Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Sng

Synthetic natural gas (SNG), also known as , is a manufactured predominantly composed of (CH₄) designed to replicate the chemical and combustion properties of conventional extracted from geological reservoirs. It is produced through processes such as or followed by , wherein (a of and ) is catalytically converted to , or by blending (LPG) with air or other diluents to achieve equivalent calorific value and for seamless integration into existing pipelines and appliances. SNG production originated in the mid-20th century as a strategy to supplement depleting supplies, with early commercial plants in the United States and converting abundant reserves into pipeline-quality gas via high-pressure reactors. Advances in technology have enabled scalability, though economic viability depends on feedstock costs, carbon capture integration, and policy incentives; for instance, coal-to-SNG projects require efficient cleanup to remove impurities like and that could poison catalysts. In recent developments, renewable-derived SNG—produced via of combined with captured CO₂—has gained traction for grid balancing and sector decarbonization, offering a dispatchable without reliance on intermittent renewables. While SNG extends energy security by diversifying gas sources and utilizing stranded assets like low-grade coals or biomass waste, its fossil-based variants face scrutiny for higher upstream emissions compared to direct natural gas extraction, necessitating carbon capture and storage (CCS) for net-zero compatibility; empirical lifecycle analyses indicate that without CCS, coal-to-SNG can emit 20-50% more CO₂ per unit energy than natural gas. Proponents highlight its role in transitional fuels, but deployment has been limited by competition from cheaper shale gas and regulatory hurdles on emissions, with global capacity remaining under 10 billion cubic meters annually as of 2024.

People

Entertainment figures

Ayden Sng (born 17 November 1993) is a Singaporean actor, host, and musician who has gained prominence in local Mandarin-language media since his major debut in 2019. Fluent in English and Mandarin, Sng initially pursued music, performing as an erhu player with the Singapore National Youth Chinese Orchestra before transitioning to acting. He is signed as a full-time artiste with Mediacorp and is recognized for lead and supporting roles in television series such as Loving You (2021), Truths About Us (2022), and The Unbreakable Bond (2023), contributing to narratives exploring family dynamics and personal growth in contemporary Singaporean settings. In 2024, Sng expanded regionally by appearing in the Chinese fantasy series Lin Jiang Xian, portraying a character requiring elaborate costume work, which marked a step toward broader Asian market exposure. Kelvin Sng (born 28 April 1974) is a Singaporean filmmaker and whose directorial work has emphasized commercially viable stories rooted in local culture and everyday struggles. After completing an Advanced Diploma in Film Production (Directing) at , Sng established Kelvin Sng Productions in 2008 to focus on that resonate with Singaporean audiences. His breakthrough came with Taxi! Taxi! (2013), a comedy- about immigrant taxi drivers that achieved strong local box office performance and highlighted themes of integration and economic pressures in Singapore's service sector. Subsequent include The Fortune Handbook (2017), which explored entrepreneurship and family legacies, and King of Hawkers (2024), a depicting the hawker trade's generational challenges, earning Best at the 1st Asian Art Film Awards in . Sng's contributions extend to mentoring emerging talents and producing content that fosters cultural representation in Singapore , often drawing from personal observations of societal shifts.

Business figures

Joel Sng Zhiwei (born circa 1983) is a Singaporean entrepreneur and former venture capitalist who co-founded the online grocery and food delivery platform Honestbee. He earned a Bachelor of Arts in economics from Harvard University. Prior to launching his own ventures, Sng contributed to early-stage investments through Formation 8, a Silicon Valley-based venture capital firm, where he became a partner in 2014 and focused on Asia opportunities, including stakes in companies such as Facebook, Xiaomi, Airbnb, Uber, and Razer. In 2012, Sng co-founded LifeOpp, a job portal aimed at providing income opportunities for service workers in Singapore, which later evolved into Honestbee. Honestbee launched operations in 2015, offering personal shoppers for grocery selection and delivery, and secured backing from U.S. and Asian venture capital firms. By 2016, under Sng's leadership as CEO, the company expanded beyond Singapore to markets including Hong Kong, Indonesia, and the Philippines, targeting rapid habitat growth in urban areas with high delivery demand. Honestbee's model relied on physical "habitats" for to reduce delivery times, but the firm encountered operational challenges, including cash shortages and mounting debts exceeding $100 million by 2019. Sng stepped down as CEO in May 2019 amid these financial strains, with interim leadership shifting to Brian Koo. The company subsequently initiated legal action against Sng and former director Jeffrey Wong in 2020, alleging breaches of duties related to fund mismanagement. In September 2022, Sng was declared by Singapore's courts, reflecting the venture's collapse despite initial funding and expansion efforts. These outcomes underscore the high fixed costs and competitive pressures in grocery delivery, where scaling across amplified burn rates without achieving sustainable profitability.

