Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Sordes

Sordes is a genus of small, non-pterodactyloid pterosaur that lived during the Late Jurassic period, approximately 164–155 million years ago, in what is now Kazakhstan.^[1] The type and only species, Sordes pilosus, was a primitive rhamphorhynchoid with a wingspan of about 0.6 meters, slender pointed jaws, a long tail, and notably, the first documented evidence of pycnofibers—a fur-like covering—on a pterosaur, suggesting possible insulation or sensory functions; recent studies (as of 2022) indicate these filamentous structures may have had melanosomes for coloration and signaling.^[2] Named by Soviet paleontologist Aleksandr Grigorevich Sharov in 1971 from fossils found in the Karabastau Formation, the genus name derives from Latin for "filth" or "scum," while the specific epithet "pilosus" means "hairy" in Latin, reflecting the preserved soft tissues that initially appeared as hair but are now understood as filamentous structures unique to pterosaurs.^[3] The holotype specimen (PIN 2585/3) and additional material exhibit exceptional preservation of wing membranes, revealing a bat-like flight apparatus where the wings extended from the ankles, including a uropatagium (tail membrane) supported by an elongated fifth toe on the hind foot.^[3] This configuration indicates that Sordes had a structurally heterogeneous flight surface, with a stiff outer section for aerodynamic efficiency and a more flexible inner region for maneuverability, challenging earlier models of pterosaur locomotion.^[3] As a basal member of the Pterosauria, Sordes provides key insights into the early evolution of pterosaur soft tissues and flight adaptations, bridging gaps between reptilian ancestors and more derived flying reptiles.^[3] Fossils of Sordes pilosus come exclusively from the Oxfordian–Kimmeridgian stages of the Karabastau Svita, a lagerstätte known for its fine-grained limestones that preserve delicate structures, alongside other small vertebrates like early mammals and lizards.^[1] Its diet likely consisted of small insects or soft prey, inferred from the crushing-adapted posterior teeth and overall size, positioning it as an agile hunter, possibly nocturnal or crepuscular, in a diverse Jurassic ecosystem.^[4] Ongoing studies continue to refine its phylogenetic position within Rhamphorhynchoidea, emphasizing its role in debates over pterosaur integument and thermoregulation.^[3]

Discovery and Naming

Discovery

The holotype specimen of Sordes pilosus (PIN 2585/3), consisting of a nearly complete but crushed skeleton preserved on a slab, was discovered in the 1960s in the foothills of the Karatau Mountains, southern Kazakhstan, within the Karabastau Formation of the Kyzylorda Region. This locality, part of a lagerstätte known for exceptional fossil preservation, dates to the Late Jurassic Oxfordian–Kimmeridgian stages, approximately 155.7 million years ago. The specimen was formally named and described in 1971 by Soviet paleontologist Aleksandr Grigorevich Sharov in the Russian journal Priroda (Sharov, A.G. 1971. Novye letayushchie reptilii iz mezozoya Kazakhstana i Kirgizii. Priroda 4: 81-87.), marking one of the earliest reports of a pterosaur with preserved soft tissue structures. Sharov simultaneously designated a paratype (PIN 2470/1), another slab-mounted skeleton that provided complementary details on cranial morphology despite similar compression. At least six additional specimens are known from the same formation, enhancing understanding of anatomical variation and preservation quality among these small-bodied pterosaurs (Bakhurina & Unwin 1995). Early excavations proved challenging due to the fragile, dorsoventrally crushed state of the fossils, which complicated preparation, as well as the remote desert setting of the Kyzylorda Region, limiting access and logistical support during fieldwork in the 1960s.

Etymology

The genus name Sordes derives from the Latin noun sordēs, meaning "filth," "dirt," or "scum." However, Aleksandr Grigorevich Sharov, who established the genus in 1971, intended Sordes to correspond to the Russian word nechistʹ ("нечисть"), signifying "devil," "evil spirit," or "unclean spirit," thereby evoking the image of a "hairy devil" due to the fossil's preserved integumentary filaments. This nominative choice highlighted the specimen's eerie, fur-like appearance, which Sharov emphasized in his original description from the Late Jurassic Karabastau Formation in Kazakhstan. The specific epithet pilosus originates from the Latin adjective pilosus, meaning "hairy" or "shaggy," alluding directly to the dense covering of pycnofibers on the holotype specimen that Sharov interpreted as hair. Consequently, the full binomial Sordes pilosus translates literally to "hairy filth" or "hairy scum" in Latin, though Sharov's conceptual intent rendered it as "hairy demon" or "hairy unclean spirit" to capture the fossil's otherworldly preservation. This naming occurred in Sharov's seminal 1971 paper, where the extraordinary soft-tissue details justified the evocative terminology.

