic packaging system allows Just Born to produce its soft and delicate chocolate-dipped PEEPS® Delights™ and traditional PEEPS® chicks ...Missing: influence modern legacies