Substitute natural gas

Definition and composition

Substitute natural gas (SNG), also known as synthetic natural gas, is a manufactured fuel gas composed primarily of methane (CH₄), engineered to match the chemical and physical properties of conventional natural gas extracted from geological formations. This synthetic origin distinguishes SNG, which is derived from non-gaseous feedstocks such as coal, lignite, biomass, or petroleum residues, from pipeline natural gas formed through geological processes over millions of years. The formulation ensures interchangeability in existing natural gas infrastructure, including pipelines and combustion appliances, without requiring hardware alterations due to equivalent heating values and combustion characteristics. Empirically, SNG exhibits a methane content exceeding 90% by volume, with the balance comprising trace higher hydrocarbons (e.g., ethane and propane at levels below 5%), inert gases such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide, and minimal hydrogen or other impurities depending on purification standards. This composition yields a higher heating value of approximately 950–1,050 British thermal units per standard cubic foot (BTU/scf), aligning closely with typical pipeline natural gas specifications of 1,000 BTU/scf to facilitate blending and distribution. Variations in minor components arise from feedstock differences and processing endpoints, but regulatory and commercial benchmarks prioritize methane dominance to minimize variances in Wobbe index—a measure of interchangeability—for safe, efficient utilization.

Production technologies

Substitute natural gas (SNG) is primarily produced through gasification of carbonaceous feedstocks such as coal or biomass to generate synthesis gas (syngas), followed by catalytic methanation to convert carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) into methane (CH₄). In coal-based processes, gasification occurs in the presence of oxygen and steam, yielding syngas composed mainly of CO and hydrogen (H₂), which is then purified to remove impurities like sulfur compounds and particulates. Key steps include the water-gas shift reaction to adjust the H₂-to-CO ratio, typically targeting a stoichiometric number of around 3 for , followed by fixed-bed or fluidized-bed catalytic reactors operating at 200–400°C and 20–40 . The employs nickel-based catalysts via the : CO + 3H₂ → CH₄ + H₂O and CO₂ + 4H₂ → CH₄ + 2H₂O, with exothermic heat recovery often integrated to improve efficiency. Technologies like the Lurgi dry-ash fixed-bed gasifier are commonly applied for , producing raw gas at rates of 3,000–4,200 m³ per hour per m² of cross-section. For coal-to-SNG plants using steam-oxygen gasification, overall thermal efficiencies range from 59% to 61% on a higher heating value basis, with variations depending on feedstock rank and gasifier type; for instance, the British Gas Lurgi (BGL) process achieves about 8% higher efficiency than traditional Lurgi due to better carbon conversion. Biomass-to-SNG production follows similar gasification and methanation steps but starts with thermal decomposition via pyrolysis or direct gasification in fluidized-bed reactors at 800–1,000°C, producing syngas with higher tar content that requires advanced cleaning such as molten carbonate electrolysis cells or catalytic reforming. Pyrolysis yields bio-oil, char, and gas intermediates, which are reformed into syngas before methanation, enabling integration with existing natural gas infrastructure but with efficiencies typically lower than coal routes due to feedstock heterogeneity, often around 50–60% without power co-generation.

Historical development

The production of manufactured gases resembling natural gas originated in the early 19th century with town gas, derived from coal through carbonization processes that yielded a combustible mixture primarily of hydrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide for urban lighting and heating. These early systems, widespread in Europe and North America by the mid-1800s, demonstrated the feasibility of synthetic gaseous fuels but differed from modern substitute natural gas (SNG) in composition, as town gas lacked the high methane purity required for pipeline interchangeability with fossil natural gas. Interest in high-BTU SNG, emphasizing methanation of syngas to near-pure methane, intensified after World War II amid concerns over natural gas supply constraints, but accelerated sharply during the 1973 and 1979 oil crises, which exposed vulnerabilities to imported energy and spurred investments in coal-to-gas technologies. In the United States, federal incentives under the Energy Security Act of 1980 supported commercialization, leading to pilot-scale advancements in gasification and methanation processes tested in the 1960s and 1970s. A pivotal milestone was the Great Plains Synfuels Plant in Beulah, North Dakota, constructed in the early 1980s by a consortium of pipeline companies seeking domestic energy alternatives; it began commercial SNG production from lignite coal in July 1984, marking the first U.S. facility designed for pipeline-quality synthetic gas at scale, with an initial capacity of 125 million cubic feet per day. Despite high capital costs exceeding $2 billion (in 1980s dollars) and operational challenges like catalyst poisoning, the plant's Lurgi-based gasification and Rectisol purification achieved over 90% carbon conversion efficiency, influencing subsequent designs. European development paralleled U.S. efforts, with West German initiatives in the and focusing on for SNG amid abundance and import diversification needs; projects by firms like Ruhrkohle advanced fixed-bed reactors for low-rank coals, achieving pilot outputs of synthetic methane blends by the late . These were driven by similar imperatives, though commercial scale lagged due to abundant discoveries reducing urgency. By the early 2000s, SNG evolution incorporated feedstocks for bio-SNG variants, motivated by decarbonization pressures; the first biomass-derived was produced via in 2004 by the Energy Research Centre of the (ECN), followed by an 800 kWth pilot integrating MILENA gasifier and OLGA cleaning in 2008. In Sweden, a 20 MWth demonstration plant using wood waste began bio-SNG output around 2015, validating fluidized-bed with efficiencies above 60% on a higher heating value basis. These pilots presaged hybrid approaches linking SNG with carbon capture, as retrofits at facilities like demonstrated CO2 sequestration from streams starting in the 2000s.