Description

Overall Anatomy

Sordes pilosus was a small pterosaur, one of the smaller members of the group. The overall body was compact with a short neck and robust vertebral column that contributed to its slender, agile build. This morphology, devoid of cranial crests or other prominent ornamentation, emphasized functional adaptations over display structures.^[5] The wings of Sordes were proportionally short, with the primary support provided by an elongated fourth finger that extended to form the structural basis of the wing membrane, or patagium. A distinctive feature was the long tail, which exceeded half the length of the body and terminated in an elongated vane, likely aiding in aerodynamic stability during flight. The skeletal proportions, including the integration of hind limbs into the flight apparatus, further highlight its specialized aerial adaptations.^[5]

Skull and Dentition

The skull of Sordes pilosus is slender, featuring a narrow rostrum and large orbits. The basic rhamphorhynchoid cranial plan is evident, with an unreduced antorbital fenestra lacking the modifications seen in more derived pterosaurs such as pterodactyloids.^[6] Dentition in S. pilosus includes prominent, pointed teeth concentrated at the anterior portion of both upper and lower jaws, while the posterior regions bear smaller, more numerous teeth. These teeth exhibit a circular cross-section rather than the labiolingual compression typical of many other non-pterodactyloid pterosaurs. Preserved cranial elements reveal a robust jaw articulation.

Pycnofibers and Integument

Sordes pilosus represents the first pterosaur genus in which pycnofibers—filamentous integumentary structures—were definitively identified, with preservation evident in the holotype specimen (PIN 2585/3) from the Karabastau Formation of Kazakhstan.^[3] These structures appear as impressions on the neck, body, and portions of the wings, extending from the head to the ankles in the preserved material. Additional specimens further documented pycnofibers across similar regions of the integument, confirming their widespread occurrence in this species. The pycnofibers of S. pilosus consist of simple, unbranched, hair-like filaments that vary in length up to several centimeters, forming a dense covering over the body and a sparser distribution along the wing membranes.^[7] Unlike the uniform keratinous shafts of mammalian hair, these multicellular filaments exhibit a central canal and lack true scales or vanes, distinguishing them as a unique pterosaurian feature rather than true fur.^[8] In the original 1971 description, the pycnofibers were misinterpreted as a fur-like pelage, inspiring the species epithet pilosus (Latin for "hairy").^[3] This interpretation was later refined through studies of the holotype and paratypes, reclassifying the structures as pycnofibers—proto-feather-like filaments endemic to pterosaurs—and ruling out homology with mammalian hair based on their histological composition and distribution.^[9]

Classification

Taxonomic History

Sordes pilosus was originally described by Aleksandr G. Sharov in 1971 and assigned to the family Rhamphorhynchidae, primarily due to its elongate tail supported by elongated chevrons and a dentition featuring multicusped teeth typical of that group.^[10] This placement within Rhamphorhynchidae was reaffirmed in subsequent reviews, emphasizing the shared long-tailed morphology and cranial features with other members of the family.^[11] Subsequent analyses refined this classification further; David M. Unwin proposed assigning Sordes to the subfamily Scaphognathinae within Rhamphorhynchidae, citing similarities in wing proportions, such as a relatively short wingspan relative to body size, and tail vane structure with Scaphognathus.^[11] During the 2000s, several additional specimens from the Karabastau Formation were referred to Sordes pilosus and retained within the species due to consistent skeletal features aligning with the holotype.^[12]

Phylogenetic Position

Sordes pilosus is recognized as a basal member of the non-pterodactyloid pterosaurs, specifically within the family Rhamphorhynchidae, where it occupies an early position in the Jurassic radiation of the group following its Late Triassic origins.^[12]^[6] Traditional cladistic analyses place Sordes in the subfamily Scaphognathinae as the sister taxon to more derived forms such as Scaphognathus crassirostris, supported by shared derived traits including a reduced dentition with no more than nine pairs of straight or slightly recurved rostral teeth and six vertically oriented mandibular teeth, as well as an angular flexure (40–45°) in the mid-length of pedal digit V phalanx 2.^[12] In the broader pterosaur tree, Sordes represents an early-diverging taxon among the basally branching non-pterodactyloids, characterized by synapomorphies of Rhamphorhynchidae such as a long, slender tail with a distal vane, metacarpals I–III of subequal length and shorter than metacarpal IV (which is ≥80% humerus length), and the presence of pycnofibers—filamentous integumentary structures—that reinforce the monophyly of a "fuzzy" subclade of long-tailed pterosaurs.^[12]^[3] Phylogenetic studies from the 2010s onward, including those incorporating expanded matrices of early pterosaur taxa, have upheld Sordes' basal status within non-pterodactyloids but challenged its Scaphognathinae placement due to autapomorphic dentition featuring robust, conical teeth lacking the labiolingual compression typical of related rhamphorhynchids, often resolving it instead as sister to the monofenestratan clade (Rhamphorhynchidae + Pterodactyloidea).^[13] More recent analyses (as of 2024) continue to support its basal position within Rhamphorhynchidae without conclusively resolving subfamily placement.^[14]