Applications and economic factors

Substitute natural gas (SNG) serves as a direct substitute for conventional in standard applications, including residential and commercial heating via pipeline distribution, in combined-cycle gas turbines, and as a feedstock for processes such as synthesis and for fertilizers. These uses leverage SNG's high content, enabling seamless integration into existing natural gas infrastructure without modifications to end-user equipment or distribution networks. In coal-abundant regions with limited indigenous natural gas reserves, such as inland areas of , SNG production from bolsters by utilizing domestic feedstocks to generate a storable, transportable , thereby mitigating dependence on LNG imports vulnerable to global price volatility and geopolitical risks. This approach allows coal-rich provinces like to convert abundant low-grade coal into pipeline-quality gas, supporting local industrial expansion and reducing transmission bottlenecks from distant gas fields. Economic assessments of coal-to-SNG projects highlight substantial upfront capital requirements, with large-scale plants (capable of 4-10 billion cubic meters annual output) entailing investments of approximately $1-2 billion, driven by gasification reactors, methanation units, and purification systems. Operational costs are predominantly tied to coal input prices and plant efficiency, with levelized production costs varying from $5-8 per MMBtu in favorable scenarios, offering cost stability relative to LNG imports when domestic coal is inexpensive (e.g., under $2 per MMBtu equivalent). Breakeven analyses indicate viability when pipeline natural gas prices exceed $6-8 per MMBtu, as seen in mid-2010s market conditions, though sensitivity to coal supply logistics and water availability can elevate effective costs in arid regions. China's post-2010 coal-to-SNG initiatives exemplify market integration, with 18 major projects approved by 2013 targeting a combined annual capacity of 75.1 billion cubic meters, concentrated in Xinjiang (accounting for over 75% of planned national output). Facilities like those developed by Datang and Shenhua groups have achieved operational scales of 5-10 billion cubic meters per year per plant, supplying gas for regional power plants and chemical facilities while demonstrating economic feasibility through government-backed financing and coal price subsidies during periods of high import gas costs. These cases underscore SNG's role in diversifying fuel supplies, though project economics remain contingent on sustained low coal prices and infrastructure access to consumer markets.

Environmental and policy debates

Coal-based substitute natural gas (SNG) production typically results in lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions of approximately 150-250 kg CO2 equivalent per MMBtu, substantially higher than the 53 kg CO2 per MMBtu for conventional natural gas combustion, due to the energy-intensive coal gasification process and associated upstream mining impacts. These emissions can be reduced by 80-90% through carbon capture and storage (CCS) integration during methanation, potentially achieving near-zero net CO2 output in optimized facilities, though CCS adds 20-40% to production costs and requires suitable geological storage sites. Biomass-derived SNG variants approach carbon neutrality under sustainable sourcing conditions, as CO2 released during combustion offsets atmospheric uptake during plant growth in a closed biospheric cycle, though short-term emissions exceed re-sequestration rates without rapid regrowth or CCS enhancements. Environmental debates center on SNG's capacity for reliable baseload power generation versus its resource demands, including high water usage (up to 10-20 gallons per kWh in coal gasification) and land disturbance from feedstock extraction, which critics argue exacerbate local ecological strain in water-scarce regions. Proponents highlight SNG's dispatchability—providing steady output without weather dependence—as a counter to intermittent renewables like wind and solar, whose full lifecycle costs rise 2-3 times when accounting for storage and backup needs, with levelized costs of storage alone adding €100-200/MWh in grid-scale deployments. Empirical analyses refute claims of renewables' inherent superiority by demonstrating that unsubstantiated dispatchability assumptions ignore backup fossil peaking plants or battery degradation, where SNG's methane compatibility enables efficient grid integration via existing infrastructure. Policy discussions emphasize SNG's role in energy security, as evidenced by the U.S. Synthetic Fuels Corporation (established under the 1980 Energy Security Act with up to $88 billion in authorized funding), which subsidized coal-to-SNG projects like the Great Plains Synfuels Plant to reduce oil import dependence amid 1970s crises, achieving initial production of 14,000 barrels of oil equivalent daily despite later oil price drops curtailing expansion. However, regulatory frameworks often impose stricter emissions permitting on domestic SNG versus imported liquefied natural gas, favoring global supply chains despite lifecycle analyses showing SNG's viability in carbon-priced or high-import scenarios, with net benefits for air quality via reduced direct coal combustion in some contexts. These policies reflect trade-offs, where subsidies have historically accelerated technology maturation but faced criticism for fiscal inefficiency when fossil prices fluctuate.

Rail transport

Sprinter New Generation

The Sprinter New Generation (SNG), also known as Sprinter Nieuwe Generatie, is an electric multiple unit (EMU) trainset designed for short-distance regional and suburban services operated by Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS), the principal railway operator in the Netherlands. Developed by Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles (CAF) on the Civity platform and adapted for the Dutch 1.5 kV DC electrification system, the SNG features configurations of three-car (59.5 m length, 110 tonnes) or four-car (75.7 m length, 138 tonnes) formations with a maximum operating speed of 160 km/h. NS awarded the contract to CAF in October 2014 following a tender process initiated in 2013, with the first units entering commercial service on December 9, 2018, after initial testing and deliveries starting in 2017. The full order of 206 trainsets was completed on May 9, 2023, enabling progressive replacement of older Sprinter models such as the SGMm series on dense regional networks. Each SNG trainset provides approximately 118 seats, yielding a fleet-wide total of 20,000 seats and 15,900 standing places, supporting peak-hour capacities exceeding 300 passengers per unit depending on configuration and load factors. Key performance attributes include rapid acceleration and braking suited for frequent-stop services, with designs compliant to Technical Specifications for Interoperability-Persons with Reduced Mobility (TSI-PRM) standards, incorporating features like low-floor access and wheelchair spaces for enhanced accessibility. Initial deployments focused on high-frequency routes such as The Hague to Haarlem, with subsequent expansion to northern regional lines in Friesland and Groningen, improving service density and reliability on electrified secondary corridors. The SNG fleet has integrated with NS's Automatic Train Protection (ATB) system via a specific transmission module, facilitating safe operations up to the design speed while contributing to NS's broader electrification and modernization efforts.

Cultural institutions

The Slovak National Gallery (SNG) was founded on July 29, 1948, through Act No. 24 enacted by the Slovak National Council, positioning it as Slovakia's central institution for the acquisition, conservation, and exhibition of visual arts. Headquartered in Bratislava's Esterházy Palace and adjacent buildings along the Danube embankment, the SNG functions as a decentralized network with four regional branches: Zvolen Castle, Strážky Mansion in Liptovský Mikuláš, the Miloš Alexander Bazovský Gallery in Trenčín, and the East Slovak Gallery in Košice. This structure enables comprehensive coverage of Slovak artistic production across historical periods, from medieval origins to modern and contemporary expressions, while integrating select international works for contextual depth. The SNG's holdings comprise approximately 90,000 artifacts, including paintings, sculptures, graphics, and , with strengths in Gothic panel paintings and altarpieces from the 14th to 16th centuries, Baroque religious art, and 19th- to 20th-century Slovak influenced by national and movements. Notable examples include medieval wooden sculptures and works by key figures such as Ľudovít Fulla and Mikuláš Galanda, reflecting empirical documentation of artistic evolution tied to Slovakia's cultural and political history. The gallery maintains rigorous practices, with recent renovations expanding space to 5,385 square meters and storage to 1,844 square meters, facilitating detailed restorations based on material analysis and historical provenance. Funded primarily by the Slovak Ministry of Culture, the SNG advances public access through temporary exhibitions, permanent displays, and educational initiatives, such as lectures and workshops grounded in curatorial research rather than interpretive agendas. Following its major refurbishment and partial reopening in late 2022, the institution recorded initial surges in attendance before a year-on-year decline by 2024, underscoring its role in sustaining empirical engagement with national heritage amid evolving public interest. This state-supported mandate prioritizes verifiable artistic documentation over contemporary sociopolitical framing, ensuring collections serve as a factual repository for scholarly and visitor inquiry.

Online gaming

Sit 'n' Go tournaments

Sit 'n' Go (SNG) tournaments are a poker format consisting of small-field events that commence immediately upon registration of the required number of players, typically ranging from 6 to 10 participants at a single table, with play continuing until a single winner emerges by accumulating all chips. Buy-ins generally span low stakes from $1 to higher levels exceeding $100, enabling rapid games lasting 20 to 60 minutes depending on structure. The format emphasizes push-fold decisions in later stages, where independent chip model (ICM) considerations dictate strategy to maximize payout equity rather than chip stacks alone. Variations include turbo SNGs with accelerated blind levels to shorten duration, heads-up formats limited to two players for direct confrontations, and satellite SNGs offering entry to larger events as prizes. Their popularity escalated during the online poker expansion of the early 2000s, particularly on platforms like PokerStars, which facilitated instant-start tournaments amid the broader boom triggered by events such as Chris Moneymaker's 2003 World Series of Poker victory. This surge positioned SNGs as a staple for recreational and skilled players seeking quick, skill-tested action without scheduled start times. Economically, SNGs feature rake structures of 5 to 10 percent of buy-ins, with sites like applying caps that diminish proportionally at higher stakes to incentivize volume play. Skilled players can achieve (ROI) of 2 to 5 percent over large samples, leveraging edges in pre-flop ranges and bubble play against weaker fields, though variance demands substantial volume for statistical reliability. Pre-2006 U.S. regulations, millions of SNGs ran annually across major sites, contributing to peak liquidity before shifts like the UIGEA curtailed U.S. participation and altered global volumes.