Paleobiology

Diet and Feeding

Sordes pilosus is inferred to have been primarily insectivorous or piscivorous, with its dentition adapted for capturing small fish or arthropods from the water surface or in mid-air. The anterior teeth are larger, recurved, and pointed, facilitating the snatching and secure holding of evasive prey, while the posterior teeth are smaller, robust, and suited for crushing the exoskeletons of hard-bodied invertebrates. This dental configuration indicates an opportunistic diet focused on soft-bodied and shelled invertebrates, consistent with the insect-rich lacustrine environment of the Karabastau Formation where the fossils were found.^[15]^[16] Jaw mechanics in basal rhamphorhynchoids like S. pilosus suggest a relatively strong bite force for its small size, with the stocky skull providing resistance to bending stresses during feeding. This would have enabled the capture and processing of small prey, comparable to the capabilities of modern small insectivorous or piscivorous birds. The robust posterior dentition further supports durophagous tendencies, allowing for the breakdown of tougher arthropod prey.^[17] Tooth morphology shows no adaptations for herbivory, such as grinding surfaces or shearing edges for plant material, nor for scavenging, like bone-crushing features seen in some theropods. Instead, the pointed, grasping anterior teeth and crushing posterior ones align exclusively with a carnivorous or insectivorous lifestyle targeting live, mobile prey.^[15]

Habitat and Ecology

Sordes fossils are preserved in the Karabastau Formation of the Karatau Mountains in southern Kazakhstan, a Middle to Late Jurassic (Oxfordian–Kimmeridgian) lagerstätte consisting of thin-bedded, fine-grained limestones formed in a lacustrine depositional environment.^[18] These sediments indicate low-oxygen, reducing conditions with high salinity and limited decomposers, which facilitated exceptional preservation of soft tissues by delaying organic decay.^[19] The Late Jurassic paleoenvironment around the Karatau region was characterized by a warm, humid climate that supported lush vegetation and a rich biota, including abundant insects—over 18,000 specimens representing diverse orders—and small-bodied fish such as teleosts and semionotids.^[20] This ecosystem also featured early avialans like Praeornis and Ambiortus, relatives of Archaeopteryx, alongside fragmentary remains of dinosaurs and other reptiles, reflecting a continental setting with freshwater to brackish influences.^[21]^[22] As a small-bodied rhamphorhynchid pterosaur with a wingspan of approximately 0.6 meters, Sordes likely filled an ecological niche as a low-altitude flier foraging over lacustrine and coastal habitats, exploiting its size to minimize competition with larger pterosaurs such as anurognathids and early pterodactyloids present in the formation.^[4] Its distribution appears restricted to Central Asia, with no isotopic or faunal evidence suggesting long-distance migration, and it may have engaged in predator-prey interactions with aquatic vertebrates like fish and amphibians in the shallow waters.^[3]

References

[1]
Sordes pilosus - Oxford Reference
Discovered in 1971, one of the first pterosaurs (Pterosauria) known to have been covered in thick fur: the name means 'hairy filth'.
[2]
Sordes pilosus and the nature of the pterosaur flight apparatus
Sep 1, 1994 · Sordes also reveals that, uniquely among flying vertebrates, pterosaurs had a structurally non-homogenous flight surface with a stiffened outer ...
[3]
Sordes - Pteros
A small non-pterodactyloid pterosaur from Kazakhstan's Karabastau Svita, Sordes pilosus has a rather unfortunate name, given to it in 1971.Missing: scientific | Show results with:scientific
[4]
The Extent of the Pterosaur Flight Membrane - BioOne Complete
Mar 1, 2011 · Sordes pilosus Sharov, 1971, PIN 2585/3, Karatau Formation (Upper Jurassic), Kazakhstan. G. Tapejarid indet., SMNK PAL 3830, Crato Formation ...
[5]
Untitled Document - Paleofile.com
Intermontae lake, Karabastauian suite, Karabastau Formation. Biostratigraphy: Age: Oxfordian/Kimmeridgian Stage, Lower-Middle Malm Epoch, Late Jurassic.
[6]
Pterosauria - Paleofile.com
Genus: Sordes SHAROV, 1971 = Sordus BAKKER, 1975 (sic) S. pilosus SHAROV, 1971 (Type) ... Priroda. Akademia Nauk SSR, Moscow (according to Wellnhofer, 1991) ...
[7]
The Extent of the Pterosaur Flight Membrane - ResearchGate
... Sordes pilosus Sharov, 1971, PIN. 2585/3, Karatau Formation (Upper Jurassic), Kazakhstan. G. Tapejarid indet., SMNK PAL 3830, Crato Formation (Early ...
[8]
New specimens of Pterosauria (Reptilia) with soft parts with ...
Jan 1, 2003 · Two species of pterosaurs are reported from the Karatau deposits at Michajlovka in Kazakhstan: Sordes pilosus Sharov 1971, named after the ...
[9]
How one Sordes evolved into Dorygnathus via Cacibupteryx
Mar 9, 2015 · Unfortunately only the holotype PIN 2585/3 (Fig.1) was described (Sharov 1971). Later Unwin and Bakhurina (1994) echoed Sharov's findings, that ...
[10]
https://www.mindat.org/taxon-8691466.html
[11]
Sordes - Paleofile.com
The Latin word Sordes means filthy or sordid, while Sharov (1971) translated Sordes as “nechist”, which means devil or evil spirit.
[12]
https://repository.geologyscience.ru/bitstream/handle/123456789/35124/Unwi_03.pdf?sequence=1
[13]
On the phylogeny and evolutionary history of pterosaurs
Scaphognathus Wagner 1861; Sordes Sharov 1971; Morrison Formation scaphognathine (see Carpenter et al. ... N. N.. 1986 . [Flying reptiles] . Priroda. ,. 7. 27. –.
[14]
A new rhamphorhynchid pterosaur from the Upper Jurassic of ...
All non-pterodactyloids except for the anurognathids and Sordes pilosus have labiolingually compressed teeth. ... Unwin (2003b) placed the two species in a sister ...
[15]
Pterosaur soft parts - Palaeontologia Electronica
Pycnofibres are filamentous structures in the integument of pterosaurs (Kellner et al., 2010). ... Sordes pilosus and the nature of the pterosaur flight apparatus ...
[16]
Pterosaur integumentary structures with complex feather-like ...
Dec 17, 2018 · We report the preservation in two anurognathid pterosaur specimens of morphologically diverse pycnofibres that show diagnostic features of feathers.Missing: pycnofibers | Show results with:pycnofibers
[17]
Sordes pilosus and the nature of the pterosaur flight apparatus
A new model, founded on Sordes pilosus from the Jurassic of middle Asia, is presented, in which exceptionally well preserved wing membranes show that the ...
[18]
Sordes pilosus - Mindat
Aug 21, 2025 · Sordes pilosus ✝ · Description. Sordes was a small pterosaur from the late Jurassic (Oxfordian/Kimmeridgian) Karabastau Svita of Kazakhstan.
[19]
[PDF] Unwin-and-Bakhurina-2000 - Case Western Reserve University
(Unwin, 1995), we see no reason to adopt Kellner's proposal. 424. Sordes pilosur Sharov, 1971. Holotype. PIN 2585/3, almost complete skeleton with.
[20]
[PDF] On the phylogeny and evolutionary history of pterosaurs
(Germanodactylus + Dsungaripteridae) is strongly supported by features of the skull and dentition. ... Bennett 1989, 1994; Unwin 1992, 1995a; Kellner. 1996a; ...
[21]
Testing pterosaur ingroup relationships through broader sampling of ...
Jul 28, 2020 · The recent phylogenetic analysis by Dalla Vecchia (2019) suggested ... Sordes pilosus and the nature of the pterosaur flight apparatus.
[22]
Pterosaur dietary hypotheses: a review of ideas and approaches
Summary of each segment:
[23]
Using three-dimensional, digital models of pterosaur skulls for the ...
Aug 5, 2025 · Theoretical models that calculate actual bite force are cost-effective but require detailed knowledge of the cross-sectional area and insertion ...
[24]
https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/full/10.1144/SP455.9
[25]
Two new species of Kalligrammula Handlirsch, 1919 (Insecta ...
Sep 22, 2015 · The specimen PIN No. 2784/1032 was collected from the Upper Jurassic Karabastau Formation, consisting of lacustrine deposits. Several nearby ...
[26]
[PDF] Redescription of soft tissue preservation in the holotype of ...
A reducing environment, low oxygen levels, a high salt content, and ... Sordes pilosus and the nature of the pterosaur flight apparatus. Nature, 371 ...
[27]
[PDF] Zootaxa, New Fulgoridiidae genus from Upper Jurassic Karatau ...
Nov 4, 2009 · Age and occurrence. Upper Jurassic, Oxfordian–Kimmeridgian, Karabastau Formation. Aulie near. Mikhailovka village, Karatau Range, Southern ...
[28]
[PDF] Possible link connecting reptilian scales with avian feathers from the ...
Below, we describe this new specimen and interpret it as a support to the idea of deriving feathers from scales similar to those known in the Late Triassic.
[29]
The paleoenvironments of azhdarchid pterosaurs localities in the ...
Feb 20, 2015 · In Kazakhstan two regions are known to have yielded the skeletal remains of pterosaurs: 1) the Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian-Kimmeridgian) ...