References

  1. [1]
    SNG Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
    What does the abbreviation SNG stand for? Meaning: substitute natural gas; synthetic natural gas.
  2. [2]
    Natural Gas Substitute - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
    Substitute natural gas (SNG) is defined as an alternative fuel with properties similar to natural gas, produced through the partial conversion of solid ...Missing: What | Show results with:What
  3. [3]
    7.4. Technology for SNG Production | netl.doe.gov
    Synthetic natural gas (SNG) is one of the commodities that can be produced from coal-derived syngas through the methanation process.
  4. [4]
    What is SNG? | MAKEEN Gas Equipment
    Synthetic Natural Gas is created by mixing LPG with air to mimic natural gas. Due to this, SNG is compatible with standard gas systems, no modifications ...
  5. [5]
    Synthetic Natural Gas - Clean Air Task Force
    Oct 1, 2024 · The use of synthetic natural gas (SNG) has been suggested as a viable means to decarbonize applications that have traditionally relied on natural gas.Missing: What | Show results with:What<|separator|>
  6. [6]
    SNG - Synthetic Natural Gas - Everllence
    Synthetic natural gas (SNG) describes a variety of natural gas alternatives that are as close as possible in composition and properties to natural gas.
  7. [7]
    Ayden Sng Wiki, Biography, Age, Gallery, Spouse and more
    Ayden Sng Wiki, Biography, Age, Gallery, Spouse and more. By Wiki Admin ; DOB, 17th November, 1993 ; Age, 31 ; Native Place, Singapore ; Current Place, Singapore.
  8. [8]
    Ayden Sng - Mediacorp
    Ayden Sng is a Singaporean actor who is fluent in English and Mandarin. He made his major acting debut in 2019 where he played the lead role in a short film, ...Missing: career | Show results with:career
  9. [9]
  10. [10]
    Singapore actor Ayden Sng dons dragon head costume for Chinese ...
    Jul 21, 2024 · Singaporean actor Ayden Sng has a new look for the upcoming Chinese fantasy series Lin Jiang Xian, also known as There Is A Fox In Hengmen in English.Missing: notable figures
  11. [11]
    Kelvin Sng - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia
    Oct 5, 2024 · Kelvin Sng (born April 28, 1974) is a Singaporean film director. Kelvin completed his Advanced Diploma in Film Production (Directing) at ...
  12. [12]
    Jan 2004: I left Ministry of Education, Singapore as a HOD of Mother ...
    Jun 23, 2025 · Nov 2008: I set up Kelvin Sng Productions Pte Ltd to fulfill the beginning of my purpose in life: to tell stories on the big screen to touch and ...Missing: awards | Show results with:awards<|separator|>
  13. [13]
    Kelvin Sng - Singaporean Film Director - IMDA
    Explore Kelvin Sng's journey as a Singaporean director, known for "Taxi! Taxi!" and "The Fortune Handbook", fostering new talents and winning awards.
  14. [14]
    Kelvin Sng Productions Pte Ltd - Facebook
    Rating 5.0 (49) Best birthday present! King of Hawkers 小贩之王 just won BEST FEATURE FILM at the 1st Asian Art Film Awards held in Macau! Thankful to the jury, my core ...
  15. [15]
    "A good story can change the world": Filmmaker Kelvin Sng
    Nov 8, 2018 · Sng's interest in cinema started when he was 16, after he picked up a copy of Wong Kar-wai's Days Of Being Wild. He had seen pictures of the ...Missing: awards | Show results with:awards
  16. [16]
    Honestbee's Joel Sng Sets Big Regional Goals for Grocery Delivery ...
    Feb 24, 2016 · Honestbee, a grocery delivery startup with big regional aims, is Singaporean Joel Sng's potential honeypot.
  17. [17]
    Joel Sng - Crunchbase Person Profile
    Joel Sng is the CEO at Honestbee. He is a former Co-Founder of LifeOpp. Mr. Sng received a bachelor of arts in Economics at Harvard University.
  18. [18]
    Formation 8 venture capital firm adds new partner in Singapore ...
    Sng has since made a name for himself through relatively early investments in companies such as social-media service Facebook; the Chinese smartphone company ...
  19. [19]
    The Launch of Premium Case Study 01 — Honestbee
    Jan 26, 2022 · Honestbee started as Lifeopp, a job portal co-founded by Joel Sng in 2012, to provide income opportunities for service workers who could not ...
  20. [20]
    honestbee CEO replaced; firm said to be sticking to habitat growth
    May 2, 2019 · On Thursday, honestbee announced Mr Sng's departure as CEO, capping a week of negative newsflow on the company, including alleged cash crunch ...<|control11|><|separator|>
  21. [21]
    Struggling grocery startup Honestbee fires its CEO - TechCrunch
    May 1, 2019 · The Singapore-based online grocery startup has let CEO Joel Sng go, two sources with knowledge of his exit told TechCrunch.
  22. [22]
    Honestbee CEO Joel Sng steps down, replaced by Brian Koo
    The co-founder of Honestbee Joel Sng is stepping down as its chief executive officer as the grocery and delivery start-up ...<|separator|>
  23. [23]
    Honestbee starts legal action against ex-CEO and ex-director - KrASIA
    Mar 24, 2020 · Honestbee announced that it has sought legal advice and sent letters of demand to ex-CEO Joel Sng and ex-director Jeffrey Wong over alleged breach of fiduciary ...
  24. [24]
    Former honestbee CEO declared bankrupt - The Business Times
    Sep 9, 2022 · Joel Sng, the former chief executive of a grocery delivery startup that fell from grace amid mounting debt, has been made a bankrupt.<|separator|>
  25. [25]
    [PDF] Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) - Nicholas Institute
    biomass is known as “synthetic natural gas” or “substitute natural gas” (SNG). ... coal arise due to the chemical composition of biomass, the lower calorific ...
  26. [26]
    7.2. Hydrogen & Synthetic Natural Gas from Gasification | netl.doe.gov
    SNG is equivalent to natural gas, which is mostly methane, and can be substituted for it in all the same applications. Market Hydrogen production is already a ...Missing: calorific | Show results with:calorific
  27. [27]
    [PDF] From coal to clean energy
    SNG or Substitute Natural Gas is a high-methane replacement for natural gas. Typically, the methane content of the gas is above 90%, with the rest being inerts.<|control11|><|separator|>
  28. [28]
    Natural Gas Substitute - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
    Substitute natural gas (SNG) refers to a synthetic gas produced through the chemical conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the presence of renewable hydrogen, ...
  29. [29]
    [PDF] Coal-To-SNG: The Methanation Process
    The main process steps are gasification of the feedstock with oxygen by one of several available technologies, adjustment of synthesis gas properties as ...
  30. [30]
    Lurgi Process - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
    The Lurgi process produces from 3,000 to 4,200 m3 of raw gas per hour per m2 of generator cross-section. In other words, between 3,800 and 5,400 m3 of raw gas ...
  31. [31]
    Conceptual Design of the Coal to Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG ...
    The results show that objective energy efficiency of the BGL process is 8% larger than that of the Lurgi process, while increase of general energy efficiency ...
  32. [32]
    Bio-SNG (Synthetic Natural Gas) and Gasification Technologies
    Bio-SNG is typically produced via an initial gasification step followed by gas conditioning, SNG synthesis and gas upgrading. Bio-SNG can be used in a similar ...
  33. [33]
    Synthetic natural gas production from the three stage (i) pyrolysis (ii ...
    Pyrolysis is the thermal degradation of biomass in the absence of an oxidizing agent and results in the formation of solid, liquid and gaseous products. We ...
  34. [34]
    [PDF] The potential of small scale SNG production from biomass gasification
    Synthetic natural gas (SNG) can be produced from biomass by thermochemical gasification and subsequent synthesis gas methanation and gas processing. For an ...
  35. [35]
    Town gas - Energy Education
    Jun 8, 2015 · Town gas was introduced as a fuel for lighting and cooking in the early 19th century. The use of town gas to cook was desirable as a gas cooker ...Missing: origins SNG
  36. [36]
    A Brief History of Natural Gas - American Public Gas Association
    The first commercialized natural gas occurred in Britain. Around 1785, the British used natural gas produced from coal to light houses and streets.Missing: town SNG
  37. [37]
    [PDF] PRODUCTION OF SUBSTITUTE NATURAL GAS FROM COAL ...
    Synthesis gas from the gasifier was purified then converted to SNG in a methanation reactor. The BI-GAS process was, developed by Bituminous Coal Research Inc.
  38. [38]
    7.5.1. Great Plains Synfuels Plant | netl.doe.gov
    The Great Plains Synfuels Plant (GPSP) in Beulah, North Dakota has been in operation producing synthetic natural gas (SNG) from lignite coal for 25 years.
  39. [39]
    [PDF] A history of Dakota Gasification Company and the Great Plains ...
    This history of the synfuels plant and energy in North Dakota reflects the tough battles fought by many to build this unique energy facility and make it a ...
  40. [40]
  41. [41]
    Development of Liquefaction and Gasification in the Federal ... - jstor
    I now turn to review the state of development of coal liquefaction and gasification in West. Germany, and to plans of actual plant construction. ... Ruhrkohle/ ...
  42. [42]
    A comparison of three wood gasification systems for energy balance ...
    ECN produced the first bio-methane based on biomass gasification in 2004. An 800 kW th pilot plant consisting of MILENA and OLGA was constructed in 2008. An ...
  43. [43]
    [PDF] Lessons Learned about Thermal Biomass Gasification - IEA Bioenergy
    A demonstration plant (30MWinput and. 20MWoutput SNG) was also successfully implemented (2015-2018) in Sweden. Figure 35: BM gasification for Bio-SNG efficiency.
  44. [44]
    SUBSTITUTE NATURAL GAS (SNG) - Thermopedia
    Feb 9, 2011 · Substitute Natural Gas, which is interchangeable with Natural Gas can be manufactured from other fossil fuels by combining three main ...<|separator|>
  45. [45]
    Coal-based synthetic natural gas (SNG): A solution to China's ...
    Aug 5, 2025 · 1. Introduction. China's economy has experienced fast growth for the past. three decades. GDP in China grew from 364.5 billion Yuan in 1978.
  46. [46]
    Feasibility analysis and policy recommendations for the ...
    As of 2011, the coal based SNG planning projects in Xinjiang accounted for 68.97% of all national projects and the production capacity accounted for 75.12% of ...
  47. [47]
    Synthetic natural gas as an alternative to coal for power generation ...
    Jan 20, 2018 · In recent years, the coal to SNG projects have been flourishing in China. From 2009 to 2010, National Development and Reform Commission approved ...
  48. [48]
    [PDF] Substitute Natural Gas Feasibility Study - DukeSpace
    To that end, we examine the major driving forces, including capital cost, investor return, natural gas price trends, coal prices trends, expected consumer ...
  49. [49]
    China's Response to Air Pollution Poses Threat to Water
    Oct 23, 2013 · As of September 2013, the Chinese government approved 18 large-scale SNG plants with a total capacity of 75.1 billion cubic meters of natural ...Missing: operational case
  50. [50]
    Air quality, health, and climate implications of China's synthetic ...
    Apr 24, 2017 · China's coal-based synthetic natural gas (SNG) projects can reduce air pollution and associated premature mortality by substituting for direct coal use.
  51. [51]
    Emission Factor: Natural gas | Fuel | United States of America (the)
    Emission factor summary ; CO · /MMBTU ; CO · 53.06 kg/MMBTU ; CH · 0.001 kg/MMBTU ; N · kg/MMBTU.
  52. [52]
    [PDF] Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage - IPCC
    This report shows that the potential of CO2 capture and storage is considerable, and the costs for mitigating climate change can be decreased compared to ...
  53. [53]
    Is Biopower Carbon Neutral? - Congress.gov
    Feb 12, 2016 · Biomass energy is carbon neutral if growing the biomass removes as much CO2 as is emitted into the atmosphere from its combustion.Biomass Carbon Cycle · Greenhouse Gas Emission... · Framework for Assessing...
  54. [54]
    Carbon neutrality - IEA Bioenergy
    Within the biospheric carbon cycle, bioenergy can be carbon neutral because the carbon that is released during combustion has previously been sequestered from ...
  55. [55]
    [PDF] Comparing the Costs of Intermittent and Dispatchable Electricity ...
    Sep 27, 2010 · Economic evaluations of alternative electric generating technologies typically rely on comparisons between their expected life-cycle ...
  56. [56]
    The critical role of electricity storage for a clean and renewable ...
    Sep 29, 2023 · The cost of electricity storage accounts for 30% of the overall global Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE), with an average LCOE of 165 EUR per ...Missing: dispatchability | Show results with:dispatchability
  57. [57]
    The U.S. Synthetic Fuels Corporation: 1981–86 (yes, federal ...
    Sep 13, 2018 · The demise of the United States Synthetic Fuels Corporation (SFC) in 1986 was a rarity. Established under the Energy Security Act of 1980, and ...Missing: 1970s SNG
  58. [58]
    [PDF] RCED-84-46 The Synthetic Fuels Corporation's Progress in Aiding ...
    Jul 11, 1984 · The act set 500,000 barrels of crude oil equivalent per day as the 1987 national production goal and 2 million barrels per day as the 1992 goal.Missing: 1970s subsidies SNG
  59. [59]
    [PDF] Sprinter (Caf/Civity) - NS
    The first train will run on NS tracks in 2018. It is also called the Sprinter New Generation. (SNG). 118. Number of seats: 20,000. Standing capacity: 15,900.Missing: regenerative braking
  60. [60]
    NS Sprinters: Sprinter Nieuwe Generatie
    Jan 6, 2024 · In 2013, an official tender was published for a new sprinter under NS' creative name “Sprinter Nieuwe Generatie” (SNG).Missing: specifications | Show results with:specifications
  61. [61]
    NS selects CAF for Sprinter New Generation train contract
    Oct 30, 2014 · Entry into service is planned from 2018. Advert. The SNG trainsets would be part of CAF's Civity family, and based on units proven in service ...
  62. [62]
    NS introduces New Generation Sprinter EMUs
    Dec 10, 2018 · NETHERLANDS Railways (NS) marked the official entry of its fleet of New Generation Sprinter (SNG) EMUs into commercial service on December 9, ...Missing: Bombardier date
  63. [63]
    CAF completed delivery of Sprinter NG EMUs to NS - Railvolution
    May 16, 2023 · On 9 May 2023 CAF has completed the delivery of the Sprinter New Generation (SNG) EMUs to NS: the last of in total 206 units, based on Civity ...Missing: specifications history
  64. [64]
    Sprinter New Generation Procurement
    As per the specifications set with NS, the new vehicle was required to comply with TSI-PRM (Passengers with Reduced Mobility), including the fitment of ...Missing: Nederland | Show results with:Nederland
  65. [65]
    NS and CAF unveil New Generation Sprinter
    Oct 20, 2017 · The SNG is equipped with a specific transmission module (STM) for compatibility with the Dutch ATB train protection system. The trains will ...Missing: specifications history<|separator|>
  66. [66]
    History | Slovak National Gallery - SNG
    The Slovak National Gallery was established by the Slovak National Council by law (Act No. 24 of 29 July 1948). This is relatively late for Europe.Missing: date | Show results with:date
  67. [67]
    About us - Slovak National Gallery
    In addition to the distinct and valuable architecture, the SNG's hallmarks are its diverse collections comprising almost 90,000 objects, its four branches ...Missing: size | Show results with:size
  68. [68]
    Slovak National Gallery, Bratislava, Slovakia - Google Arts & Culture
    Slovak National Gallery, besides its premises in Bratislava, consists of a network of four detached gallery facilities: Castle in Zvolen, Mansion of Strážky in ...Missing: size branches
  69. [69]
    Galleries and art in Slovakia - The Slovak Spectator - SME
    Jun 25, 2020 · The Slovak National Gallery has four branches outside the capital as well: at the Zvolen Castle, the mansion in Strážky, the Gallery of ...<|separator|>
  70. [70]
    SLOVAK NATIONAL GALLERY (2025) All You MUST ... - Tripadvisor
    Rating 4.1 (92) Located on the waterfront, this gallery features fine Slovak Gothic, baroque and twentieth-century art in addition to some old European art pieces.
  71. [71]
    Slovak National Gallery – now even better than before - Visit Bratislava
    Mar 9, 2023 · Thanks to the renovation and modernization, the Slovak National Gallery acquired 5,385 m2 of exhibition space and 1,844 m2 of storage space. In ...Missing: branches | Show results with:branches
  72. [72]
    Slovak National Gallery | SNG
    Sep 12, 2025 · At that time, there were no exhibitions yet, and visitor numbers reached a record. By 2024, year-on-year attendance had already declined.
  73. [73]
    Slovak National Gallery - Scala Arts & Heritage Publishers Ltd
    Established in 1948 by the Slovak National Council, the Slovak National Gallery in Bratislava originally functioned as a traditional Fine Arts museum ...
  74. [74]
    What is a Sit-and-Go in Poker? - PokerNews
    A 'Sit-and-Go' (SNG) in poker refers to a type of tournament that begins as soon as the necessary number of players have registered.Missing: mechanics variations
  75. [75]
    What are Sit and Go's (SNGs) & What Should Your Strategy Be?
    Jun 24, 2016 · Sit and Go tournaments (SNGs) are online poker tournaments that start when a preset number of players have signed up.Missing: definition mechanics variations
  76. [76]
    What Is Sit and Go Poker & How to Play It? | Blog - POKERCODE
    May 15, 2023 · In this guide to poker SNGs, we will take a look at what is sit and go poker is, how to play it, and how to think about these games compared to MTTs, cash ...Missing: mechanics | Show results with:mechanics
  77. [77]
    PokerVIP - 🗞️ Comprehensive Poker Sit n Go Strategy
    Nov 22, 2011 · A SnG (sit n go) or STT (single table tournament) is a poker tournament that takes place over a short period of time and is usually played ...Missing: variations | Show results with:variations<|separator|>
  78. [78]
    Sit & Go tournaments - PokerStars
    A Sit & Go is a type of tournament with no set starting time. Instead, each Sit & Go has a predetermined number of entrants.Missing: boom | Show results with:boom
  79. [79]
    Boom! A brief history of the poker boom - PokerStars Learn
    Dec 28, 2021 · There were already huge private cash games with the same field complexion, and tournaments followed suit. Buy-ins hit $50K, $100K and more, and ...
  80. [80]
    inplaySoft: History, evolution and main types of online poker
    Jul 9, 2025 · Tournaments, including sit-and-go events and multi-table tournaments (MTTs), provide players with different ways to compete for prizes. One ...
  81. [81]
    Exploiting Rake - Win Rates & Rake Theory - Poker Rakeback
    Examining achievable winrates across different poker rooms, game types, stake levels, and rake structures.
  82. [82]
    How to Make a Profit Playing Spin & Go - PokerListings
    Jul 23, 2025 · While 2% ROI might not sound like a lot, it actually is. Most decent Spin & Go players don't exceed 4-5% ROI and only the very best exceed 6%. ...
  83. [83]
    The Hidden Story of 25+ Years of Online Poker History - Beat The Fish
    Jan 4, 2024 · In 2003 PokerStars started offering satellite tournaments designed so players could win their way into the World Series of Poker $10,000 main ...
  84. [84]
    Data Mining PokerStars - PokerTube
    The online poker industry has attracted millions of customers since the first poker boom, in 2003 when Chris Moneymaker stole the show at the WSOP Main ...